• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.362-370
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• 2007

The study was designed to assess the effect of iron and cereal supplementation on children's iron nutritional status in social welfare institutions. Dietary survey was carried out methods of food weighing and record by interview (n=74). A nutritional intervention study was carried out through supplementing iron supplements and cereal for 4 weeks in 4-12 years old children. Children received daily 40 mg elemental Fe as iron protein succinylate (n=23) and 3.6 mg elemental Fe as 100 g cereal (n=24), respectively. Blood samples were drawn before and after supplementation. Nutrients which children's intake was less than two-thirds of the RDA were vitamin A, vitamin B-1, vitamin B-2, calcium and iron. The mean daily intake of iron was 5.1 mg for male and 4.9 mg for female, and 52.3% for male and 45.4% for female of Korean RDA. The proportion of children with iron depletion assessed by TIBC (> 360 ${\mu}g$/dl) and serum ferritin (< 20 ng/ml) were 56.6% and 58.7%, respectively. The proportion of children with the iron deficient erythropoiesis assessed by serum iron (< 70 ${\mu}g$/dl), Hb (< 12 g/dl), Hct (< 36%) were 76.0%, 58.7%, 64.0%, respectively. After iron supplements treatment, Hb (p<0.001), Hct(p<0.001), serum iron (p<0.001), transferrin saturation (p<0.001) and serum ferritin (p<0.Ol) increase significantly and only TIBC decreased slightly. After cereal supplementation, in anemic children, Hct (p<0.001), serum iron (p<0.001) and transferrin saturation (p<0.001) were significantly increased. The effect of iron supplements and cereal supplementation in children with iron deficient erythropoiesis were more effective to improve the iron nutritional status than children with iron depletion. It was concluded that cereal supplementation program in anemic children was also effective to improve iron nutritional status.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.428-434
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• 2007

Cham-dang-gui (Angelica gigas nakai) has been used in traditional Korean medicine to treat hemotological disorders. The purpose of this study is to investigate the hematological effects of water extracts of Cham-dang-gui in rats with anemia induced by iron-free diets. Rats were divided into two groups, a regular diet group (RD) and an iron-free diet group (FeD). The iron-free diet group was then subdivided into the following three treatment groups: saline (1.0 ml/kgBW/day, FeDS), Cham-dang-gui (1.0 g/kgBW/day, FeDA), and iron (iron succinylate 14 mg/kgBW/day, FeDFe) groups. Rats were fed an iron-free diet for 6 weeks to induce iron-deficient anemia, and subsequently underwent the treatments, during which they were fed an iron-free diet for 3 weeks followed by a regular diet for 3 weeks. Body weights of the iron-diet groups (FeDS, FeDA, FeDFe) were lower than that of RD group. The blood levels of Hgb, Hct, MCV, MCH and TIBC were significantly higher in RD and FeDFe groups than those of other groups. The water extract of Cham-dang-gui with iron-free diet has no hematological effects. A regular diet followed by iron-free diets significantly increased blood levels of Hgb, Hct, and MCH.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.575-583
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• 2003

To evaluate the effect of cereal supplementation on children's iron nutritional status of Korean institutionalized was designed. Dietary survey was carried out methods of food weighting in the breakfast or/and dinner, and record interview in lunch (n=74). A nutritional intervention study was carried out through supplementing cereal for 4 weeks in 24 children of 1 institution from 4 to 12 years. The children received 3.6mg elemental Fe(as 100g cereal) per day. Blood samples were drawn before and after supplementation. Nutrients which children's intake was less than two-thirds of Korean RDA were Vit A, Vit B1, Vit B2, Ca and Fe. The mean daily intakes of iron were 5.1mg for male and 4.9mg for female and 52.3% for male and 45.4% for female of Korean RDA. The proportions of children with iron depletion assessed by TIBC(>360mg/dl) and serum ferritin(<20ng/ml) were 56.6% and 58.7%, respectively. The proportions of children with the iron deficient erythropoiesis assessed by serum iron(<70ml/dl), Hb(<12g/dl), and Hct(<36%) were 76.0%, 58.7%, and 64.0%, respectively. After cereal supplementation, in anemic children, levels of Hct(p<0.001), serum iron(p<0.001) and transferrin saturation(p<0.001) were significantly increased. The effect of cereal supplementation in children with iron deficient erythropoeisis was more effective to improve the iron nutritional status than children with iron depletion. It was concluded that cereal supplementation program in anemic children was also effective to improve iron nutritional status.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.248-250
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• 1998

In this study, transferrin which is an iron-carrying glycoprotein in plasma was evaluted for its iron binding capacities(TIBC), iron solubilizing abilities, and enhancing effect of biological availbability of iron. Results of TIBC showed that 1 mg of transferrin could blind 1.28$\mu\textrm{g}$ of iron indicating that one molecule of transferrin can bind about 2 molecules of iron. Also, solubility of iorn (7.5$\mu\textrm{g}$ Fe/ml) was significantly incresed to 96.0% with addition of transferrin (5mg/ml) .When FeCl3(80$\mu\textrm{g}$ Fe/ml) was injected to iron-deficient rats by intestinal segment in situ technique, 18.4% of injected iron was absorbed wherease 48.49 and 48.76% of injected iron was absorbed with addition of 10 and 20 mg transferrin/ml , respectively.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2011

Hemoglobin and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) tests are commonly used to screen for iron deficiency, but little research has been done to systematically evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of these two tests. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of zinc protoporphyrin/heme (ZPP/H) ratio as a point-of-service screening test for iron deficiency among preschool-aged children by comparing the sensitivity and specificity of hemoglobin, ZPP/H ratio, and serum ferritin (SF). Also completed were assessments for the prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency (ID), and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) with indicators of ferritin models. This study was carried out with 95 children ages 3 to 6 y. Anthropometric measurements were assessed and blood samples were analyzed for hemoglobin, SF, transferrin saturation (TS), and ZPP. Anemia was common and the prevalences of anemia, ID, and IDA were 14.7%, 12.6%, and 5.2%, respectively. The ZPP/H ratio was strongly and significantly correlated with hemoglobin. And ZPP/H ratio was a more sensitive test for ID than hemoglobin or SF measurement, correctly identifying more than twice as many iron-deficient children (sensitivity of 91.7%, compared to 41.7% for hemoglobin and SF). However, ZPP/H ratio had lower specificity (60.2%, compared to 89.1% for hemoglobin or 96.4% for SF) and resulted in the false identification of more subjects who actually were not iron deficient than did hemoglobin or SF. Low hemoglobin concentration is a late-stage indicator of ID, but ZPP/H ratio can detect ID at early stages and can be performed easily at a relatively low cost. Therefore, ZPP/H ratio can serve as a potential screening test for pre-anemic iron deficiency in community pediatric practices.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.971-980
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• 1996

The soluble transferrin receptor(TfR) in human serum has been shown recently to be a truncated form of intact membrane bound receptor containing most of the extracellular domain. We purfied the transferin-free TfR from human serum by immounoaffinity chromatography which produced the single protein identity in high resolution gel chormatography. The monoclonal antibodies(MAb) against purifed serum TfR were produced by fusion of spleen cells o fimmunized Balb/c mice and SP2 cells. Ten hybrids producing MAb specific for serum TfR were identifed and determine their iostypes. A immunoraddiometric assay (IRMA) for serum TfR was established using two monoclonal IgG1 antibodies as the coating and indicator antibodies on the bosis of their suitability in sandwich IRMA of serum TfR. The mean serum TfR levels in the 15 normal male, 15 normal female, and 19 iron-deficient subjects were 5.4$\pm$0.98, 4.6$\pm$0/76, and 18.0$\pm$12.8mg/1, respectively, and the difference in mean values between normal and iron deficient subjects was significant(p=0.0005). There existed the inverse logarithmic relationship(r=-0.9336, p<0.0001) between the serum TfR and ferritin levels.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.1446-1451
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• 2010

Silk sericin protein was hydrolyzed by seven proteolytic enzymes to examine the effectiveness of the hydrolysates to bind iron. The amino acid nitrogen contents of hydrolysates by Flavourzyme were higher than the others enzymes, and its iron binding capacity showed dose-dependent increase. The bioavailability of iron binding peptide from sericin hydolysates was investigated in iron-deficient rats. Three-week-old male rats were fed iron-deficient diet for three weeks. Rats were divided into four groups (DD: no treated group on iron deficient diet, DD+HI: heme-iron treated group, DD+OI: sericin-Fe, and DD+II: inorganic iron ($FeSO_4$) treated group, and then iron supplemented by injection for one week. After oral administration for one week, the iron contents of serum and liver were significantly higher in DD+OI ($4.2\;{\mu}g/mL$ and $80.1\;{\mu}g/mL$) and DD+HI ($3.2\;{\mu}g/mL$ and $70.6\;{\mu}g/mL$) than DD ($2.0\;{\mu}g/mL$ and $47.9\;{\mu}g/mL$). Hemoglobin content of treated groups was significantly higher than DD, but the significant difference among groups was not shown. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels did not show any significant difference among all groups. Binding iron to peptide from sericin hydolysates seems to improve its bioavailability and to hasten the cure of iron deficiency in experimental rat.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.943-951
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• 2002

This study was designed to investigate the effects of iron supplementation and nutrition education on the iron status and anemia of high school girls. The subjects resided in Ulsan city in Korea and were already diagnosed as having anemia or iron deficiency. Over a period of three months, one iron tablet (80 mg Fe as ferrous sulfate/day) was administered to the iron deficient subjects and two tablets (160 mg Fe as ferrous sulfate/day) were administered to the anemia subjects. The average height and weight of anemia subjects were 161.24 $\pm$ 4.50 cm and 50.87 $\pm$ 5.86 kg, respectively. The average BMI (kg/$m^2$ )was 19.58 $\pm$ 2.03 and the PIBW(percent ideal body weight) were 92.52 $\pm$ 9.84%. Except for vitamin A and vitamin C intakes, the intake levels of all other nutrients were below the RDA. Total calorie intakes of anemia subjects were 73.5% of RDA. The iron intakes of subjects from food were 69. 1% of RDA and the Ca intakes were 59.1% of RDA. The basal hemoglobin(Hb) concentration of anemia subjects averaged 10.77 $\pm$ 1.33 g/dl, and this increased significantly (p < 0.001) to 12.12 $\pm$ 1.08 g/dl, after iron supplementation. The basal ferritin, and transferrin saturations ｛TS (%)｝of anemia subjects were 12.51 $\pm$ 15.19 ng/$m\ell$ and 8.43 $\pm$ 7.56%, respectively, and these significantly increased to 20.59 $\pm$ 22.39 ng/$m\ell$ and 15.56 $\pm$ 12.87%, respectively. The level of total iron binding protein (TIBC) significantly decreased from the initial 486.80 $\pm$ 70.16 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl to 417.86 $\pm$ 67.73 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl (p < 0.001) after iron supplementation. For the iron deficiency subjects, the ferritin, iron and TS(%) levels were increased significantly (p < 0.001) and the TIBC levels were significantly (p <0.001) decreased after iron supplementation. Anemia symptoms such as 'Feeling blue (p<0.05)', 'Decreased ability to concentrate (p<0.001)' and 'Poor memory (p<0.05)' improved significantly after iron supplementation in the anemia subjects. The number of tablets administered was positively correlated with changes in serum hemoglobin (t=0.194, p< 0.01), serum ferritin (t=0.181, p<0.01), TS(%) (t=0.141, p<0.05), and hematocrit (t=0.254, p<0.01), and was negatively correlated with changes in TIBC (t=-0.143. p<0.05) and red cell distribution width (RDW, t=-0.140, p<0.05). In conclusion, daily iron supplementation was effective in improving the iron status and reducing symptoms of anemia in high school girls. (Korean J Nutrition 35 (9) : 943~951,2002)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.579-584
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• 1999

The trace mineral status of cattle in the smallholder grazing areas of Sanyati and Chinamhora in Zimbabwe was evaluated during the rainy and dry seasons of 1994 and 1995. The evaluation was done in terms of mineral concentration in blood plasma. Plasma copper in calves, steers and cows in the dry season was; Sanyati: 0.55, 0.59, and 0.61; Chinamhora: 0.59, 0.58, and $0.60{\mu}g/ml$, respectively versus a normal of $0.65{\mu}g/ml$. In the rainy season, copper was deficient at both sites (averaging $0.56{\mu}g/ml$ and $0.59{\mu}g/ml$ at Sanyati and Chinamhora, respectively). Plasma selenium in the dry season was 0.017, 0.025, and $0.017{\mu}g/ml$ for calves, steers and cows, respectively at Sanyati versus a normal of $0.03{\mu}g/ml$ and therefore considered to be deficient. Iron, zinc and cobalt were found to be generally high and therefore unlikely to be deficient. Copper and selenium are recommended in salt licks in these environments.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the iron nutritional status by investigating dietary intake and analyzing the hematological iron status indices including serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) in 8 to 28 month old infants md young children taking supplementary foods. The nutrient intake of 60 healthy infants and young children from 8 to 24 months of age was investigated by means of a 24-hour recall method, and the subjects were divided into 2 groups (8- 12 months and 13-28 months) according to age. Venous blood samples from these groups were collected and measured for the following : hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(Hct) , mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and sTfR. Anemia is defined as hemoglobin < 11g /dl , serum ferritin level < 10ng1m1 for iron deficiency , serum transferring receptor(sTfR) > 4.5mg / 1 for iron deficient erythropoiesis. Total daily calorie intake was 934.6 ${\pm}$ 284.5kcal (98.32% of RDA) on average. Average daily iron intake in infants aged 8 to 12 months was 8.92 ${\pm}$ 3.32mg. The mean daily iron intake in infants aged 13 to 28 months was 7.15 ${\pm}$ 3.35mg (90% of Recommended Dietary Allowance, RDA). Mean values for Hb, Hct sew ferritin and sTfR were 12.10 ${\pm}$ 0.77g141,36.02 ${\pm}$ 2.31%,20.91 ${\pm}$ 11.58ng/m1 and 3.78 ${\pm}$ 1.47mg /1, respectively. In the young children from 13 to 28 months of age, the prevalence of anemia was 5.6%. The prevalence of iron deficiency was 9.5% in those from 8 to 12 months of age, and 27.8% in those from 13 to 28 months of age. The prevalence of iron deficient erythropoiesis was 16.7% in infants aged 8 to 12 months and 44.4% in those aged 13 to 28 months. The prevalence of both serum ferritin level < 10ng/m1 sTfR > 4.5mg/1 was 22% in the young children aged 13 to 28 months. The measureand ment of sTfR may be a promising new tool in diagnosis of iron deficiency in early childhood when the iron deficiency is prevalent. It seems appropriate to emphasize nutritional education and evaluation to promote the iron nutritional status of infants and young children.