• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• 제45권3호
• /
• pp.130-141
• /
• 2020

Background: Concrete activation in cyclotron vaults is a major concern associated with their decommissioning because a considerable amount of activated concrete is generated by secondary neutrons during the operation of cyclotrons. Reducing the amount of activated concrete is important because of the high cost associated with radioactive waste management. This study aims to investigate the capability of the neutron absorbing materials to reduce concrete activation. Materials and Methods: The Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) code was used to simulate a cyclotron target and room. The dimensions of the room were 457 cm (length), 470 cm (width), and 320 cm (height). Gd₂O₃, B₄C, polyethylene (PE), and borated (5 wt% ^natB) PE with thicknesses of 5, 10, and 15 cm and their different combinations were selected as neutron absorbing materials. They were placed on the concrete walls to determine their effects on thermal neutrons. Thin B₄C and Gd₂O₃ were placed between the concrete wall and additional PE shield separately to decrease the required thickness of the additional shield, and the thermal neutron flux at certain depths inside the concrete was calculated for each condition. Subsequently, the optimum combination was determined with respect to radioactive waste reduction, price, and availability, and the total reduced radioactive concrete waste was estimated. Results and Discussion: In the specific conditions considered in this study, the front wall with respect to the proton beam contained radioactive waste with a depth of up to 64 cm without any additional shield. A single layer of additional shield was inefficient because a thick shield was required. Two-layer combinations comprising 0.1- or 0.4-cm-thick B₄C or Gd₂O₃ behind 10 cm-thick PE were studied to verify whether the appropriate thickness of the additional shield could be maintained. The number of transmitted thermal neutrons reduced to 30% in case of 0.1 cm-thick Gd₂O₃+10 cm-thick PE or 0.1 cm-thick B₄C+10 cm-thick PE. Thus, the thickness of the radioactive waste in the front wall was reduced from 64 to 48 cm. Conclusion: Based on price and availability, the combination of the 10 cm-thick PE+0.1 cmthick B₄C was reasonable and could effectively reduce the number of thermal neutrons. The amount of radioactive concrete waste was reduced by factor of two when considering whole concrete walls of the PET cyclotron vault.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.487-498
• /
• 2006

Total 438 precipitation samples were collected in Jeju City between 1997 and 2005, and their major ionic components were analyzed. The comparison tests using ion balance, electric conductivity and acid fraction were performed. It was found their correlation coefficients were in the range of 0.977$\sim$0.994, indicating the good quality of collected dam. The volume-weighted mean pH and electric conductivity were 4.8 and 23.0 $\mu$S/cm, respectively. with the ionic strength of 0.23$\pm$0.20 mM. The marine ($Na^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, and $CI^-$), anthropogenic (nss$SO_4{2-}$, $NO_3^-$, and $NH_4^+$) and soil (nss-$Ca^{2+}$) species have contributed to the ionic components of precipitation samples with 43$\sim$74%, 16$\sim$37% and $\sim$5%, respectively. The seasonal variations of $NO_3^-$ and nss-$SO_4^{2-}$ showed a distinct seasonality with higher concentrations in winter than summer, indicating an increase of fossil fuel consumption and a possibility of long-range transport of those pollutants from continental area along the dominant winter westerly. The levels of nss-$Ca^{2+}$ also were appeared the highest in winter and increased comparatively in spring season. possibly due to the soil influences including the Asian Dust. The acidification contribution of nss-$SO_4^{2-}$ and $NO_3^-$ showed 88$\sim$96%, and the free acidity was in the range of 6.0$\sim$40.1%. Interestingly, the backward trajectories for the case of upper 10% nss-$SO_4^{2-}$ and $NO_3^-$ levels have passed through the China continent before their arrival to Jeju. The precipitation of pH below 4.5 has been occurred frequently when the trajectory's path lied over the China continents. On the other hand, the air masses from the North Pacific area were characterized by lower 10% of nss-$SO_4^{2-}$- and $NO_3^-$ concentration, which demonstrated that air mass from the North Pacific was the cleanest among air masses moved to Jeju.

• 전기화학회지
• /
• 제4권3호
• /
• pp.87-93
• /
• 2001

외부 Ag/AgCl 기준 전극은 가압형 및 비등형 경수로 환경에 널리 사용되었다. 전극의 채움 용액 (Siting solution)으로 통상 KCl을 사용하는데, 다공성 지르코니아로 만들어지는 플러그를 통한 Cl 이온의 누설이 전극의 전위차 변동을 유발하는 문제가 있다. 누설로 인한 전위차 변동의 문제를 해결하기 위해 채움 용액으로 순수를 사용하였다 순수를 사용하는 경우 상온에서의 AgCl용해도에 의해 Cl이온의 농도가 결정된다. 붕산과 수산화리튬 혼합용액으로 $288^{\circ}C$에서 전극의 안정성 실험을 실시하였다. 약 일주일간 전위차 변화는 10mV 이내였으며, $288^{\circ}C$와 $240^{\circ}C$에서의 온도 사이클링 시험 전후의 전위차 변화는 15mV 이내였다. 이온의 limiting equivalent conductances와 Agar의 수역학적 이론을 토대로 하여 전극의 TLJP을 계산하였다. 전극 채움 용액 내의 Cl이온 농도를 상온에서 측정한 값으로 보정하여 이론값을 계산할 경우, 실험값과 비교적 잘 일치하는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 멤브레인
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.181-189
• /
• 2020

본 연구에서는 생체모방형 비대칭 분리막 제조방법인 사각펄스양극산화법의 비대칭성 한계를 극복하기 위해 최근 보고된 셀렌산 전해액을 이용하고 표면개질에 따른 정류특성을 평가하였다. 분리막의 비대칭 원뿔형 채널은 최소직경이 10 nm이고 최대직경이 50 nm이며 길이가 5 ㎛이었다. 분리막의 정류특성은 기존 황산 전해액에서 제작된 것보다 높았으며 +1V에서의 전류가 -1 V일 때보다 최대 2.9배를 나타내었다. 또한, 실란화 반응을 이용한 표면개질을 통해 술폰산기를 도입한 분리막은 반대로 -1 V에서의 전류가 +1 V일 때보다 전류의 최대 4.2배인 정류특성을 나타냈다. 실험에 대한 이론적 증명은 2D 모델에 수치해석 결과를 제시함으로써 뒷받침되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 서로 다른 정류방향을 갖는 두 종류의 이온 정류 분리막을 손쉽게 제작할 수 있는 방법을 제시하며 이온의 이동을 제어하기 위한 다양한 연구 분야에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 공업화학
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.382-387
• /
• 2008

착체중합법을 이용하여 $Ba_{0.5}Sr_{0.5}Co_{0.8}Fe_{0.2}O_{3-{\delta}}$ 조성의 산화물을 합성하였으며, 합성된 분말은 압축 성형 후 $1080^{\circ}C$에서 소결하여 치밀한 페롭스카이트 분리막을 제조하였다. 밀봉 재료로 gold ring, Pyrex ring 및 Pyrex 분말을 사용하여 가스누출 실험을 수행하였다. $Ba_{0.5}Sr_{0.5}Co_{0.8}Fe_{0.2}O_{3-{\delta}}$ 분리막의 산소투과량 분석결과 온도가 증가함에 따라 산소투과량은 증가하였고, $900^{\circ}C$에서 $0.74mL/min{\cdot}cm^2$의 값을 나타내었다. $950^{\circ}C$에서 밀봉 재료에 따른 투과 특성 분석 결과, gold ring을 이용할 경우 높은 산소투과량을 보인 반면, Pyrex를 밀봉재로 사용할 경우 낮은 투과량을 보였다. 이는 Pyrex를 밀봉재로 이용할 경우 분리막 표면으로 유리가 침투하여 유효 산소투과면적을 감소시켰기 때문이며, 광화학 현미경 분석으로 Pyrex 유리의 확산 침투를 확인하였다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제26권6호
• /
• pp.606-615
• /
• 2010

This study aims to identify the characteristics of soil in Mongolia, one of the major Asian dust sources that influence the Korean Peninsula. Soil particle size was analyzed and the result shows that sand (57.5~97.3%) was identified prominently in most regions, followed by silt (2.5~34.7%) and clay (0.0~7.8%). Soil pH of the covered regions were in the range 7.1~10.1, either weak alkaline or strong alkaline. Analysis of ion species in the soil samples exhibited that $Na^+$ ($91.9\;mg\;kg^{-1}$), $Cl^-$ ($65.9\;mg\;kg^{-1}$), and $Ca^{2+}$ ($53.5\;mg\;kg^{-1}$) were detected more in the soil than other species such as ${SO_4}^{2-}$ ($19.2\;mg\;kg^{-1}$), ${NO_3}^-$ ($46.6\;mg\;kg^{-1}$), ${NH_4}^+$ ($3.9\;mg\;kg^{-1}$), $K^+$ ($22.0\;mg\;kg^{-1}$), and $Mg^{2+}$ ($10.2\;mg\;kg^{-1}$). As for heavy metal content in the soil, concentrations of soil-borne metals including Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, and K tended to be high, while metals that come from manmade sources Pb, Cd, Cr, V, and Ni were remarkably low. The concentration of organic carbon (OC) was relatively high at $15.9\;{\mu}g\;mg^{-1}$, while elemental carbon (EC), directly released in the process of fossil fuel combustion, was not detected at all or found in very small amounts. The result indicates that pollution from manmade sources scarcely occurred. The analysis results from this study may contribute to improving modeling accuracy by providing input data for Asian dust prediction models, and be used as base data for determining the process of physiochemical transformation of Asian dust during long-range transport.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제20권6호
• /
• pp.469-478
• /
• 1976

국내에서 산출되는 clinoptilolite 시료를 여러 농도의 염산, 황산 및 인산으로 처리하여 흡착특성 및 결정구조의 변화를 조사하였다. 염산으로 처리했을 때, 질소 흡착량은 5배까지, 벤젠 흡착량은 3배까지 증가되나 메탄올 흡착량은 별 변화가 없다. 처리하는 산의 농도가 높아져 알루미늄의 용출이 많아지면, 결정도가 감소되어 흡착량도 줄어든다. 이러한 결과는 세공 입구의 재배열과 양이온 교환에 기인하는 것으로 보인다. 산처리 시료의 벤젠 흡착량으로 부터 천연시료중의 clinoptilolite의 함량을 결정할 수 있으며, 이 방법으로 본 실험에 사용한 시료를 정량한 결과 약 40% clinoptilolite를 포함하고 있었다. 펄스방법과 microcatalytic 반응기를 사용하여 쿠멘크래킹 및 톨루엔 동종간 주고 받기 반응에서의 염산으로 처리한 clinoptilolite의 촉매 특성을 조사하였다. 쿠멘크래킹 반응에서는, 벤젠 흡착량이 최대가 되는 0.5N의 산으로 처리한 시료에서 전화율이 제일 높았다. 전화율은 반응물질의 세공을 통한 확산속도에 따라 결정된다고 본다. 톨루엔의 동종간 주고 받기 반응에서는 같은 경향을 볼 수 있으며 강산점이 있는 시료에서 활성 저하도가 크다. 이 활성저하 현상 때문에 전화율이 최대점은 처리 농도가 1N일 때의 시료로 옮겨졌다. $Ca^{2+}와 La^{3+}$로 양이온을 교환하면 세공구조내에 양이온이 있으므로 유효세공 반경이 줄어들어 촉매활성은 현저히 감소한다.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.200-209
• /
• 2007

We generated gene expression data from the tissues of 50 gastric cancer patients, and applied meta-analysis and gene set analysis to this data and three other stomach cancer gene expression data sets to define the gene expression changes in gastric tumors. By meta-analysis we identified genes consistently changed in gastric carcinomas, while gene set analysis revealed consistently changed biological themes. Genes and gene sets involved in digestion, fatty acid metabolism, and ion transport were consistently down-regulated in gastric carcinomas, while those involved in cellular proliferation, cell cycle, and DNA replication were consistently up-regulated. We also found significant differences between the genes and gene sets expressed in diffuse and intestinal type gastric carcinoma. By gene set analysis of cytogenetic bands, we identified many chromosomal regions with possible gross chromosomal changes (amplifications or deletions). Similar analysis of transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs), revealed transcription factors that may have caused the observed gene expression changes in gastric carcinomas, and we confirmed the overexpression of one of these, E2F1, in many gastric carcinomas by tissue array and immunohistochemistry. We have incorporated the results of our meta- and gene set analyses into a web accessible database (http://human-genome.kribb.re.kr/stomach/).

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.439-458
• /
• 2005

An automated analysis system for water soluble constituents in $PM_{2.5}$ has been developed. The system consists of a high capacity multi tube diffusion scrubber (MTDS), a low temperature particle impactor (LTPI), and two ion (anion and cation) chromatography (IC) systems. Atmospheric particles have been collected by passing sample air through a thermostated MTDS followed by a LTPI. This system allows simultaneous measurements of soluble ions in $PM_{2.5}$ at 30 minutes interval. At the air sampling flow rate of 1.0L/min, the detection limits of the overall system are in the order of tens of $ng/m^3$. This system has been successfully used for the measurement of particulate components of Seoul air from April 2003 to January 2004. $SO_4^{2-},\;NO_3^-,\;NH_4^+,\;NO_2^-,\;Cl^-,\;Na^+,\;K^+,\;Ca^{2+},\;and\;Mg^{2+}$ are the major ionic species for $PM_{2.5}$ at Seoul. Among them, $SO_4^{2-},\;NO_3^-\;and\;NH_4^+$ are the most abundant ions, contributed up to $86\%$ of the total and the concentrations were higher than those in any other urban sites in the world except for Chinese cities. There are high pollutant episodes which contribute about $15\~20\%$ of annual average values of the major ions. During the episode, the all parcels were transported from the asian continent and $PM_{2.5}$ were significantly neutralized. This suggests that aged and long range transported pollutants caused the high pollutant episodes. They showed a distinct daily and seasonal variations:they showed a peak in the early morning caused by the night-time accumulation of particulate matters. Atmospheric reactions including gas-to-particle reactions and inter-particle reactions and meteorological parameters including relative humidity and ambient temperature were described with related to the $PM_{2.5}$ 5 concentrations. All of the ionic species showed higher concentrations during the spring than those for summer and winter.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.497-502
• /
• 2019

금속산화물 나노구조물은 고감도 가스센서 및 대용량의 리튬이온 전지와 같은 첨단 응용 분야에 활용될 수 있는 유망한 소재로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 산화주석(SnO) 나노구조물을 두 영역 전기로 장치를 이용하여 다양한 온도에서 Si 웨이퍼 기판 위에 성장시켰다. 원료물질인 이산화주석($SnO_2$) 파우더를 알루미나 도가니 속에 넣어서 $1070^{\circ}C$에서 기상화시켰으며, 이송가스인 고순도 Ar 가스를 1000 sccm으로 흘려주었다. SnO 나노구조물은 $350{\sim}450^{\circ}C$, 545 Pa 조건에서 30분 동안 Si 기판 위에 성장되었다. 성장된 SnO 나노구조물의 표면형상을 전계방출형 주사전자현미경(FE-SEM)과 원자힘 현미경(AFM)으로 조사하였다. 또한 성장된 SnO 나노구조물의 결정학적 특징을 Raman 분광학으로 조사하였다. 그 결과 성장된 산화주석은 SnO 상을 가지고 있었다. 기판의 온도가 증가함에 따라 성장된 SnO 나노구조물의 두께와 결정립의 크기도 $424^{\circ}C$까지는 증가하였다. $450^{\circ}C$에서 성장된 SnO 나노구조물은 복잡한 다결정 형태의 표면형상을 나타내었지만, $350{\sim}424^{\circ}C$ 범위에서 성장된 SnO 나노구조물은 기판에 나란한 형태의 단순한 결정구조를 나타내었다.