• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.633-642
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of foot care education program using foot-reflexo-massage in diabetic patients. Method: A convenience sample of non-equivalent control group time series design was used. It provided foot care education to diabetic patients through small book for both group. For the experimental group, foot-reflexo-massage was taught by a researcher and research assistants. Analysis was done by Repeated Measured ANOVA. Result: There was significant increase in foot care knowledge, self care behavior, between the experimental group and the control group over three different times. There was significant in skin temperature and pulse of foot over three different times and interaction by groups or over time, but there was no significant difference between groups. There was no significant difference in blood flow volume and capillary filling time over three different times, between groups, but there was interaction by groups or over time. But there was significant difference in discrimination in change of dosalis pedis artery blood flow. Conclusion: Findings indicate that this study may contribute to develop nursing intervention for foot care of diabetic patients.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.65-78
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• 1995

This is a quasi-experimental research to test the effect of using a nursing care scale. This study identified the effects of using a nursing care scale influencing on the nursing performance and job satisfaction. The subjects consisted of 63 staff nurses in 8 medical and surgical units of one hospital affiliated to university hospital in Seoul, and assigned to experimental and control group conveniently. The data were collected in September and December, 1992. The evaluation of the nursing performance were measured by the instrument from a nursing care scale of one univerrsity hospital and job satisfaction was measured by Stamp's Scale (1978). The data were analyzed by percentage distribution, 2-test, Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon Rank Sum W test, ANCOVA and T-test. The summarized results were as follows : 1. The nursing performance of the experimental group showed markedly increase about 13 areas of nursing care. However no significant difference in the nursing performance between the two groups was found. 2. There was a significant difference in the nursing performance between the experimental and the control group about 7 areas of nursing records(W=22.0, P<.05). 3. After using a nursing scale, there was a significant difference in the nursing performance about nursing care and nursing records between the experimental and the control group(W=25.0, P<.05). Comparing before using a nursing scale with after, there was no significant difference in the nursing performance between two groups. 4. There was no significant difference in job satisfaction between the experimental and the control group. The main reasons for there being no defference in two groups could be the small size sample and the procedure of intervention. Further comparative study is needed using more strictly controlled procedure of intervention.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.996-1007
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• 2004

In this study, we investigated the effects of small group discussion using episodes from the history of science on students' understanding about the nature of science (NOS), achievement, enjoyment of science lessons, and science learning motivation. Participants were 138 ninth graders from a middle school in Seoul and they were assigned to a control group and a treatment group. Students in the treatment group were provided with two contrasting perspectives concerning the NOS and were encouraged to discuss them in small groups. The intervention lasted for 5 class periods. The results revealed that students of both the control group and the treatment group were found to possess similar views about NOS in a NOS pretest, whereas students of the treatment group exhibited more sophisticated understanding in a NOS posttest. The scores of the treatment group were also significantly higher than those of the control group in an enjoyment of science lessons test and a learning motivation test. However, there was no significant difference between two groups in the achievement test scores.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.262-277
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to define the effects of the roles played by the Doulas : one group educated on the conventional Lamaze method known to have effects on birth pang during delivery process and the other group educated both on Lamaze and therapeutic touch. On the various factors of delivery, and thereby, provide for some basic data to develop an effective nursing intervention to relieve women of their birth pang. 136 mothers who were hospitalized in a general hospital from June 13, 1998 to May 13, 1998 to May 13, 1999 to deliver their first babies were sampled to be divided into control group, test group I and test group II and thus be subject to interviews and observations. As for the tool of study, melzack's(1975) 'pain scale', McCaffery's(1972) and Mcrachlan's(1974) 'pain expression scales' and Spielberger's (1975) 'anxiety scale' were used. The preparatory educational programs consisted of 5week Lamaze method and therapeutic touch. The research, design was quasi-experimental, non equivalent, posttest only control group design. The collected data were processed using the SPSS/PC statistics software for frequencies, means and one-way Anova as well as Tukey HSD and Scheffe test as post hoc for individual comparison. Moreover, chi-square test was used to test the differences between groups, while Pearson's correlation coefficients were analyzed to determine the correlations between anxiety and variables. The findings are as follows ; 1. The birth pain of the mothers delivering first babies scored in a subjective and objective pain scale; 1) There was a significant difference of subjective birth pain at 8~10cm opening of cervix between control group and two test groups. 2) There was no significant difference of objective birth pain as per opening of cervex among three groups in terms of sweating, facial movement, bodily posture and vocal changes. 2. There was no significant difference of trait anxiety among three groups. however, there was a significant difference of state anxiety during labor process between control group and two test groups. On the other hand, all the three groups showed a significantly lower level of anxiety during labor process than when they were carried to the hospital. 3. There was a significant difference of the time of total and first-stage labor among three groups, while there was a significant but small difference of the time elapsed from 8~10cm cervix open to the full among three groups. 4. Two test groups showed a higher frequency of natural deliveries than the control group. 5. Two test groups were subject to these drugs than the control group. In conclusion, it was found that the test group I and II showed a shorter delivery time than the control group, a higher frequency of natural delivery and a lesser use of anodyne or epidural. In particular, this study is significant to develop a nursing intervention service or a therapeutic touch which the nursing administrators can apply to their hospitals in marketing programs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.2563-2566
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• 2013

Background: Interleukin-33 (IL-33) has recently been implicated in tumor immunity. The aim of this study was to explore the clinical role of serum IL-33 in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Sera collected from 250 healthy volunteers (HV), 256 patients with benign lung diseases (BLD) and 262 NSCLC cases were subjected to IL-33 ELISA and relationships between serum IL-33 and clinical characteristics were evaluated. Results: Circulating IL-33 levels were higher in the NSCLC group in comparison with the HV and BLD groups (p<0.001). Using a cut-off level 68 pg/ml (95% specificity in the HV group), IL-33 showed a good diagnostic performance for NSCLC. Multivariate survival analysis indicated that serum IL-33 was an independent prognostic factor in the entire NSCLC group [hazards ratio (HR) = 0.64 for low versus high IL-33 levels, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.50-0.82; p<0.001] and in 165 selected patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease receiving chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.52-0.94; p=0.013). Conclusions: IL-33 is a promising potential diagnostic and prognostic marker in NSCLC, independent of the therapeutic intervention.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify the attributes of self-help groups, their antecedents and consequences relating to self-help groups. Methods: We used the Walker and Avant (2010) method using the key word "self-help groups" the Korea Education and Research Information Service (www.riss4u.net), Pubmed, CINAHL and ProQuest for articles on this topic published between January 2000 and March 2013 were searched. Ultimately, 64 domestic and 21 foreign papers were selected for in-depth analysis. Results: The attributes of self-help groups are as follows: 1) members share common experiences and are supportive of each other; 2) members set goals for individual change; 3) groups are self-monitoring; 4) groups learn problem-solving processes through voluntary and active participation; and 5) groups are small and meet regularly. The antecedents of self-help groups are as follows: 1) an intervention by an expert; 2) a diagnosis of their illness; 3) motivation to change individuals' state; and 4) educational desire. The consequences of self-help groups are the relief of symptoms, the improvement of physiological parameters and quality of life, the decrease in depression, stress, and anxiety, the improvement of illness-related knowledge and self-help activity, and a change in beliefs. Conclusion: Self-help groups can be used as an intervention strategy to help people with chronic illness manage their own problems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 2006

Purpose : This was aimed to investigate the effects of empirical smoking prevention program on the knowledge of the harmfulness of smoking, attitude to smoking, smoking temptation among female high school students. Methods : This study used nonequivalent control group pre and post test design. The subjects were recruited from the first and second grade at the two girls' high schools located in Ulsan city, and randomly assigned to two groups(113 in the experimental group and 117 in the control). The intervention was both the events such as nonsmoking promulgation and experiential learning programs and student-oriented educational sessions(once a week for six weeks). Data was analyzed with X2 test, t-test and ANCOVA. Results : The mean knowledge was 12.5 for pretest and 13.7 for posttest in the experimental group, and 12.7 and 13.4 in the control group, retrospectively. The mean attitude was 71.0 for pretest and 72.2 for posttest in the experimental group, and 72.3 and 72.6 in the control group, retrospectively. The mean temptation was 15.0 for pretest and 14.7 for posttest in the experimental group, and 13.9 and 14.0 in the control group, retrospectively. There's no difference in the change of the knowledge of the harmfulness of smoking, attitude to smoking, smoking temptation between experimental and control groups. Conclusion : As the possible reasons, the subjects already had sufficient knowledge on the harmfulness of smoking, the research questionnaires were too plain to get any difference, the effect of intervention was too small to show a difference in such as short-term, and finally, there were many external factors. Hence, we recommend further studies with appropriate questionnaire for longer time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-20
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• 2005

The purpose of this paper is to classify two study sites into the biotope types and investigate the landscape ecological characteristics of them. This will be available for the rural planning in the aspect of environmental preservation. The summaries of the result are as follows. 1) In the result of the area assessment in biotope groups, a dry field (32%) and a paddy field (28%) are more than 50%, but settlement space and water space are less than 10%. The result shows the land use condition of rural areas. 2) In the investigation result of elongation, running water spaces are higher than other biotope groups relatively, it is because they long shaped and 1-3m narrow. 3) In case of Fractal index analysis, residential spaces and cultivated lands are investigated to be lower in numerical value, it is because they have the definite borders and get simple in the border of landscape by human intervention. 4) In case of dispersion degree, the dry field has the highest value because they are located close by forests spread widely around study sites. It means that the land which is used by artificial purpose get more value rather than natural lands 5) In the connectivity analysis, a paddy field and a residential space appear the highest. It is because residence spaces spread intensively through roads and a paddy field, through streams. 6) In rural landscape, the diversity of landscape is investigated to be simple. A paddy field and a dry field contain small sized patches that have been divided by human intervention. Besides, there appear much different vegetation around waterways and farm-roads.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.546-554
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise programs in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Method: Two investigators systematically searched and reviewed English articles from PUBMED from 1988 to 2004, selecting randomized controlled trials on structured exercise programs for DM patients. Out of 87 studies identified, a meta analysis was done for eleven studies which satisfied inclusion criteria and focused on glycemic indices, lipid indices, and cardiac function indices. Results: The means and standard deviations were compared for experimental groups that received exercise-only or exercise and diet programs and control groups that received no intervention or only diet education. The groups were considered homogeneous as the p value of the Q score in each variable group was over 0.05. The experimental groups demonstrated a moderate positive effect on HbA,c and $VO_{2max}$ (d=0.55 & 0.5), and a small positive effect on fasting blood glucose and cholesterol (d=0.38 & 0.27) compared to the control groups. HDL and LDL cholesterol levels, however, showed a very low positive effect (d=0.11 & 0.12) in the experimental groups. Aerobic exercise was more beneficial than resistance exercise on $HbA_1c$ (d=0.59 vs 0.28) in the groups. Conclusions: Regular exercise has a positive effect on $HbA_1c$, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and $VO_{2max}$ in Type 2 diabetic patients.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.167-187
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• 2003

Ankylosing spondylitis(AS) is one of the most common forms of chronic arthritis causing pain and progressive disability. The purposes of this study were 1) to develop an offline educational program and online educational program for the patients with ankylosing spondylitis; and 2) to test the effectiveness of each program in terms of changes in ankylosing spondylitis self-efficacy, exercise continuity disease activity, physical functioning, and depression. The convenient samples for three groups were selected acceding to the inclusion criteria. Online education group consists of 7 patients, and 14 patients were included for the offline group, while 12 patients were assigned to the control group. Outcomes variables included self efficacy, exercise continuity, disease activity, physical function, and depression and the reliability of each measure was ranged from .88 to .95 in the present study. The offline educational program demonstrated positive effects on self-efficacy, exercise continuity, disease activity, and depression, whereas the online educational program on exercise continuity, disease activity, and depression. The self-efficacy was showed positive effect only in the offline educational program, whereas physical functioning did not improve in both intervention groups. These partial improvements may be due to the small sample size and the methods of online education program. In conclusion, the effectiveness of the offline and online educational programs was partially supported in the present study. For the improvement of these programs, the further study would be necessary to apply this kind of intervention program with larger sample and to test the psychometric of the newly development tools.