• Wind and Structures
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.77-109
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• 1998

An evaluation and comparison of seven of the world's major building codes and standards is conducted in this study, with specific discussion of their estimations of the alongwind, acrosswind, and torsional response, where applicable, for a given building. The codes and standards highlighted by this study are those of the United States, Japan, Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, China and Europe. In addition, the responses predicted by using the measured power spectra of the alongwind, acrosswind and torsional responses for several building shapes tested in a wind tunnel are presented and a comparison between the response predicted by wind tunnel data and that estimated by some of the standards is conducted. This study serves not only as a comparison of the response estimates by international codes and standards, but also introduces a new set of wind tunnel data for validation of wind tunnel-based empirical expressions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.93-95
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• 2003

Owing to WTO/TBT, Many countries are trying to accord their own various national codes and standards with international standards. Also Korean electric power code is being made consistent with the new standards which include the international standards. The new code will affect the many aspects of building construction. In order to cope with the change of the electric power code, this paper analyzed the trend of the international standard(IEC 60364, IEC 61024) and we think this study will help engineers to understand the international electrical standards.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.133-160
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• 2016

Hurricanes are among the most costly natural hazards to impact buildings in coastal regions. Building roofs are designed using the wind load provisions of building codes and standards and, in the case of large buildings, wind tunnel tests. Wind permeable roof claddings like roof pavers are not well dealt with in many existing building codes and standards. The objective of this paper is to develop simple guidance in code format for design of loose-laid roof pavers. Large-scale experiments were performed to investigate the wind loading on concrete roof pavers on the flat roof of a low-rise building in Wall of Wind, a large-scale hurricane testing facility at Florida International University. They included wind blow-off tests and pressure measurements on the top and bottom surfaces of pavers. Based on the experimental results simplified guidelines are developed for design of loose-laid roof pavers against wind uplift. The guidelines are formatted so that use can be made of the existing information in codes and standards such as American Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE) 7-10 standard's pressure coefficients for components and cladding. The effects of the pavers' edge-gap to spacer height ratio and parapet height to building height ratio are included in the guidelines as adjustment factors.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.161-171
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• 2021

For the fatigue design of offshore structures, it is essential to understand and use the S-N curves specified in various industry standards and codes. This study compared the characteristics of the S-N curves for five major codes. The codes reviewed in this paper were DNV Classification Rules (DNV GL, 2016), ABS Classification Rules (ABS, 2003), British Standards (BSI, 2015), International Welding Association Standards (IIW, 2008), and European Standards (BSI, 2005). Types of stress, such as nominal stress, hot-spot stress, and effective notch stress, were analyzed according to the code. The basic shape of the S-N curve for each code was analyzed. A review of the survival probability of the basic design S-N curve for each code was performed. Finally, the impact on the conservatism of the design was analyzed by comparing the S-N curves of three grades D, E, and F by the five codes. The results presented in this paper are considered to be a good guideline for the fatigue design of offshore structures because the S-N curves of the five most-used codes were analyzed in depth.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 1996

Food-borne illnesses remain a world-wide public heath problem, Codex food standards, codes of practice and other guidelines protect consumers from unsafe food. Codex Alimentarius helps to reach this goal by combining consumer protection with food production and trade. Codex provides reassurance to anyone anywhere that foods produced according to its codes of hygienic practice and complying with its standards are safe and nutritious and offer adequate health protection. The Codex Alimentarius Commission is a science-based, international organization. Its standards, guidelines and recommendations are recognized world-wide for their vital role in protecting the consumer and facilitation international trade. At the same time they allow food producers, processors and traders access to markets by breaking down artificial nontariff barriers to trade.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.257-269
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• 2013

This study presents the development of an advanced multiple database-enabled design module for high-rise buildings (DEDM-HR), which seamlessly pools databases of multiple high frequency base balance measurements from geographically dispersed locations and merges them together to expand the number of available building configurations for the preliminary design. This feature offers a new direction for the research and professional communities that can be utilized to efficiently pool multiple databases therefore expanding the capability of an individual database and improving the reliability of design estimates. This is demonstrated, in this study, by the unprecedented fusion of two major established databases, which facilitates interoperability. The DEDM-HR employs a cyberbased on-line framework designed with user-friendly/intuitive web interfaces for the convenient estimation of wind-induced responses in the alongwind, acrosswind and torsional directions with minimal user input. In addition, the DEDM-HR embeds a novel feature that allows the use of wind characteristics defined in a code/standard to be used in conjunction with the database. This supplements the provisions of a specific code/standard as in many cases guidance on the acrosswind and torsional response estimates is lacking. Through an example, results from several international codes and standards and the DEDM-HR with the embedded features are compared. This provision enhances the scope of the DEDM-HR in providing an alternative design tool with nested general provisions of various international codes and standards.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.80 no.6
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• pp.677-688
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• 2021

The building design codes and standards in many countries usually are either fully or partially adopted from the international codes. However, regional conditions like the quality of construction industry and different statistical parameters of load and resistance have essential roles in the code calibration of building design codes. This paper presents a probabilistic approach to assess the reliability level of adopted national building codes by simulating design situations and considering all load combinations. The impact of the uncertainty of wind and earthquake loads, which are entirely regional condition dependent and have a high degree of uncertainty, are quantified. In this study, the design situation is modeled by generating thousands of numbers for load effect ratios, and the reliability level of steel elements for all load combinations and different load ratios is established and compared to the target reliability. This approach is applied to the Iranian structural steel code as a case study. The results indicate that the Iranian structural steel code lacks safety in some load combinations, such as gravity and earthquake load combinations, and is conservative for other load combinations. The present procedure can be applied to the assessment of the reliability level of other national codes.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.235-250
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• 2005

The paper describes the work of the Working Group on Wind Structure, one of the International Codification Working Groups set up by the International Association of Wind Engineering in 1999. The topics of terrain and exposure, shielding and shelter, topographic effects, tropical cyclone and hurricane wind structure, and thunderstorm wind structure, are described with emphasis on their codification in wind loading codes and standards. Recommendations from the working group are given.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.371-383
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• 2022

Buildings with mono-sloped roofs are used for different purposes like at railway platforms, restaurants, industrial buildings, etc. Between two types of mono-slope roofs, clad and unclad, unclad canopy types are more vulnerable to wind load as wind produces pressure on both upper and lower surfaces of the roof, resulting in uplifting of the roof surface. This paper discusses the provisions of wind loads in different codes and standards for Low-rise buildings. Further, the pressure coefficients on mono-slope canopy roof available in wind code and standards are compared. Previous experimental studies for mono-slope canopy roof along with the recent wind tunnel testing carried out at Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee is briefly discussed and compared with the available wind codes. From the study it can further be asserted that the information available related to staging or blocking under the mono-slope canopy roofs is limited. This paper is an attempt to put together the available information in different wind codes/standards and the research works carried out by different researchers, along with shedding some light on the future scopes of research on mono-slope canopy roofs.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.227-243
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• 1997

Fire and smoke can from a small ignition source develop rapidly. Active systems in combination with Passive Fire Protection measures will offer highest safety standards to the building's developers and occupants. Nevertheless, the fire growth is very unpredictable and it is therefore essential at the planning stage that tested solutions are well selected according to National codes and later on installed by qualified contractors to ensure optimum performance. This demonstrates that Passive Fire Protection as safety measure cannot be neglected. Recent fire cases all over the world still proof that fire can develop any time and any where even in countries of high safety standards.