• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.813-818
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• 2022

공간이 한정된 테마파크 공간이라는 주제가 핵심 키워드로 떠오르게 되면서 많은 실험과 연구가 현장에서 이루어졌다. 국내시장에서는 새로운 공간 창출뿐만이 아닌 소외된 공간에 대한 개발의 필요성을 느끼고 실제 공간에 대한 새로운 해석을 통해 보완점을 찾고 있으나 물리적 한계를 보인다. 본 연구는 가상공간을 새로운 공간으로 접근하고 해석함으로 공간의 개념을 새롭게 다시 정의하고 분석하였다. 또한 실제 사례를 탐구하고 결과를 분석함으로서 가상세계에서 실감미디어의 가능성이 해당 공간의 확장과 한계를 보완하는 모범적인 대안 방안이라는 결과를 도출했고. 기존 하드웨어에 실감미디어는 AR, VR과 같은 선택적 개발에 있어서 콘텐츠 제공이 매우 다양하다는 점과 개발 예산과 시간이 작아도 분기별 콘셉트를 위한 다양한 콘텐츠를 제공한다는 테마파크의 특성으로 고객의 만족도 기대치가 생각보다 낮아 부담이 적다는 점이 실감미디어 발전에 상당한 영향력을 준다는 것이다. 현재 테마파크는 메타버스를 통한 실감미디어에 관련한 전공자와 관계자가 무수히 유입되고 있다. 이처럼 새로운 시장에 주목을 받는 만큼 해당 사업에 많은 연구와 실험이 나올 것을 기대해본다.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.139-152
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• 2022

본 논문에서는 개별적 기업을 대상으로 표본을 수집하여 심층적으로 근로자 임금(평균연봉)에 대해 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하고자 한다. 기업의 근로자 평균연봉과 함께 초임 평사원의 평균연봉에 대해서 깊이 있는 분석을 하고자 한다. 구체적으로 초임 평사원의 학력별로 초대졸, 대졸, 대학원졸 평균 연봉에 미치는 기업 규모, 자본과 노동의 생산구조, 사업의 주된 분야의 영향을 설명하고자 하였다. 물류기업의 초임 평사원의 평균연봉 차이는 매출액에 미치는 주된 사업이 결정적 요인변수이며, 학력과 관련하여 초대졸과 대졸은 외항여객화물운송업 및 항만운영및하역관리업이 높은 연봉을 제공하였고 육상화물운송업 및 창고업은 낮은 연봉을 제공하고 있었다. 그 외에도 우리나라 물류기업은 본사지 위치, 종업원 수, 매출액 대비 인건비 비중, 매출에 미치는 주된 사업의 4개 특성요인간에 모두 관련성을 가지고 있었다. 이 같은 사실이 서울 소재의 외항여객화 물운송업이나 기업물류대행업, 복합운송및국제운송중계업은 대기업이며, 인건비 비중은 낮으며 자본·기술·정보 집약적 투자에 더 많은 비중을 가진 사업구조라는 사실이다.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.141-147
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• 2022

최근 북유럽을 중심으로 치유농업은 사회적 농업, 녹색 치유 등으로 소개되고 있으며 최근 20년 동한 급속도로 발전하고 있다. 국내에서도 차츰 소개되고 있지만, 아직 시작하는 수준에 불과하며, 체계적인 농장주들의 치유농장의 모델과 운영에 있어서 가이드를 제시하지 않고 있다. 치유농업에 있어 선진국은 체계적인 국가 차원의 가이드를 제시함으로써 보다 공통된 치유농장을 운영하는 것을 가능하게 하고 있다. 이런 선진국의 가이드라인의 문헌 고찰을 통해서 그 내용을 정리함으로써 국내 치유농업 가이드라인을 구성하는데 도움을 주고자 한다. 캐나다, 아일랜드, 네덜란드, 노르웨이와 핀란드의 국가별 치유농업 가이드라인의 내용은 크게 일반적 사항, 치유농장주를 위한 치유농장 사업의 시작방법, 대상자의 이해, 농장 조직체계, 농장경영, 농장생활로 구분할 수 있다. 우리나라에도 치유농장의 수요가 증가함에 따라 농장주를 위한 가이드라인이 보급되어 치유농장으로의 접근을 쉽게 하는 것이 필요할 것이다. 의료분야와 접목하여 가이드를 만드는 것도 좋은 방법으로 생각되며, 농장주가 어느 정도 의료분야에 대해서 이해하는 것도 필요할 것으로 보여진다.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 3th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.525-536
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• 2009

The current residential process adheres to a traditional method of construction involving wood framing on-site on poured concrete foundations which has been widely applied in North America. A conventional residential construction process can include seventeen distinct stages ranging from stake-out to pre-occupancy inspection. The current practice possesses short comings including high construction material wastes, long scheduling timelines, adverse weather conditions, poor quality, low efficiencies and negative environmental impacts from transportation and equipment use. Over CAN $5 billion dollars was spent in the construction sector during 2007 in Canada. Previous findings in CO₂ emissions during the construction process of a conventional dwelling emphasize more than 45 tonnes of CO₂ emissions. Hence, in Alberta alone during 2007, almost 50,000 residential units would release more than two million tonnes of CO₂. These numbers demonstrate the economical and environmental impact in building construction and its relationship with CO₂ emissions. The aim of this paper is to quantify the CO₂ emissions from the current residential construction process in order to establish the baseline for CO₂ emission reduction opportunities. The quantification collection methodology will be approached by identifying the seventeen various stages of construction and quantifying the contributions of CO₂ from specific activities and their impacts of work for each stage. The approach of separating these into separate stages for collection will allow for independent opportunities for analysis from various independent contractors from the entire scope of work. The use of BIM will be implemented to efficiently quantify CO₂ emissions. Based on the CO₂ quantification baseline, emission reduction opportunities such as an industrialized construction process will be introduced that allows homebuilders to reduce the environmental and economical impact of home construction while enabling them to produce higher quality, more energy efficient homes in a safer and shorter period of time.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 3th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.1352-1358
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• 2009

As the demand for a convergence between construction technologies and IT is on the rise, as seen in the visualization of U-City construction, studies on the ways in which IT in should be utilized in the building and construction field have been continuously and actively performed. However, there has been almost no development of standardized technology criteria relating to the life cycle of a building (planning, design, construction, and maintenance). That is, there are almost no examples of efforts made to combine construction technology and IT in a fundamental way, considering the environment, the facility, its spatial characteristics, engineering, materials, and structure, aspects that are commonly required not only for interior spaces but also for exterior construction of U-City. Despite the fact that a state-of-the-art infrastructure has been built, and the competency of users with the cutting-edge technology, composite studies on technologies, facilities, services and spaces are still lacking, and basic research on the composite operation method including compatibility and linkage between facilities and services within a U-City has been insufficient as well. It is generally known that by fusing IT with construction technologies, the total period of construction taken can be reduced and construction expenses can be curtailed, while construction quality can be improved. For this reason, it is vital to prepare a standardized base to connect cutting-edge IT with the construction technologies. In preparing such a base, the most urgent issue is to develop standardized technology criteria. The ultimate objective of this research is to establish the technological criteria system required to apply construction-IT fused technologies to U-Cities, and to develop the technological criteria for the design, construction and maintenance of the U-Cities. This paper, whose objective is to establish development strategies for construction-IT fused technologies by way of analyzing the criteria for conventional construction projects, the necessity of criteria for construction-IT fused technologies, and the current status of U-Cities' development, is the underlying research for this purpose. The strategies established are expected to be utilized in establishing the system of criteria for construction-IT fused technologies, and to contribute to a knowledge base in the construction-IT field. In addition, based on the strategies established, criteria for construction-IT fused technologies, such as design criteria and construction standards, will be developed, and by applying these criteria and standards, the ultimate objectives of U-Cities, which are the enhancement of urban competitiveness and the satisfaction of residents, will be attained

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 3th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.869-875
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• 2009

Safety is a big issue in the construction sites. For safe and secure management, tracking locations of construction resources such as labors, materials, machineries, vehicles and so on is important. The materials, machineries and vehicles could be controlled by computer, whereas the movement of labors does not have fixed pattern. So, the location and movement of labors need to be monitored continuously for safety. In general, Global Positioning System(GPS) is an opt solution to obtain the location information in outside environments. But it cannot be used for indoor locations as it requires a clear Line-Of-Sight(LOS) to satellites Therefore, indoor location monitoring system could be a convenient alternative for environments such as tunnel and indoor building construction sites. This paper presents a case study to investigate feasibility of Wi-Fi based indoor location monitoring system in construction site. The system is developed by using fingerprint map of gathering Received Signal Strength Indication(RSSI) from each Access Point(AP). The signal information is gathered by Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags, which are attached on a helmet of labors to track their locations, and is sent to server computer. Experiments were conducted in a shield tunnel construction site at Guangzhou, China. This study consists of three phases as follows: First, we have a tracking test in entrance area of tunnel construction site. This experiment was performed to find the effective geometry of APs installation. The geometry of APs installation was changed for finding effective locations, and the experiment was performed using one and more tags. Second, APs were separated into two groups, and they were connected with LAN cable in tunnel construction site. The purpose of this experiment was to check the validity of group separating strategy. One group was installed around the entrance and the other one was installed inside the tunnel. Finally, we installed the system inner area of tunnel, boring machine area, and checked the performance with varying conditions (the presence of obstacles such as train, worker, and so on). Accuracy of this study was calculated from the data, which was collected at some known points. Experimental results showed that WiFi-based indoor location system has a level of accuracy of a few meters in tunnel construction site. From the results, it is inferred that the location tracking system can track the approximate location of labors in the construction site. It is able to alert the labors when they are closer to dangerous zones like poisonous region or cave-in..

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 9th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.1247-1248
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• 2022

Due to rapid urbanization and population growth, it has become crucial to analyze the various volumes and characteristics of pedestrian pathways to understand the capacity and level of service (LOS) for pathways to promote a better walking environment. Different indicators have been developed to measure pedestrian volume. The pedestrian level of service (PLOS), tailored to analyze pedestrian pathways based on the concept of the LOS in transportation in the Highway Capacity Manual, has been widely used. PLOS is a measurement concept used to assess the quality of pedestrian facilities, from grade A (best condition) to grade F (worst condition), based on the flow rate, average speed, occupied space, and other parameters. Since the original PLOS approach has been criticized for producing idealistic results, several modified versions of PLOS have also been developed. One of these modified versions is perceived PLOS, which measures the LOS for pathways by considering pedestrians' awareness levels. However, this method relies on survey-based measurements, making it difficult to continuously deploy the technique to all the pathways. To measure PLOS more quantitatively and continuously, researchers have adopted computer vision technologies to automatically assess pedestrian flows and PLOS from CCTV videos. However, there are drawbacks even with this method because CCTVs cannot be installed everywhere, e.g., in alleyways. Recently, a technique to monitor bio-signals, such as electrodermal activity (EDA), through wearable sensors that can measure physiological responses to external stimuli (e.g., when another pedestrian passes), has gained popularity. It has the potential to continuously measure perceived PLOS. In their previous experiment, the authors of this study found that there were many significant EDA responses in crowded places when other pedestrians acting as external stimuli passed by. Therefore, we hypothesized that the EDA responses would be significantly higher in places where relatively more dynamic objects pass, i.e., in crowded areas with low PLOS levels (e.g., level F). To this end, the authors conducted an experiment to confirm the validity of EDA in inferring the perceived PLOS. The EDA of the subjects was measured and analyzed while watching both the real-world and virtually created videos with different pedestrian volumes in a laboratory environment. The results showed the possibility of inferring the amount of pedestrian volume on the pathways by measuring the physiological reactions of pedestrians. Through further validation, the research outcome is expected to be used for EDA-based continuous measurement of perceived PLOS at the alley level, which will facilitate modifying the existing walking environments, e.g., constructing pathways with appropriate effective width based on pedestrian volume. Future research will examine the validity of the integrated use of EDA and acceleration signals to increase the accuracy of inferring the perceived PLOS by capturing both physiological and behavioral reactions when walking in a crowded area.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 9th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.1250-1251
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• 2022

Measuring management is an important part of preventing the collapse of retaining walls in advance by evaluating their stability with a variety of measuring instruments. The current work of measuring management requires considerable human and material resources since measurement companies need to install measuring instruments at various places on the retaining wall and visit the construction site to collect measurement data and evaluate the stability of the retaining wall. It was investigated that the applicability of the current work of measuring management is poor at small and medium-sized urban construction sites(excavation depth<10m) where measuring management is not essential. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop a laser sensor-based hardware to support the wall displacement measurements and their control software applicable to small and medium-sized urban construction sites. The 2D lidar sensor, which is more economical than a 3D laser scanner, is applied as element technology. Additionally, the hardware is mounted on the corner strut of the retaining wall, and it collects point cloud data of the retaining wall by rotating the 2D lidar sensor 360° through a servo motor. Point cloud data collected from the hardware can be transmitted through Wi-Fi to a displacement analysis device (notebook). The hardware control software is designed to control the 2D lidar sensor and servo motor in the displacement analysis device by remote access. The process of analyzing the displacement of a retaining wall using the developed hardware and software is as follows: the construction site manager uses the displacement analysis device to 1)collect the initial point cloud data, and after a certain period 2)comparative point cloud data is collected, and 3)the distance between the initial point and comparison point cloud data is calculated in order. As a result of performing an indoor experiment, the analyses show that a displacement of approximately 15 mm can be identified. In the future, the integrated system of the hardware designed here, and the displacement analysis software to be developed can be applied to small and medium-sized urban construction sites through several field experiments. Therefore, effective management of the displacement of the retaining wall is possible in comparison with the current measuring management work in terms of ease of installation, dismantlement, displacement measurement, and economic feasibility.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 9th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.1243-1244
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• 2022

In recent years, the growing interest in off-site construction has led to factories scaling up their manufacturing and production processes in the construction sector. Consequently, continuous large-scale site monitoring in low-variability environments, such as prefabricated components production plants (precast concrete production), has gained increasing importance. Although many studies on computer vision-based site monitoring have been conducted, challenges for deploying this technology for large-scale field applications still remain. One of the issues is collecting and transmitting vast amounts of video data. Continuous site monitoring systems are based on real-time video data collection and analysis, which requires excessive computational resources and network traffic. In addition, it is difficult to integrate various object information with different sizes and scales into a single scene. Various sizes and types of objects (e.g., workers, heavy equipment, and materials) exist in a plant production environment, and these objects should be detected simultaneously for effective site monitoring. However, with the existing object detection algorithms, it is difficult to simultaneously detect objects with significant differences in size because collecting and training massive amounts of object image data with various scales is necessary. This study thus developed a large-scale site monitoring system using edge computing and a small-object detection system to solve these problems. Edge computing is a distributed information technology architecture wherein the image or video data is processed near the originating source, not on a centralized server or cloud. By inferring information from the AI computing module equipped with CCTVs and communicating only the processed information with the server, it is possible to reduce excessive network traffic. Small-object detection is an innovative method to detect different-sized objects by cropping the raw image and setting the appropriate number of rows and columns for image splitting based on the target object size. This enables the detection of small objects from cropped and magnified images. The detected small objects can then be expressed in the original image. In the inference process, this study used the YOLO-v5 algorithm, known for its fast processing speed and widely used for real-time object detection. This method could effectively detect large and even small objects that were difficult to detect with the existing object detection algorithms. When the large-scale site monitoring system was tested, it performed well in detecting small objects, such as workers in a large-scale view of construction sites, which were inaccurately detected by the existing algorithms. Our next goal is to incorporate various safety monitoring and risk analysis algorithms into this system, such as collision risk estimation, based on the time-to-collision concept, enabling the optimization of safety routes by accumulating workers' paths and inferring the risky areas based on workers' trajectory patterns. Through such developments, this continuous large-scale site monitoring system can guide a construction plant's safety management system more effectively.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 9th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.1249-1249
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• 2022

The facade, an exterior material of a building, is one of the crucial factors that determine its morphological identity and its functional levels, such as energy performance, earthquake and fire resistance. However, regardless of the type of exterior materials, huge property and human casualties are continuing due to frequent exterior materials dropout accidents. The quality of the building envelope depends on the detailed design and is closely related to the back frames that support the exterior material. Detailed design means the creation of a shop drawing, which is the stage of developing the basic design to a level where construction is possible by specifying the exact necessary details. However, due to chronic problems in the construction industry, such as reducing working hours and the lack of design personnel, detailed design is not being appropriately implemented. Considering these characteristics, it is necessary to develop the detailed design process of exterior materials and works based on the domain-expert knowledge of the construction industry using artificial intelligence (AI). Therefore, this study aims to establish a detailed design automation algorithm for AI-based condition-responsive exterior wall panels and their back frames. The scope of the study is limited to "detailed design" performed based on the working drawings during the exterior work process and "stone panels" among exterior materials. First, working-level data on stone works is collected to analyze the existing detailed design process. After that, design parameters are derived by analyzing factors that affect the design of the building's exterior wall and back frames, such as structure, floor height, wind load, lift limit, and transportation elements. The relational expression between the derived parameters is derived, and it is algorithmized to implement a rule-based AI design. These algorithms can be applied to detailed designs based on 3D BIM to automatically calculate quantity and unit price. The next goal is to derive the iterative elements that occur in the process and implement a robotic process automation (RPA)-based system to link the entire "Detailed design-Quality calculation-Order process." This study is significant because it expands the design automation research, which has been rather limited to basic and implemented design, to the detailed design area at the beginning of the construction execution and increases the productivity by using AI. In addition, it can help fundamentally improve the working environment of the construction industry through the development of direct and applicable technologies to practice.