• 기록학연구
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• 제1호
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• pp.7-22
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• 2000

It is almost impossible to fulfill the users' information needs efficiently without any finding aids. The idiosyncrasy of archival materials had led the archivists to develop their own descriptive rules until the mid of 1980s. It was the arrival of computers and information networks that stimulated the archival community to standardize its variant descriptive practices. The primary purpose of the national and international archival description standards is to facilitate the cooperative archival data exchange. The Ad Hoc Commission on Descriptive Standards of the International Council on Archives adopted ISAD(G) and ISAAR(CPF) in 1993 and in 1995 respectively. ISAD(G) guides the formulation of information in each of 26 elements that may be combined to constitute the description of an archival entity. ISAAR(CPF) is to give general rules for the establishment of archival authority records in descriptions of archival documents. Histories, structures and fundamental principles of those two international archival standards have been studies in this article. Most of the present archival description standards are based on the principle of provenance and the authority model. The instability of modern organizations and the digitalization of record keeping systems have been making the archivists to review these basic archival principles. It is suggested that Korean archival community should attempt to draft a national archival descriptive standard suitable to the Korean archival practice and Korean language in the framework of the international standards.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.931-941
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• 2021

The study focuses on the relationship between SB, corporate social responsibility (CSR), and the emerging economy. Thereafter it highlights the types, principles, and funding cycle of SB with the evidence from Grameen Bank, which is a globally well-recognized microfinance venture in Bangladesh established by the Nobel Laureate Dr. Muhammad Yunus. This study employs qualitative analysis to illustrate an architectural overview of the SB model by collecting secondary data from various publications related to the topic and published data of Grameen Bank. Finally, this paper illustrates the SB model along with specified characteristics, systematic framework, and main approaches for sustainable context, which could be applied as a conceptual framework for SB in any context of the emerging economy. The findings of this study suggest that the SB model is the workflow having a hierarchy of five phases namely need identification, goal setting, solution-based business plan, business plan assessment, and business plan execution. Analyzing a range of social business interventions in a developing country, Bangladesh, through the lens of five key aspects demonstrates that social business is the most efficient way to sustainably maximize the social benefits and minimize specific social issues poverty of the people affected.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.453-479
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• 2012

국제상거래의 증가는 분쟁의 증가로 나타나 소송이나 중재로 명확히 반영되고 있다. 국제상거래의 중요성에도 불구하고, 최근까지 어떻게 법이 실제 무역관행과 상호작용하는지 잘 알지 못하고 있다. 전 세계에 걸쳐 소송과 중재법정은 국제물품매매계약에서 CISG를 준거법으로 적용하고 있지만, 해결되지 않는 문제점에 대한 국제 판례가 축적되고 있다. 이런 점에서 국제 판례법에 대한 유니렉스(UNILEX) 데이터베이스는 대표적인 사례라 할 수 있다. 오늘날 확실히 CISG가 국제상사계약에서 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있지만, CISG가 경성법(hard law)으로서의 특징 때문에 갖는 한계로 준거법 적용에 따른 문제가 있다. 이에 비하여 UPICC는 국제협약이나 법률이 아닌 국제상거래일반의 법의 리스테이트먼트(restatement)이다. 즉 연성법(soft law)으로서 UPICC는 CISG보다도 유연하고 포괄적이다. 따라서 본 연구는 UPICC 2010년 개정에 착안하여 2012년 8월 현재까지 유니렉스(UNILEX)에 포함된 CISG와 UPICC의 적용사례 통계를 비교 분석하여 UPICC가 CISG의 한계를 보완하는 기능을 담당할 수 있음은 물론이고, 더 나아가 국제상거래의 준거법으로서 적용에도 유용성이 있음을 밝혀 UPICC의 국제상거래에서의 적용을 촉진하고자 한다.

• 한국항공우주법학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항공우주법학회 2008년도 제40회 국제학술발표대회
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• pp.219-231
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• 2008

" Analyzing on an object in the sphere of domestic law with the method of international law" has been already on the horizon in international law. For the lawyers of international law and space law, it is quite natural that they utilize the method of international law, whatever objects they may choice. The reason is that the characteristic of international law do not depend upon object in itself, but depend upon method in itself. The object of this paper is the idea of Peaceful Use(IPU or PU) in Japanese Space Policy. The method to be applied to this analysis is the international law's interpretation theory on legal principles, i.e., the method of international law. One of the aims of this paper is to explain critically the need of review on IPU in Japanese Space Policy; in particular with respect to the positive reconstruction of IPU through historical analyzing on the transfiguration and the mere shell of the Post-War Japanese Pacifism(PJP) as the starting point of IPU The historical process of the transfiguration and the mere shell is as followed .i.e.," from the ultranationalism in the pre-war Japan to PJP in the post-war Japan, from PJP to IPU, and from IPU to IPU's regression. In particular with respect to the interpretation theory, the meaning of the teleological, aims and objects school's approach on the interpretation of legal principles(P) has been emphasized. The reason is that the promising development of IPU will be realized by cooperating with the interpretation theory on P in international law. At the end of the beginning, I'd like to quote K. Marx's thesis in order to make the positions and missions the lawyers of international law and space clear. It is as follows, i.e.," THE PHILOSOPHERS HAVE ONLY INTERPRETED THE WORLD IN VARIOUS WAYS - THE POINT, HOWEVER IS TO CHANGE IT.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.169-188
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• 2008

Analyzing on an object in the sphere of domestic law with the method of international law has been already on the horizon in international law. For the lawyers of international law and space law, it is quite natural that they utilize the method of international law, whatever objects they may choice. The reason is that the characteristic of international law do not depend upon object in itself, but depend upon method in itself. The object of this paper is the idea of Peaceful Use(IPU or PU) in Japanese Space Policy. The method to be applied to this analysis is the international law's interpretation theory on legal principles, i.e., the method of international law. One of the aims of this paper is to explain critically the need of review on IPU in Japanese Space Policy; in particular with respect to the positive reconstruction of IPU through historical analyzing on the transfiguration and the mere shell of the Post-War Japanese Pacifism(PJP) as the starting point of IPU. The historical process of the transfiguration and the mere shell is as followed, i.e., "from the ultra-nationalism in the pre-war Japan to PJP in the post-war Japan, from PJP to IPU, and from IPU to IPU's regression. In particular with respect to the interpretation theory, the meaning of the teleological, aims and objects school's approach on the interpretation of legal principles(P) has been emphasized. The reason is that the promising development of IPU will be realized by cooperating with the interpretation theory on P in international law. At the end of the beginning, I'd like to quote K. Marx's thesis in order to make the positions and missions the lawyers of international law and space clear. It is as follows, i.e., "THE PHILOSOPHERS HAVE ONLY INTERPRETED THE WORLD IN VARIOUS WAYS - THE POINT, HOWEVER IS TO CHANGE IT.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.47-56
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• 2022

The article defines the principles of formation of digital marketing strategy of enterprises in the conditions of intensification of competition on the international market. The stages of development of digital marketing strategy of enterprises in the conditions of intensification of competition in the international market are substantiated, which includes: setting goals, which envisages observance of the principles of SMART-scheme; product or service analysis; monitoring of competitors; analytics of definition and segmentation of the target audience of the enterprise; selection of digital marketing tools and channels for promotion on the international market of products or services; formation of a unique, unique trade offer, selection of indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of digital marketing strategy and its tools. It is proved that according to the principle of SMART method of goal setting it is necessary that the goals have: specificity, measurability, achievability, relevance, achievement of the goal should be limited in time, have specific deadlines. To increase the effectiveness of digital marketing strategy, it is necessary to analyze the internal and external environment using the method of SWOT-analysis, the advantage of which is a comprehensive assessment of the company, competitors and the industry as a whole in the face of competition in the international market. The main indicators of evaluation of the effectiveness of digital marketing strategy in the conditions of intensification of competition on the international market are substantiated.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.315-321
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• 2022

Many students with disabilities and special needs are enrolled in higher education, which substantiated the need for research regarding faculty members' knowledge and willingness to implement supportive strategies in higher education in Saudi Arabia. This study explored Saudi university faculty members' knowledge and willingness to apply UDL (Universal Design for Learning) principles in their teaching practice. Surveys were used for data collection for this descriptive research. The findings indicated faculty members felt that they were knowledgeable regarding UDL and were willing to use UDL principles in teaching their students. Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences between faculty members' knowledge levels regarding UDL based on their current position and years of experience. The findings indicated there was a significant relationship between gender and knowledge, with males having a significantly higher mean knowledge, although further analyses revealed it was a small effect. Finally, the results suggest more years of experience are related to greater willingness to use UDL principles, and this is particularly true for those in a lecturing position. These findings could be helpful, particularly for the Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia to shed light on faculty members' UDL knowledge. Further research is needed to substantiate the findings.

• 연구윤리
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2023

Purpose: Poor anonymity and confidential strategies by a researcher not only develop unprecedented and precedented harm to participants but also impacts the overall critical appraisal of the research outcomes. Therefore, understanding and applying anonymity and confidentiality in research is key for credible research. As such, this research expansively presents the importance of anonymity and confidentiality for research surveys through critical literature reviews of past works. Research design, data and methodology: This research has selected the literature content approach to obtain proper literature dataset which was proven by high degree of validity and reliability using only books and peer-reviewed research articles. The current authors have conducted screening procedure thoroughly to collect better fitted resources. Results: Research findings consistently mentioned the confidentiality and anonymity principles are preserved and implemented as a means of protecting the privacy of all individuals, establishing trust and rapport between researchers and study participants, as a way of critically upholding research ethical standards, and preserving the integrity of research processes. Conclusions: Confidentiality and anonymity are research ethical principles that help in providing informed consent to participants assuring subjects of the privacy of their personal data. As provided by research bodies and organizations, every research process has to incorporate the principles to meet credibility.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.1029-1036
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• 2024

Drawing on the deep experience and understanding of the principles of nuclear safety, as well as many years of nuclear power plant design and operation, the EDF led NUWARD SMR Project is developing a design for a Small Modular Reactor (SMR) of 340 MWe composed of two 170 MWe independent units, that will supplement the offering of high-output nuclear reactors, especially in response to specific needs such as replacement of fossil-fuelled power plants. NUWARD SMR is a mix of proven and innovative design features that will make it more commercially competitive, while integrating safety features that comply with the highest international standards. Following the principles of redundancy and diversity and rigorous application of Defence in Depth (DID), with an international view on nuclear safety licensing, the Project also incorporates new safety approaches into its design development. The NUWARD SMR Project has been in development for a number of years, it entered conceptual design formally in mid-2019 and entered Basic Design in 2023. The objective of the concept design phase was to confirm the project technological choices and to define the first design configuration of the NUWARD SMR product, to document it, in order to launch pre-licensing with the French Safety Authority (ASN) and to define its estimated cost and its subsequent development and construction schedules. As a delivery milestone the Safety Options file (called the Dossier d'Options de Sûreté (DOS)) has been submitted to ASN in July 2023 for their opinion. An integral part of the NUWARD SMR Project, is not only to deliver a design suitable for France and to satisfy French regulation, but to develop a product suitable and indeed desirable, for the international market, with a first focus in Europe. In order to achieve its objectives and realise its market potential, the NUWARD SMR Project needs to define and realise its safety approach within an international environment and that is the key subject of this paper. The following paper: • Summarises the foundation principles and technological background which underpin the design; • Contextualises the key design features with regard to the international safety regulatory framework with particular emphasis on innovative passive safety aspects; • Illustrates the Project activities in preparation for first licensing in France, and also a wider international view via the ASN led Joint Early Review of the NUWARD SMR design, including Finnish and Czech Republic regulators, recently joined by the Swedish, Polish and Dutch regulators; • Articulates the collaborative approach to design development from involvement with the Project partners (the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Naval Group, TechnicAtome, Framatome and Tractebel) to the establishment of the International NUWARD Advisory Board (INAB), to gain greater international insight and advice; • Concludes with the focus on next steps into detailed design development, standardisation of the design and its simplification to enhance its commercial competitiveness in a context of further harmonisation of the nuclear safety and licensing requirements and aspirations.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.7-11
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• 2012

In this paper, we defined constructivism and ontology theory and associate it in ubiquitous learning. The typical ubiquitous learning involving the Context Aware Intelligent system was presented. Also the Architecture for learning environment including the key idea and technical concept is being presented in this paper. Guided with these principles and with the advancement of information and communication technology the context-awareness based on Artificial intelligence for Location based Service for ubiquitous Learning was conceptualized.