• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.277-291
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to analyze the dental hygienists' overall performance in operative restoration and the clinical performance in operative restoration according to dental hygienists' career and to provide basic data for establishing the appropriate range of dental hygienists' work. Subjects of this study are 339 dental hygienists working at dental clinic and hospital nationwide, selected by their working place, career, type of clinic, and location of clinical institution. The distribution of people who responded to the survey shows that 81 belong to beginner level(less than 2 years since entering clinic), 115 intermediate level(2 to 3 years since entering clinic), 81 higher level(4 to 5 years since entering clinic) and 62 advanced level(more than 6 years since their entering clinic). In terms of the types of clinical institution, 178 belong to dental clinics and 161 belong to dental hospitals. The survey used in this study are focused on perception about clinical performance in operative dentistry and adequacy of the work. Operative dentistry consists of operative restoration and endodontic therapy. The operative restoration consists of 15 categories such as patient welcoming, examination and diagnosis, planning of treatment, anesthesia, control of moisture, cavity preparation, pulp protection, matrix band application, amalgam filling, resin filling, glass ionomer cement filling, abrasive strip removal, rubber dam removal, bite check and polishing, patient education, and arrangement. The reliability was Cronbach's Alpha .9453. SPSS 10.0 for Windows was used to analyze the responses. One way ANOVA was utilized to verify the differences in the dental hygienists' job performance in operative restoration and their job performance according to career. When significant difference was found. Duncan multi comparison post hoc was done. To sum up the results of this study, patient welcoming look the first place in the operative restoration. It was followed by patient education, examination and diagnosis, introducing treatment plan, resin filling, glass ionomer cement filling, amalgam filling, bite check and polishing, anesthesia, pulp protection, control of moisture, abrasive strip removal, cavity preparation, matrix band application, rubber dam removal, and anesthesia. In terms of the clinical performance by career, there were significant differences in 19 activities such as medical eraluation, oral examination, patient charting, intra oral readio graphs, firm developing fixing mounting, curing light gun, education of attention content after operation. Based on the results of this study, the specific range of operative restoration for dental hygienists should be focused on providing basic data for dentists' diagnosis, alleviation of fear and aching accompanied by injection and anesthesia, data providing for dentists' decision of anesthesia degree, and maximization of control of moisture.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.599-605
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• 2016

In this study, two experiments were conducted to investigate the physicochemical characteristics (Exp. I) of bedding materials such as rice hulls (RH), sawdust (SD), wood shavings (WS) and sawdust+wood shavings (S+W; 1:1 in volume), and utilization of these beddings except RH (Exp. II) for rearing beef cattle. In Exp. I, the distribution of particle size (%) with $250{\mu}m$ and below $250{\mu}m$ was greater (p<0.05) in SD (30.4) than RH (4.4), WS (18.8) and S+W (20.1). Bulk density ($kg/m^3$) of bedding materials was directly proportional to the percentage of $250{\mu}m$ and below $250{\mu}m$ particles, 178, 46, 112, and 88 for SD, WD, S+W and RH, respectively. Water absorption rate (%) after submersion in water for 24 h was higher (p<0.05) in WS (540.2) compared to SD (270.2), S+W (368.2). The S+W had an intermediate value of the absorption rate between SD and WS, but had an outstanding durability of water absorption capacity. Moisture evaporation rate (%) for 12 h was higher (p<0.05) in WS (75.4) than SD (70.5), S+W (72.2) and RH (57.8). Average ammonia emission ($mg/m^2/h$) for 36 h was higher (p<0.05) in RH (3.15) than SD (1.70), WS (1.63), and S+W (1.73). In Exp. II, thirty six Hanwoo cows were allocated in 9 pens with one side on feed bunk side (Side A) and another side equipped with water supply (Side B) for 3 weeks with duplicated periods. Average moisture concentrations (%) of beddings were higher (p<0.05) in WS (side A, 65.7; side B, 57.9) than SD (side A, 62.5; side B, 52.2) and S+W (side A, 61.6; side B, 50.7). Regardless of types of beddings, moisture concentrations (%) of beddings within a pen were lower (p<0.05) at side B than A, implying longer period of utilization. These results suggest that using S+W would be a better choice than SD or WS alone, considering physicochemical characteristics and economics, and RH is not a suitable material as a bedding for beef cattle.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 2011

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of application of swine slurry (SS) and slurry composting-biofilteration liquid fertilizer (SCB) on productivity of sorghum${\times}$sorghum hybrid (SSH) and soil environment in reclaimed land of Sukmoon in Korea. Dry matter (DM) yields of SSH in the treatments of SS and chemical fertilizer (CF) were higher than those of in SCB treatment in reclaimed land, but DM yields in SS and CF did not show a significant difference as compared to SCB. Nutritive values of SSH were not different among CF, SS and SCB. In soil samples collected at the end of the experiment, the concentration of organic matter was significantly increased by SS and SCB as compare to that at the beginning of the experiment (P<0.05), whereas the concentration of total nitrogen was not affected by SS and SCB. To investigate the moisture content of soil, the soils were collected from three layers; surface (0~5 cm), intermediate (10~15 cm), and deep (20~25 cm) layer. The moisture contents of soils increased according to the soil depth and the soil moisture was immediately affected by the amount of rainfall. Therefore, we suggest that the cultivation of SSH using SS in reclaimed land is possible and that additional nitrogen fertilizer was surely applied in case of application of SCB to cultivate SSH.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.200-206
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• 2016

The 7-week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of one experimental diet (ED) and five different commercial diets (CDs) on growth and body composition of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. An ED was formulated to contain 50.0% crude protein (CP) from fishmeal, casein, zein and wheat flour and 15.0% crude lipid (CL) from squid liver oil. Five CDs for seawater fish were two domestic E commercial diet (DECD) and C commercial diet (DCCD), three imported H commercial diet (IHCD), M commercial diet (IMCD) and O commercial diet (IOCD) containing 53.1~58.0% CP and 4.8~12.7% CL, respectively. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of juvenile olive flounder initially weighing $29.1{\pm}0.8g/fish\;(mean{\pm}SD)$ in a flow-through seawater system with a water temperature of $23.4{\sim}28.0^{\circ}C$. Weight gain (WG) was significantly greatest in fish fed the IMCD; intermediate responses were observed for fish fed the DECD, DCCD, and IOCD, while the IHCD and the ED produced the lowest WG values. Feed efficiencies (FE) were similar to WG excluding fish fed the DCCD; FE was also greatest in fish fed the DCCD. Survival with no significant difference approached 100% for fish fed the all six diets in this experiment. Whole-body crude protein and ash contents were not affected excluding moisture and crude lipid by the different type of diets. Therefore, type of diets appeared to be important factor in influencing WG, FE and whole-body moisture and crude lipid of juvenile olive flounder; the best diet for juvenile olive flounder was determined to be the imported commercial M diets containing intermediate protein (55.9%) and lipid (12.7%) in natural seawater based on highest WG, and FE, respectively. This study indicates that the one commercially formulated diet containing intermediate protein and lipid used in this experiment could be a practical diet for juvenile olive flounder; these differences in growth performance between ED and CDs may be due to different dietary protein and lipid levels.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 2000

Cultured juvenile black rockfish, Sebastes schiegeli as a seed for sen ranching project were compared with the similar size of wild fish. Wild fish were analyzed and compared with cultured fish in body indices, and moisture, crude protein, lipid, ash, many kinds of amino acids and various minerals in the whole-body of juvenile rockfish from three different populations. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in the moisture, crude lipid, and ash in the whole-body of fish among three different populations; the moisture content of wild fish was higher than that of both cultured fish. The lipid content in wild and tank cultured fish was lowest and highest, respectively; The lipid content of fish cultured in embanked system was intermediate values. The condition factor (CE), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and intraperitoneal fat (IPE) of fish cultured in tank system and embanked system were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of wild fish. But fish cultured in tank system produced similar intestinosomatic index (ISI) and muscle ratio (MR) values as the wild fish. There were significant differences in asparatic acid, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine of whole-body fish cultured by different methods; the wild fish was highest in these amino acids, followed by fish cultured in embanked system and then fish cultured in tank system. There were also significant differences in Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Zn of whole-body fish cultured by different methods: wild fish and fish cultured in tank system produced highest in Ca, P, Mg, Zn and lowest in Mn, respectively. There were significant differences in moisture, crude lipid, ash, many kinds of amino acids, several minerals, CE, HSI, UE, and ISI among the three juvenile populations; whole-body of wild fish showed higher in moisture, ash, asparatic acid, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, Iysine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, Ca, P, Mg, and Zn than fish cultured in embanked system, while they showed lower in the rest of the nutritious parameters studied.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.14
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• pp.97-109
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• 1973

1. The relatively lower prehardening temperature was more effective on increase of the hardiness of the intermediately hardy varieties than the higher one but either the extremely hardy or nonhardy varieties did not respond to the temperature as much as the intermediate types. 2. Five degree Centigrade was generally more favorable than $2^{\circ}C$ on hardening of the plants, especially when frozen at higher temperature for shorter duration. 3. It appears that photoperiod during prehardening and hardening did not play so important role as temperature on the hardiness. 4. The higher the soil moisture content, the higher the frost injury occurred. 5. Application of nitrogen increased markedly the hardiness and % DM of the plants. Percentage of dry matter of young seedlings might be used as an easy and rough criterion for evaluating hardiness since there was a highly significant regression of varietal frost injury on the %DM. 6. Four days appeared to be enough for hardening of plants although the plants increased gradually the hardiness as duration of hardening extended. Dehardening of the plants at relativity higher temperature took place rapidly within one to four days. 7. Under this controlled environment, freezing at about $-8^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours seemed the best for the purpose of evaluating the hardiness to low temperature. 8. It is believed that assessment of frost injury should be done at least one week after freezing. Some varieties showed strong ability to recover from the damage as recovery period was extended. 9. As a whole, Cd 80 and 83 were the most hardy and followed by Cappelle and Maris Otter. Four. winter oats varieties and Jufy I belonged to the intermediate type while the other three spring varieties were nonhardy at all. Peniarth was comparable with Maris Otter in hardiness. S 147 appeared the least hardy among the winter oats varieties. 10. It is evident that water-soluble carbohydrate content is associated with the hardiness to some extent but not primary factor involved in hardiness.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.640-645
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• 1995

Job's-tears(Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. Ma-yuen Stapf) seeds were processed to flakes by soaking, heat treatment, intermediate-moisture drying, flaking, drying, and cooking. Some functional properties of job's-tears flakes subjected to varing degree of heating were characterized by specific volume, texture, water absorption index(WAI), water solubility index(WSI), and viscosity. As degree of gelitinization increased within the intermediate range of $60{\sim}70%$, steam-cooked Job's-tears demonstrated appropriate rheological properties for further processes, resulting in increased specific volume and decreased breaking strength. However, excessive heat treatment rendered Job's-tears undesirably sticky for flaking, which caused adverse effects on the functional properties of flakes such as specific volume and breaking strength. Increasing steaming time$(5{\sim}30\;min)$ caused an increase in WAI and WSI values. Apparent viscosity of powdered flakes was increased with the extent of gelitinization as a function of heat processing. Viscosity of powdered flakes determined using the amylograph increased with the degree of heating applied to Job's-tears at low pasting temperatures, accompanied by a decrease in maximum viscosity as the pasting temperature increased.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.326-334
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• 2016

This study was carried out to develop jerky product utilizing spent hen meat. Manipulation of water activity (a_w) of semi-dried meat with the addition of humectants (glycerol and sorbitol at the concentration of 0, 10, and 15%) and roasting process were applied to enhance quality of jerky product. After spent hen meat was ground, formulated, reformed and then dried in convection oven at 85℃ for 2 h followed by 60℃ for 1 h, all jerky samples showed values of a_w ≤0.85 with total aerobic bacteria, yeast and mold and Staphylococcus aureus counts were reduced to undetectable levels. Moreover, the results showed that the 15% glycerol added jerky showed superior quality, indicated by the lowest a_w, low protein aggregation as evaluated by sorption isotherm and the lowest shear value as compared to sorbitol added and control samples (p<0.05). Regardless effect of humectant, roasting could improve the quality of the jerky via enhanced sensory attributes by increasing color, appearance, flavor and overall acceptability scores (p<0.05). Therefore, spent hen meat could be used as a potential raw material for jerky in which soft product texture obtained by the addition of glycerol and intense flavor resulted from roasting process after drying, leading to sensory acceptance.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.99-109
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• 1999

In the case of domestic general waste landfills, cumulated leachate level is often formed in the landfill due to the waste of high moisture content and it becomes important to characterize the hydraulic properties of the disposed waste. Although many hydrologic studies have been peformed for leachate barriers and pheriperal subsurface environments, few studies have been done to investigate the hydraulic property of the disposed waste and cover soils and to analyse the leachate flow behavior within landfills. In this paper, the geotechnical properties of the waste and buried cover soils are identified through the field experiment including pumping and slug tests. The results of various tests show that the field density of the cover soils is somewhat higher than the maximum laboratory density of cover soils and the vertical flow of leachate and gas in the landfill is prevented by the buried cover soils. The hydraulic conductivities of field pumping test and slug tests are well matched and stayed in the range of hydraulic conductivities of well compacted wastes in the literature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.1573-1579
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• 2004

This study was conducted to develop intermediate material for new processed food from sweet pumpkin. Osmotic dehydration was carried out as pretreatment before drying. After the sweet pumpkins were pretreated under optimized osmotic dehydration conditions, they were dried by three drying methods (hot air drying, vacuum drying and cold air drying). The moisture contents of dried sweet pumpkin products by osmosis treatment (sucrose) and hot air drying, vacuum drying, and cold air drying were 14.48, 14.09 and 13.87%, respectively. Cold air drying preserved more vitamin C content and showed lower color difference than hot air drying and vacuum drying. As a result of microscopic analysis, cold air dried sweet pumpkin was observed regular tissue, while hot air and vacuum dried sweet pumpkins were observed a cell collapse following the loss of water.