• 중환자간호학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.46-66
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• 2018

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to systematically review the instruments utilized to assess physical impairment in post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) of intensive care unit (ICU) survivors. Method : Online databases searched were MEDLINE, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Embase. Studies that met the following criteria were included: 1) the study population exclusively had experience with ICU admission; 2) the study assessed pulmonary, neuromuscular, and physical functions; and 3) the study was published in English language journals after 2007. Results : A total of 56 instruments (2 pulmonary, 25 neuromuscular, 29 physical function) from 94 studies were reviewed. They were classified into self-report, observation, and measurement according to the type of assessment. No instrument measured all 3 areas of physical impairment. Five instruments were originally developed for the ICU patients. The most frequently applied instruments were the Medical Research Council and the 36-item Short Form Survey (physical component summary), which were used in 23 studies each. Only 13.8% of reviewed studies reported the reliability or validity of the instruments. Conclusion : Our results suggest that the appropriateness of instruments assessing physical impairment in PICS cannot be guaranteed. Despite the multidimensional concept of physical disabilities, most studies measured only one area, and studies that reported psychometric properties were limited. Accordingly, we propose to develop a unique and multifaceted instrument for ICU survivors.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2005년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.525-526
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• 2005

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.195-200
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess rates for handwashing adherence before and after nursing contact in intensive care units (ICU). Methods: The participants included 90 nurses working in intensive care units of an 800-bed university-affiliated hospital in Gyeonggi Province and 2000-bed university-affiliated hospital in Seoul. Time for handwashing was calculated using the average number of handwashings during an 8-hour day shift. Nursing contact was based on indications as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2002). Data were analyzed using frequency, percent, t-test and ${\chi}^2$-test. Results: During an 8-hour day shift, the average number of times that hands were washed was 25.0. The rates were significantly lower before the nursing contact than after the nursing contact when it involved sectioning, observation or contact with a wound, cleaning enteric feeding bag, physical exam, use of gloves, or contact with contaminants. Conclusions: The results indicate that as handwashing rates were significantly lower before nursing contacts than after nursing contacts, there is need to develop strategies to address this deficiency in handwashing.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.508-526
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• 2020

This study has established a fashion illustration education plan using the contour drawing that fosters observational ability and enables creative drawing. This study developed two illustration curriculum proposals consisting of 15 weeks, combining literature and case studies. The researchers organized a step-by-step teaching plan that utilizes contour drawing according to the three stages of fashion illustration classes: foundation courses, general courses, and intensive courses. When the contour drawing is used at the beginning stage of the foundation courses of fashion illustration, it can be used as a technique to reduce the fear of students about practical skills, induce interest in illustration, and cultivate observation ability about objects. In general process, it is combined with various tools and coloring materials to strengthen expression power, and it is possible to produce detailed expressions and illustrations about human body and clothing. In intensive courses, it is expanded to the production of creative works with new aesthetics through digital techniques and mixed materials. As such, the contour drawing is expanded in various ways according to the learning contents and goals of each step, and is flexibly adjusted according to the learning content. Contour drawing has the effect of acquiring observation and expression ability, and it is analyzed as a technique that enables the production of creative illustration of students.

• 대한감각통합치료학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2006

Objective : Korean Academy of Sensory Integration(KASI) planned and executed intensive sensory integration treatment course for children with the sensory integrative dysfunction and therapists, to suggest practical guideline for therapists through individual supervision, lecture, simulation therapy, observation, case study and free play etc. Method : The course was held during 5days in the children's center for developmental support that set up sensory integration tools. The course executed the 4 individual interventions, 1 simulation therapy, 1 observation, 4 free play sessions that consisted of 6 children with sensory integrative dysfunction and 6 therapists who manage them and 3 supervisors and 2 managers. Results : Their parents reported the satisfaction degree of the treatment course service was above 84%. Therapists also had a chance to understand the broader sensory integrative interventions through the supervision and various educational programs. Conclusions : Intensive treatment course can provide parents and therapists with satisfaction of the programs. Therapists can especially experience reeducation individually through supervision and lectures.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.811-821
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• 2004

Low-Z particle electron probe X-ray microanalysis (low-Z particle EPMA) was applied to characterize aerosol particles collected at Gosan in Jeju island during an IOP (intensive observation period) for an international ACE-Asia project in April, 2001. Various types of atmospheric particles such as organics, carbon-rich, aluminosilicates, silicon oxide, sodium nitrate, sodium chloride, and ammonium sulfate were observed. The reacted sea salt particles such as sodium nitrate were the most abundantly encountered, but original sea salt particles were rarely observed. Since the Low-Z particle EPMA can provide quantitative information on the chemical composition of aerosol particles, many different particle types on the basis of their chemical compositions were observed and identified. In this study, it is demonstrated that the Low-Z particle EPMA can provide detailed information on the chemical compositions for the aerosol particles collected for six consecutive days in April, 2001, at Gosan super-site.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.92-100
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• 2012

This study was to examine the pattern of visual interpretation in the process of eye-tracking. I categorized the subjects' observation inclination for analysis so that I could find out which element the user observing the space concentrated and explored. First, for 2 minutes of observation, there occurred 171 times of eye-fixations and 9.8 times of observation frequency on average, which showed that the subject, through this observing fixation, spent 44.5% of the entire time performing the visual activity in order to acquire the "visual understanding" of the lobby-space. Second, I found out that there was a consistent observation type as the time passed. I could categorize the subjects observing the space into 6 concentrating types and 3 discontinuing ones of observation types, which category can be utilized as data for analyzing the subjects' characteristics at space-observation. Third, the type, which was so intensive as to get the visual understanding on the space, was mostly of the case that (1) the subject had a kind of high degree of observation type, exploring the space, again having high degree of the observation type [Type A], (2) the subject repeated the concentration from the early part to the latter [Type C], which can be considered to be the observation type generally shared. Fourth, in the case of observing the space, 45.8% of the subjects showed a high rate of concentration at the time of starting the observation and in less than two minutes. The subjects of type A can be considered to understand the space visually by distinctively repeating the concentration and exploration.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.152-161
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• 2013

This study is about the visual appreciation by sex with the analysis of time range of observing data which was got through observation experiment with the space of lobby in hospitals. The observation data of the subjects who observed the space include the frequency and time, through which the process of visual appreciation could be evaluated with the definition of the frequency and the time of observation. First, the fact that men had higher frequency of observation than women means the former had more movement than the latter, and another fact of their fewer times can be understood as the time of their staying was shorter. That is, even though the men had more movements of sight, they showed the feature of staying shorter. Second, the rate high and low of observation frequency and times made it possible for observation characteristics to be defined as 'intensive search' 'active search' 'fixed concentration' and 'search wandering.' The definition of understanding this process of visual appreciation can be available for a frame of effective analysis of observation characteristics according to the passage of time. Third, the intense search is the case of 'high frequency' having the feature of high visual appreciation owing to the active visual actions for acquiring information. Men were found to have more intense search which decreased gradually as time passed, while women showed the feature of many times of intense search. Fourth, it was found that with many observation data in a certain range of time the subjects had fixed concentration, where women were found to have repetitive fixed concentration along with the change of observation time while men were seen to have more observation tendency for fixed concentration. Fifth, at the cross tabulation of frequency and times, men had the feature of dispersed visual appreciation while women had more distinction between fixation and movement, which revealed that there is surely the difference between men and women in the process of visual appreciation.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.90-98
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• 2014

This study has analyzed the meaning of observation time in the course of acquiring the information of subjects who observed the space of hall in subway stations to figure out the process of spatial information excluded and the features of intensive searching. The followings are the results from the analysis of searching process with the interpretation of the process for information acquirement through the interpretation of observation area and time. First, based on the general definition of observation time, the reason for analyzing the features of acquiring spatial information according to the subjects' observation time has been established. The feature of decreased analysis data reflected that of observation time in the process of perceiving and recognizing spatial information, which showed that the observation was focused on the enter of the space during the time spent in the process of observing the space and the spent time with considerable exclusion of bottom end (in particular, right bottom end). Second, while the subjects were observing the space of hall in subway stations, they focused on the top of the left center and the signs on the right exit the most, which was followed by the focus on the both side horizontally and the clock on the top. Third, the analysis of consecutive observation frequency enabled the comparison of the changes to the observation concentration by area. The difference of time by area produced the data with which the change to the contents of spatial searching in the process of searching space could be known. Fourth, as the observation frequency in the area of I changed [three times -> six times -> 9 times], the observation time included in the area increased, which showed the process for the change from perception to recognition of information with the concentration of attention through visual information. It makes it possible to understand that more time was spent on the information to be acquired with the exclusion of the unnecessary information around.

• 대기
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.187-204
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• 2013

This study analyzed the synoptic distribution and vertical structure about four cases of precipitation occurrences using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and upper level data of winter intensive observation to be performed by National Institute of Meteorological Research at Bukgangneung, Incheon, Boseong during 63days from 4 JAN to 6 MAR in 2012, and Observing System Experiment (OSE) using 3DVAR-WRF system was conducted to examine the precipitation predictability of upper level data at western and southern coastal regions. The synoptic characteristics of selected precipitation occurrences were investigated as causes for 1) rainfall events with effect of moisture convergence owing to low pressure passing through south sea on 19 JAN, 2) snowfall events due to moisture inflowing from yellow sea with propagation of Siberian high pressure after low pressure passage over middle northern region on 31 JAN, 3) rainfall event with effect of weak pressure trough in west low and east high pressure system on 25 FEB, 4) rainfall event due to moisture inflow according to low pressures over Bohai bay and south eastern sea on 5 MAR. However, it is identified that vertical structure of atmosphere had different characteristics with heavy rainfall system in summer. Firstly, depth of convection was narrow due to absence of moisture convergence and strong ascending air current in middle layer. Secondly, warm air advection by veering wind with height only existed in low layer. Thirdly, unstable layer was limited in the narrow depth due to low surface temperature although it formed, and also values of instability indices were not high. Fourthly, total water vapor amounts containing into atmosphere was small due to low temperature distribution so that precipitable water vapor could be little amounts. As result of OSE conducting with upper level data of Incheon and Boseong station, 12 hours accumulated precipitation distributions of control experiment and experiments with additional upper level data were similar with ones of observation data at 610 stations. Although Equitable Threat Scores (ETS) were different according to cases and thresholds, it was verified positive influence of upper level data for precipitation predictability as resulting with high improvement rates of 33.3% in experiment with upper level data of Incheon (INC_EXP), 85.7% in experiment with upper level data of Boseong (BOS_EXP), and 142.9% in experiment with upper level data of both Incheon and Boseong (INC_BOS_EXP) about accumulated precipitation more than 5 mm / 12 hours on 31 January 2012.