• Development and Reproduction
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.145-152
• /
• 2015

Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) is a known to modulate the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in 3T3-L1. However, the possible role of DPHC in integument stability during obesity induction is not clear yet. We evaluated the effects of DPHC on collagen or elastic fiber quantity in integument during obesity induction with high-fat diet. The dorsal back integument sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Masson trichrome, and Verhoff-Van Gieson. The intensities of collagen fibers and elastin fibers were analyzed with ImageJ. The number of fibroblasts was counted at ${\times}1,000$ fields. The number of fibroblast was increased by obesity induction, but DPHC suppressed it in a concentration-dependent manner both in lean and obese mice. On the other hand, the intensities of collagen fibers were increased by DPHC treatment in obese mice groups but not in lean mice groups. The intensities of collagen fibers of obese mice were lower than that of the lean mice in 0% group. However, the number became similar between lean and obese mice by the treatment of DPHC. The intensity of elastic fibers was increased in the lean mice with the concentration of DPHC. In the obese mice group, there were increasing patterns but only significant at 10% DPHC group. The intensity of elastic fibers of obese mice was higher than lean mice in 0%, 1%, and 10% groups. Histologically epithelial cells and follicle cells which were diffused nuclear staining forms were increased by DPHC treatment. The results suggest that the activity of integument cells during obesity induction can be modulated by DPHC.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.3-6
• /
• 1963

As a part of embryological studies of Panax ginseng, megasporangium and megagametophyte formations were investigated. Ovule is found to be auatropous. Small-sized nucellus is surrounded by thick layered single integument. As the embryo sac develops, the nucellus along with some parts of the inner epidermis of integument disintegrates and completely disappers at flowering stage. Embryo sac takes the type of typical Polygonum although antipodal cells disappear and polar nuclei fuse to form secondary nucleus before fertilization. Mature embryo sac consists of egg apparatus and large secondary nucleus lying adjacent to the egg. Besides the normal ovule, tiny incomplete ovule develops near the base of style. Frequently two normal ovules are formed in a single locule. Chromosome number counted is PMC is n=24.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.317-325
• /
• 2015

Peach (Prunus persica L.) is a model species for stone fruit studies within the Rosaceae family. Auxin plays an important role in the development of peach fruit. To reveal the distribution of auxin in the tissues of peach fruit, immunohistochemical localization of IAA was carried out in the seed, mesocarp, and endocarp in developing peach fruit using an anti-indole-3-acetic acid (anti-IAA) monoclonal antibody. A strong IAA signal was observed throughout the outer and inner integument during peach fruit development, and the distribution was zonal. The IAA signal was mainly focused in mucilage layers in the outer integument. The outer integument may function to produce or store IAA in the seed; a strong IAA signal was detected in the cells around the vascular tissue, whereas a weak IAA signal was located in the vascular tissues. In the mesocarp, the cells around the vascular bundle tissue gave rise to an IAA signal that increased in the late phase of fruit growth, which coincided with a significant increase in fruit growth. The distribution of IAA, however, was changed when fruit was treated with auxin transport inhibitors NPA (1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid) or TIBA (2, 3, 5-triiodobenzoic acid); in mesocarp tissues, an IAA signal was detected mainly in vessels of the treated fruit. During the critical period of endocarp lignification, the vessel lignification process was negatively correlated with IAA signal. The present results confirmed that the distribution of IAA was different in various tissues of peach fruit according to the developmental stage. This research provides cytological data for further study of the regulatory mechanism of auxin in peach fruit.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.147-155
• /
• 2016

This study describes the cell type, ultrastructure and histochemical characteristics as a preliminary study for the research on integument of the smooth lumpsucker, Aptocyclus ventricosus in accordance with the physiological and environmental changes using light and electron microscopes. The SEM revealed the presence of well-developed finger printing structure in the skin surface. The skin surface of the smooth lumpsucker showed an irregular folds in cross section of light microscope. Integument is composed of outer epidermal and inner dermal layer. The epidermal layer is a stratified layer composed of epithelial cells, mucous cells, vacuolar cells, and granular cells. Epithelial cells are classified into superficial, intermediated, and basal cell. The superficial cells were the squamous with well-developed microridges on the free surface, and the microridges were covered with glycocalyx. The mucous cells of unicellular gland were mainly distributed in the apical layer of epidermis and contained mucosal materials of neutral glycoprotein. The vacuolar cells of unicellular gland were mainly distributed in the mid and basal layer of epidermis. The proportion of mucous cells and vacuolar cells were $7.0({\pm}1.07)%$ and $40.6({\pm}3.31)%$ of epidermal area, respectively. The granular cells contained membrane bounded secretory granules with high electron density and developed cell organelles in the cytoplasm. The dermal layer was loose connective tissue layer and composed of mainly collagen fibers. It also contained blood vessels and chromatophores of melanophores and reflecting platelets.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.813-820
• /
• 1998

This study was performed as a part of comparative biochemical studies of carotenoid pigment for the fresh water fish. Carotenoids in integument of Korean dark sleeper, Odontobutis platycephala, and dark sleeper, Odontobutis odontobutis interrupta, which are all the Korean native fresh water fish, were separated by thin layer chromatography, column chromatography and HPLC. The separated carotenoid were then reduced and isomerized by NaBH4 and I2 respectively to investigate UV-Vis spectrophotometeric patterns and chracterized by IR, 1H-NMR and Mass spectrum. The content of total carotenoids in the integument of Korean dark sleeper was 3.01mg% in April, but it was increased to 3.74mg% in September at the near of spawning period. The carotenoid isolated in April consisted of $\beta$-carotene(25.6%), lutein(18.5%) and zeaxanthin(12.0%) as major carotenoids and also contained isocryptoxanthin, diatoxanthin, tunaxanthin, cynthiaxanthin, canthaxanthin and $\alpha$-cryptoxanthin as minor carotenoids. Similarly, in September the carotenoid consisted of $\beta$-carotene(16.5%), zeaxanthin(13.7%) and cynthiaxanthin(13.6%) as major carotenoids and also contained lutein, isocryptoxanthin, tunaxanthin, $\alpha$-cryptoxanthin, diatoxanthin and canthaxanthin as minor carotenoids. At the near of spawning period, the content of cynthiaxanthin and $\alpha$-cryptoxanthin were increased. The content of total carotenoids in the integument of spawning period. T도 carotenoid isolated in April and September consisted of $\beta$-carotene(24.9%, 27.5%), zeaxanthin(14.4%, 20.9%) and lutein(12.6%, 11.4%) as major carotenoids and also contained cynthiaxanthin, tunaxanthin, diatoxanthin, isocryptoxanthin, $\alpha$-cryp-toxanthin and canthaxanthin as minor carotenoids. At the near of spawning period, the content of zeaxanthin was increased, indicating that the carotenoid composition were dependent upon their living conditions and their integument colors. Both Korean dark sleeper and dark sleeper contained high amount of cynthiaxanthin and diatoxanthin which are found as rare carotenoids in the other of fresh water fish. It is interes that they also contained tunaxanthin which is a specific carotenoid in marine fishes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.1099-1106
• /
• 1999

Effects of dietary carotenoids were investigated on metabolism of the carotenoids, and body pigmen tation in oily bittering, Acheilognathus koreensis. Two weeks later after depletion,oily bitterings were fed the diets supplemented with either lutein, cynthiaxanthin and astaxathin for 4 weeks. Carotenoids distributed to and metabolized in integument were analyed. The carotenoid isolated from the integument of wild oily bittering, composed of 47.2% zeaxanthin, 11.4% lutein epoxide, 11.0% diatoxanthin, 9.7% lutein and 8.3% zeaxanthin epoxide. Meanwhile, two weeks later after depletion, the carotenoid composed of 29.9% crytoxanthin, 19.3% zeaxanthin, 13.2% lutein epoxide, 12.0% diatoxanthin and 8.8% zeaxanthin epoxide. These indicated that zeaxanthin, diatoxanthin, lutein epoxide and zeaxanthin epoxide were actively metabolized in oily bittering, compared to that of other fresh water fish. Total carotenoid content in the integument of wild oily bittering and oily bittering depleted for two weeks was found to be 1.72mg% and 2.08mg%, respectively. Two weeks later after treatment of experimental diet, total carotenoids content was increased to 2.23mg% in lutein, 2.36mg% in cynthiaxanthin and 2.49mg% in astaxanthin supplemented group, which were relatively higher than 2.10mg% in control group. Meanwhile, 4 weeks later, total ca rotenoids content was decreased to 1.76mg% in control, 1.95mg% in lutein, 1.74mg% in cynthiaxanthin and 1.72mg% in astaxanthin supplemented groups. These result indicate that dietary carotenoids were rapidly accumulated and then metabolized to certain metabolites shortly after feeding. Body pigmentation effects of the carotenoids due to accumulation of carotenoids in the integument of oily bittering was the most effectively shown in the astaxanthin supplemented group, followed by cynthiaxanthin and lutein supplemented groups. In the integument of oily bittering, dietary carotenoids were presumably biotrans formed via either oxidative or reductive pathways as presumed the variation of total carotenoid content and carotenoid composition in all experimental groups. The lutein was oxidized either to astaxanthin via doradexanthin and doradexanthin, or to zeaxanthin epoxide via zeaxanthin by oxidative pathway. Cynthiaxanthin was converted either to diatoxanthin and zeaxanthin by reductive pathway and then to zeaxanthin epoxide by oxidative pathway, or it was converted to astaxanthin via diatoxanthin, zeaxan thin and doradexanthin by oxidative pathway. Astaxanthin was converted to doradexanthin and zeaxanthin by reductive pathway and then to zeaxanthin epoxide by oxidative pathway. These results suggest that, oxidative pathway of carotenoids was major metabolic pathway along with reductive path way in fresh water fish.

• The Zoological Society Korea : Newsletter
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.92.1-92
• /
• 1995

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
• /
• 1995.10b
• /
• pp.218.1-218
• /
• 1995

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.98-104
• /
• 2005

Integumentary structures of the chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. The integument of the fish was composed of epidermal and dermal layers. The epidermal thickness is about $20{\mu}m$ in TL 35~40 cm fish. The epidermal layer could be classified into superficial, intermediate, and basal layers by morphology and position of the supporting cells. The epidermal layer also possessed mucous cells, club cells and chloride cells. The area of secretory cells, including mucous and club cells, is about 23% of the epidermal layer. The mucous materials were identified as sulfated glycoprotein, neutral and acid in nature. Club cells had a large central vacuole and rough endoplasmic reticula in the cytoplasm. Chloride cells had numerous tubular mitochondria in the cytoplasm. The dermal layer consists mainly of collagenous fiber, and it contains fibrocytes, pigment cells and cycloid scales.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.270-284
• /
• 1997

Effects of dietary carotenoids were investigated on the metaboβsm and body pigmentation of rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri), masu salmon(Oncorhynchus macrostomos), eel(Anguilla japonica), rock fish(Sebastes inermis) and black rock fish(Sebastes schlegeli). Three weeks later after depletion, these fishes were fed diet supplemented with ${\beta}-carotene$, lutein, canthaxanthin', astaxanthin or ${\beta}-apo-8'-carotenal$ for 4 to 5 weeks, respectively. Carotenoids distributed to and changed in integument were analyzed. In the integument of rainbow trout. zeaxanthin, ${\beta}-carotene$ and canthaxanthin were found to be the major carotenoids, while lutein, isocryptoxanthin and salmoxanthin were the minor carotenoids. In the integument of masu salmon, zeaxanthin was found to be the major carotenoids, while triol, lutein, tunaxanthin, ${\beta}-carotene$, ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$ and canthaxanthin were the minor carotenoids. In the integument of eel, ${\beta}-carotene$ was found to be the major carotenoids, while lutein, zeaxanthin and ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$ were the minor carotenoids. In the integument of rock fish, zeaxanthin, ${\beta}-carotene$, tunaxanthin$(A{\sim}C)$ and lutein were found to be the major carotenoids, while ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$, ${\alpha}-cryptoxanthin$ and astaxanthin were the minor carotenoids. Likely in the integument of black rock fish, ${\beta}-carotene$, astaxanthin and zeaxanthin were found to be the major carotenoids, whereas ${\alpha}-cryptoxanthin$, ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$, lutein and canthaxanthin were the minor contributor. The efficacy of body pigmentation by the accumulation of carotenoids in the integument of rainbow trout and masu salmon were the most effectively shown in the canthaxanthin group and of eel, rock fish and black rock fish were the most effectively shown in the lutein group. Based on these results in the integument of each fish, dietary carotenoids were presumably biotransformed via oxidative and reductive pathways. In the rainbow trout, ${\beta}-carotene$ was oxidized to astaxanthin via successively isocryptoxanthin, echinenone and canthaxanthin. Lutein was oxidized to canthaxanthin. Canthaxanthin was reduced to ${\beta}-carotene$ via isozeaxanthin, and astaxanthin was reduced to zeaxanthin via triol. In the masu salmon, ${\beta}-carotene$ was oxidized to zeaxanthin. Lutein was reduced to zeaxanthin via tunaxanthin. Canthaxanthin was reduced to zeaxanthin via ${\beta}-carotene$. and astaxanthin was reduced to zeaxanthin via triol. In the eel, ${\beta}-carotene$ and lutein were directly deposited but canthaxanthin was reduced to ${\beta}-carotene$, and cholesterol lowering effect by Meju supplementation might be resulted from the modulation of fecal axanthin, astaxanthin and ${\beta}-apo-8'-carotenal$ were oxidized and reduced to tunaxanthin via zeaxanthin. In the black roch fish, ${\beta}-carotene$ was oxidized to ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$. Lutein was reduced to ${\beta}-carotene$ via ${\alpha}-cryptoxanthin$. Canthaxanthin was reduced to ${\alpha}-cryptoxanthin$ via successively ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$ and zeaxanthin. Astaxanthin converted to tunaxanthin via isocryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin, and ${\beta}-apo-8'-carotenal$ was reduced to ${\alpha}-cryptoxanthin$ via ${\beta}-cryptoxanthin$ and zeaxanthin.