• BMB Reports
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.160-161
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• 2017

Proper maintenance of biological components is crucial for longevity and healthy aging. Although the role of homeostatic maintenance systems for DNA and protein in longevity is established, it remains largely unknown for RNA. In our recent work, we show that nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) promotes longevity in the roundworm C. elegans by enhancing RNA quality control. We find that the activity of NMD decreases during aging, raising the possibility that RNA quality declines in old animals. We then show that key components of NMD complex are required for prolonged lifespan in C. elegans. In addition, animals with reduced insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling (IIS), a representative longevity model, display increased NMD activity. Thus, up-regulation of NMD appears to play crucial roles in longevity conferred by reduced IIS via enhancing mRNA quality control. As both IIS and NMD pathways are evolutionarily conserved, mammals including humans may be equipped with similar RNA quality control systems to achieve longevity.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.3.1-3.8
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• 2020

Background: The IGF system plays important roles in controlling growth, development, reproduction, and aging of organisms. Methods: To estimate maturation of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, we investigated the expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system components and sex-specific genes. To determine the role of the IGF system in the growth and spawning period of female and male oysters, we examined mRNA expression levels of the C. gigas insulin receptor-related receptor (CIR), IGF binding protein complex acid labile subunit (IGFBP_ALS), and molluscan insulin-related peptide (MIP), as well as those of vitellogenin (Vg) and receptor-type guanylate cyclase (Gyc76C) in gonads of C. gigas collected between April and October, when sex can be determined visually in this species. Results: We found that MIP, IGFBP_ALS, and CIR mRNA expression levels were dependent on sex and month and were greater in males than in females. CIR and Vg mRNA expression levels were very similar among females, whereas IGF system components and Gyc76C were very similarly expressed among males. The highest expression values were observed in May, when oysters are mature; CIR and Vg mRNA expression levels were highest in females, and those of MIP, IGFBP_ALS, CIR, and Gyc76C were highest in males. Interestingly, we observed a 1:1 proportion of females to males during this period. Conclusion: Our results suggest that IGF system components, as well as Vg and Gyc76C, are associated with sexual maturation in C. gigas.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.97-107
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• 2001

The clustering of insulin resistance with hypertension, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, increased triglyceride and decreased HDL cholesterol levels, and central and overall obesity has been called syndrome X, or the insulin resistance syndrome(IRS). To develop a nutrition service for IRS, this study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of each component of the metabolic abnormalities of IRS and analyze the clustering pattern of IRS among subjects living in the Taegu community. Participants in this study were 9234(mean age ; M/F 48/40yrs);63.5% were men, 24.4% were obese, 13.3% had hypertension. 3.7% had hyperglycemia, and 32.4% had hyperlipidemia. The IRS was defined as the coexistence of two or more components among metabolic abnormalities; obesity, hypertension. hyperglucemia and hyperlipidemia. The prevalence of IRS in Taegu was 19.2%(M/F:20.8%/16.4%), the clustering of these fisk variables was higher in advanced age group. Among the subjects of IRS having two of more diseases, 75.6% were obese, the pattern were similar in men and women. The younger, the higher the prevalence of obesity associated clustering patterns. The prevalence of obesity associated patterns among the hyperglycemia associated clustering patterns was 44.5%. The samples of the representative clustering patterns were obesity and hyperlipidemia (8.0%), hypertension and hyperlipidemia(3.2%), hypertension, obesity and hyperlipiemia(3.1%), hypertension and obesity(2.3%), and hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia(0.8%). The clustering of obesity and hyperlipidemia until 50 year old groups, and the clustering of hypertension and hyperlipidemia in the 60 and 70 age groups were the most prevalent. We concluded that insulin resistance syndrome was a relatively common disorder in the Taegu community, and prevalence and the characteristics of the intervention strategies for IRS are desired, an effective improvement will be achieved.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.923-929
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• 2011

본 연구는 당뇨처방을 근거로 구성된 생약재 복합물의 항당뇨 효능을 조사하기 위하여 복합물의 인슐린성 물질을 탐색하고 ${\alpha}$-amylase 및 ${\alpha}$-glucosidase 저해활성을 평가하였다. 3T3-L1 세포에 복합 생약재 추출물을 $10{\mu}g/mL$의 농도로 처리하였을 때 지방세포로의 분화능은 151.7%로 인슐린의 작용을 향상시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 혈당저하제로서 생약재 복합 추출물의 ${\alpha}$-amylase에 대한 저해활성은 생약재 복합 추출물 10.0, 1.0 및 0.1 mg/mL의 농도에서 각각 38.4, 31.5 및 16.6%이었으며, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase에 대한 생약재 복합 추출물의 저해활성은 같은 농도에서 각각 81.3, 35.8 및 26.7%였다. 열수 추출물과 80% ethanol 추출물의 각종 용매 분획물에 대한 ${\alpha}$-glucosidase 저해활성은 다양한 용매 분획물 가운데 ethyl acetate층에서 66.9%와 55.1%로 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.41-53
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• 1983

It is already well known that many factors are involved in maintaining normal blood glucose level. The amount and components of meal are also thought to be some of the factors which affect the blood glucose and insulin levels. It is reported that as for Koreans sugar takes up over 75% out of 2,098 kcal, the average daily calorie intake per adult. It implies that Koreans take a high-sugar diet compared with Westerners who take $40\sim50%$ of sugar out of their total average daily calorie. For the purpose of studying diurnal variations in serum glucose, insulin and C-peptide of normal Korean adults based on ordinary Korean diet, we selceted 13 normal Korean male adults and divided them into two groups, Group I (7 persons) and Group II (6 persons). We put Group I on 3,100kcal and 75% sugar diet, and Group II on 2,100 kcal and 69% sugar diet per day for over 4 days. Serum glucose, insulin and C-peptide were checked every 30 minutes or every hour throughout 24 hours. Results are as follows: 1. As for serum glucose level, in the prep ran dial fasting state in the morning, $mean{\pm}S.D.$ of Group I was $91.1{\pm}8.2mg%$, while that of Group II is $82.5{\pm}4.4mg%$. Both groups showed peaks of increased glucose level at postprandial 1 hour after each meal. The peak returned to the level shown during the fasting state at postprandial 1 hour after breakfast while the relatively high glucose levels were maintained respectively even for 2 or 3 hours.after lunch and dinner. 2. As for serum insulin level, Group showed $mean{\pm}S.D.$ of $14.7{\pm}3.0{\mu}U/ml$ while Group II shows that of $7.0{\pm}2.6{\mu}U/ml$ in the fasting state. Group I particularly showed the largest peak from preprandial a half or one and half an hour to postprandial one hour of lunch, and made relatively small peaks $(47.7{\pm}10.8{\mu}U/ml)$ at postorandial 1 hour after breakfast and dinner. No such large peak was marked in Group II, though it showed relatively similar patterns of peak after each meal. 3. As for C-peptide, in the fasting state, Group I and Group II showed $3.50{\pm}1.85$ and $1.66{\pm}0.53ng/ml$ of $mean{\pm}S.D.$, respectively. Group II showed peaks parallel to those for insulin level. None out of seven in Group I showed expected increase in C-peptide based insulin secretion at a half or one and half an hour before lunch. On the contrary, C-peptide increased in 5 subjects out of seven in Group I at 11:00 p.m. when insulin did not increase. 4. According to the integrated concentration method for a measurement of 24-hour total. insulin secretion rate, the $mean{\pm}S.D.$ of Group I was $76.4{\pm}15.2$ U and that of Group II was $58.6{\pm}21.1$ U. The above results confirm that Koreans, when given ordinary diet of 2,100 kcal and 69%, sugar, show insulin secretion pattern essentially similar to that of Westerners. On the contrary, when they are put on a high-calorie diet of 3,100 kcal a day, 75% of which is sugar, insulin secretion can be increased before lunch without increase in blood glucose. These results implies that insulin secretion can be affected by some other factors. The observation that an increase in C-peptide after 11 : 00 p.m. independent of insulin level supports an assertion that insulin secretion and C-peptide secretion can be thought as being physiologically dissociable, and these changes of diurnal patterns in the levels of serum insulin and C-peptide are thought to be resulted from the large meal and high-carbohydrate diet.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.111-120
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Sunsik prepared by steaming -drying cycles- on blood glucose and inflammatory markers in high fat diet-induced obese rats. The experimental animals were divided into five groups and subjected to diets for 8 weeks; normal diet (control), high fat diet (HF), and high fat diet+10% supplementation of Sunsik (1HF, 3HF, 7HF, 9HF). The results showed body weight, food efficiency ratio, blood glucose and insulin levels of high fat diet groups were significantly higher than those of the control group. Increased glucose levels by high fat diet were reduced to normal levels by the four Sunsik supplementations. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) of the HF group was significantly higher than those of the control group, whereas supplementation with the four types of Sunsik reduced insulin resistance to similar levels as the control group. Increased insulin secretion and leptin levels of high fat diet-induced obese rats were significantly reduced by supplementation with the four types of Sunsik. C-reactive protein (CRP) of inflammation related components was significantly higher than the control group. However, increased CRP concentration by high fat diet was significantly reduced by supplementation with Sunsik.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권9호
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• pp.786-793
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• 2004

Women with menopause or rats with ovariectomy is associated with increased body weight, body fat and insulin resistance, which are components of metabolic syndrome. Increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome after menopause might be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, since mitochondrial oxidative and phosphorylation activity is strongly correlated with insulin sensitivity. Although estradiol replacement prevents the metabolic syndrome, harmful effect of estradiol hampers the casual usage to prevent the metabolic syndrome. It has been reported that genistein has a mild estrogenic activity, decreases fat mass in mice and has an antidiabetic role in diabetic rats. Although insulin resistance is closely related to mitochondrial functions, there has not been yet any study in regard to the effect of dietary genistein on mitochondrial function in the insulin resistant female subjects induced by ovariectomy or similar situation. The present study investigated whether the supplementation of genistein in the high fat diet affected the mitochondrial function of high fat fed ovariectomized rats. Female Sprague Dawley rats (8 weeks old) were assigned to the following groups: sham-operated+ high fat diet (S, n=6); sham-operated + high fat diet with 0.1% genistein (S + G, n=7); ovariectomized + high fat diet (OVX, n=8); ovariectomized + high fat diet with 0.1% genistein (OVX+ G, n=8). Ovariectomy significantly increased body weight compared with S group. Genistein consumption in ovariectomized (OVX + G) rats decreased body weight gain compared with OVX rats. Liver weights were increased by ovariectomy. The hepatic mitochondrial protein density expressed as mg per g liver was lower in the OVX group than in the S group. However, OVX + G group showed the increased mitochondrial protein density similar to the level of S group. When mRNA levels of genes related to mitochondria such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ coactivator 1 (PGC-1) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit III (COX III) were measured, there were decreases in the mRNA levels of PGC-1 and COX III in S + G, OVX and OVX + G group. The activity of cytochrome c oxidase was not different between groups. We could observe the decrease in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity per g liver in OVX rats. Genistein supplement increased SDH activity. In conclusion, genistein supplementation to the OVX rats enhanced mitochondrial function by increasing mitochondrial protein density and SDH activity. The improvement in mitochondrial function by genistein can contribute to the improvement in metabolic syndrome.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.1244-1251
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• 2008

The aim of the present study was to delineate the expression and secretion of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system components by pig liver cells. Hepatocytes were prepared from 3-wk-old weanling piglets following a two-step collagenase perfusion procedure, after which the cells were incubated for 24 or 48 h at a density of $2{\pm}10^5$ cells per 35-mm dish in 2-ml Williams' medium E. The cells were found to express the genes encoding IGF-I, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs)-2 and -3 and acid-labile subunit (ALS) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) following the culture. However, IGF-I was localized to hepatocytes by immunohistochemical analysis, whereas IGFBP-3 was localized to endothelial cells, but not to hepatocytes. This indicated that the IGFBP-3 gene expression detected by RT-PCR was likely to have been contributed by unidentified non-parenchymal cells that had not been removed during the hepatocyte preparation. The conditioned culture medium (CCM) of the cells contained immunoreactive IGF-I and IGF-II, with the latter being seven-fold more abundant than the former. The CCM also contained 43-, 40-, 34-, 31-kDa doublet and 26-kDa IGFBPs as examined by Western ligand blotting. The 40-, 34- and 31-kDa doublet IGFBPs were approximately three-fold as abundant as the 43- and 26-kDa IGFBPs. Moreover, the 43- and 40-kDa doublet and the 34-kDa IGFBPs were immunoprecipitable with IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-2 antibodies, respectively. Overall, these results are similar to those known in the rat, which suggests that the IGF system components are likely to be expressed and secreted in pig liver in a manner similar to that in rat liver.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 1997

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of feeding graded levels of chromium in the form of chromium picolinate on growth performance, blood components, carcass grade, in vitro lipogenesis and lipolysis, and in vitro protein degradation and synthesis in growing-finishing pigs. There were no significant differences for daily weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion among treatments during growing phase, while in the finishing phase, feed intake was lower in groups fed diets with 200 ppb chromium than in other treatment (p < 0.1). Feed conversion was improved in the groups fed diets with chromium compared with control. Carcass weight was similar among treatments while carcass length was longer in groups fed diets with 200 ppb chromium (p < 0.05). Thinner carcass fat was found with groups fed diets with chromium compared to control. Three A grade of carcasses were from groups fed chromium compared to control. No significant differences were observed with blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acid at 60kg body weight. While, at 100 kg body weight, blood triglyceride was lower in groups with 200 and 400 ppb chromium but higher in groups with 100 ppb chromium (p < 0.05). In vitro lipolysis and protein synthesis in adipose tissues were increased as dietary chromium was increased from 0 to 200 ppb (p < 0.1). As a result, 200 ppb chromium in a growing-finishing diet could improve feed efficiency and carcass traits; an increase to 400 ppb has no further effect.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.147-154
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• 2011

Animal cell cultures generally require a nutrient-rich medium supplemented with animal serum. Adult bovine serum contains a variety of nutrients including inorganic minerals, vitamins, salts, proteins and lipids as well as growth factors that promote animal cell growth. To evaluate the potential use of gender-specific bovine serum (GSBS) for cell culture, the biochemical properties of male serum (MS), female serum (FS) and castrated-male serum (CMS) were investigated. Overall, the chemical profile of GSBS was similar to that of bovine references except for glucose, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and potassium. FS showed elevated total protein and sodium concentrations compared to MS and CMS. Proteins present in MS, FS and CMS but absent in fetal bovine serum (FBS) were selected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and identified by peptide mass fingerprinting. Some of the identified proteins are known to be involved in immune responses and the others have unknown physiological roles. Moreover, it was found that some proteins such as alpha-2-macroglobulin appeared to be gender-specific with higher contents in FS. Insulin and testosterone was significantly higher in MS, and $17{\beta}$-estradiol and estrone were higher in FS, as compared to the other sera. Taken together, the results indicate that each GSBS has a different ratio of components. Differences in serum constituents may affect cell cultures in a different manner and could be beneficial, depending on the specific aim of cell cultures.