• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.342-345
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• 2004

This study evaluated the effects of different forms of chromium supplements on serum glucose, insulin and lipid concentrations in rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly assigned to one of three dietary groups and fed AIN-76 semi-purified basal diets supplemented with 300 ppb Cr from Cr methionine (CrMet) and Cr chloride $(CrCI_3)$ or without Cr (control). By the end of the $4^{th}$ week, all rats were decapitated, blood collected, and serum glucose, insulin and lipid concentrations were determined. The CrMet and $CrCl_3$ supplementation did not affect weight gain and feed efficiency ratio. However, feed intake was significantly higher in CrMet groups than control (p < 0.05). CrMet-supplemented rats had markedly increased insulin levels (p < 0.05) compared with controls. Serum lipids were not significantly different between the control and the CrMet groups. $CrCl_3$ supplementation decreased total cholesterol and triglyceride, but the decreases were only significant for the control group. $CrCl_3$ supplementation was associated with significant decreases in total cholesterol compared with CrMet supplementation. These results indicate that CrMet supplementation is effective for increasing serum insulin, and $CrCl_32$ may improve lipid concentrations, because we observed decreased serum total cholesterol and an improved total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio (THR).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 1992

This study was undertaken to determine the effect of dietary fat to carbohydrate ratio on plasma glucose. free fatty acid level and hepatic glucokinase activity in normal or insulin treated diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed with 3 different but isocaloric diets for 5 weeks. Diet 1 made to have low fat(4% corn oil and 65.8% corn starch wt/wt) : diet 2 medium fat (12% : 47.8%) : diet 3 high fat (20% : 29.8%) In the normal rats an apparent increase of GK activity was observed from the animal fed low fat diet when compared with other groups. GK activities were decreased in all the alloxan-diabetic rats than the normal rats. When insulin was injected the GK activities in all the livers of alloxan-diabetic rats restored to normal level and GK activity was highest in low fat group. In the entire group significant relationships were seen between the plasma glucose and GK activities(r=-0.6, p<0.001) FFA levels and GK activities(r=-0.63 p<0.001) Both in normal and insulin treated diabetic rats significantly depressed level of hepatic GK activity was observed in the livers of animals fed high fat diet for 5 weeks and depressed level of GK activity may be related to insulin resistance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.851-857
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• 1993

Atherosclerotic vascular disease is a major cause of the increased morbidity and mortality assciated with diabetes mellitus. The prominent role of nutrition in hypercholesteolemia and atherosclerosis is generally accepted. Diet is a key element in the management of diabetes (type I-IDDM), yet the appropriate diet for patient with diabetes mellitus is not well known. Dietary protein has been shown to have a significant effect on plasma cholesterol levels in both experimental animals and humans. The present experiment was designed to determine the effect of the dietary protein level(20% vs 60%) on plasma glucose concentration, lipids profile, insulin and glucagon levels from non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Results showed that a high protein diet decreased triglyceride concentration in diabetic rats. Also diabetic rats fed a high protein diet were hypocholesterolemic than rats fed a control diet. There were no effects by level of protein on fasting blood glucose concentration and insulin/glucagon ratio. Results from the present study suggest that a high protein diet may be beneficial to control pasma lipids in chemically-induced diabetic rats.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.152-160
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate zinc and copper metabolism and risk factors of chronic diseases in 20 normal adults women. The daily intake, excretions in urine and feces, and serum levels of zinc and copper were determined by 24-hr food records and chemical analysis. The results were summarized as follows. mean age, body weight and BMI were 22.88 years, 54.65kg and 21.28kg/$m^2$ respectively. Mean daily intakes of energy and protein were 1578.84㎉(79% of RDA) and 52.05g (87% of RDA). The zinc and copper intake, excrestion in urine and feces were 7093.23$\mu\textrm{g}$(59% of RDA/2093.87$\mu\textrm{g}$, 203.50$\mu\textrm{g}$/39.87$\mu\textrm{g}$ and 3416.41$\mu\textrm{g}$/857.62$\mu\textrm{g}$, respectively. The serum levels of fasting glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, zinc and copper were 76.60mg/㎗, 15.66IU/㎗, 160.30mg/㎗, 50.95mg/㎗, 89.80mg/㎗, 89.79mg/㎗, 95.65$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗ and 73.28$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗ respectively. Dietary ratio of Zn to Cu was shown to have significant positive correlations with serum insulin, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol. The urinary ratio of Zn to Cu was shown to have significant positive correlations with triglyceride. The serum copper level was shown to have significant negative correlations with serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. In summary, Zn consumption of adult women in their normal diet does not meet the Zn requirement for Koreans. Also, intakes of Zn and Cu may effect the glucose metabolism and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, to increase the Zn intake and to maintain an appropriate intake ratio of Zn to Cu, nutrition education needs to be implemented.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.385-392
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• 2007

A glucose clamp technique was used to compare dietary starch (ST), starch plus sucrose (ST+SU) and sucrose (SU) with regard to the effect on tissue responsiveness and sensitivity to insulin in intact adult male goats. The goats were fed diets containing 1.2 times of ME and CP for maintenance requirements twice daily for 21 d. Of the energy intake, 30% was offered with ST, ST+SU or SU for the respective diets, and 70% as alfalfa hay, ground corn and ground soybean meal at the respective weight ratio of 1, 1, and 0.3 for all diets. Tissue responsiveness and sensitivity to insulin were evaluated using a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp technique with four levels of insulin infusion beyond 13 h after feeding. The concentrations of plasma metabolites and insulin were also determined at 3, 6 and 13 h after feeding to evaluate the effects of different carbohydrates on metabolic states in the body. Plasma glucose concentration was higher (p = 0.01) for SU diet than for ST and ST+SU diets. Increasing SU intake decreased (p<0.01) plasma acetate concentration across the time. At 3 h but not 6 and 13 h after feeding, high lactate (p = 0.01), and non-significant high propionate (p = 0.14) and low urea nitrogen (p = 0.19) concentrations were observed in plasma on SU compared with ST and ST+SU diets. Plasma insulin concentration was not different (p = 0.44) between ST and SU fed animals. In the glucose clamp experiment, considering the effects on the maximal glucose infusion rate (tissue responsiveness to insulin, p = 0.54) and the plasma insulin concentration at half-maximal glucose infusion rate (insulin sensitivity, p = 0.54), SU was not different from ST. It is concluded that SU may not be greatly different from ST with regard to the effect on tissue responsiveness and sensitivity to insulin in adult goats when fed twice daily as part of a high-concentrate diet. The possible greater effects of SU on plasma metabolites concentrations at 3 h than at 6 and 13 h after feeding suggest that a lack of persistency of SU effects during the postfeeding period may be associated with the poor response to SU in insulin action.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.365-374
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate whether long-term, low-level exposure to monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) induced insulin resistance. Methods: The subjects were 110 male workers who were occupationally exposed to styrene, toluene, and xylene. One hundred and ten age-matched male workers who had never been occupationally exposed to organic solvents were selected as a control group. Cytokines, which have played a key role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, and oxidative stress indices were measured. Assessment of exposure to MAHs was performed by measuring their ambient levels and their urinary metabolites in exposed workers, and the resulting parameters between the exposed group and non-exposed control groups were compared. Results: There was no significant difference in general characteristics and anthropometric parameters between the two groups; however, total cholesterol, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance levels were significantly higher in the exposed group. Phenylglyoxylic acid levels showed significant association with tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, total oxidative status, and oxidative stress index via multiple linear regression analysis. Further, there was a negative correlation between methylhippuric acid levels and total anti-oxidative capacity, and there was a significant relationship between MAHs exposure and fasting glucose levels, as found by multiple logistic regression analysis (odds ratio = 3.95, 95% confidence interval = 1.074-14.530). Conclusion: This study indicated that MAHs increase fasting glucose level and insulin resistance. Furthermore, these results suggested that absorbing the organic solvent itself and active metabolic intermediates can increase oxidative stress and cytokine levels, resulting in the changes in glucose metabolism and the induction of insulin resistance.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.249-252
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• 2003

This study was conducted to determine the effects of chromium-methionine (CrMet) supplementation at various levels on obesity index, body fat, and serum glucose, insulin and leptin in rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of four dietary groups and fed AIN-76 semi-purified basal diets supplemented with 0, 300, 600 or 1200 ppb Cr from CrMet. After 4 weeks on the respective diets, the rats were killed and serum glucose, insulin and leptin concentrations were determined. The CrMet supplementation did not affect weight gain, feed intake or feed efficiency ratio, fasting glucose, insulin or leptin levels among treatment groups. Although final body weight in all treatments were not significantly different, naso-anal length was longer in the 1200 ppb CrMet group than those of control or other groups (p<0.05). The lowest obesity index and body fat were observed in the 1200 ppb dietary group (p<0.05). The obesity index of the rats fed 1200 ppb supplemental CrMet was lower than in the other groups. These results suggest that CrMet supplementation results in a significant decrease in obesity index, possibly by decreasing the body fat that corresponded to increasing CrMet dosage.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the combined effects of VFA composition of rumen fluid and heat exposure (30${\pm}$2$^{\circ}C$) on the general clinical view and insulin secretory response to glucose in sheep. The total infusion of nutrients was examined in sheep via the technique of continuous alimentation. Four adult Suffolk sheep fitted with a permanent ruminal cannula and a simple T-shaped duodenal cannula were used. A peristaltic pump was used to infuse the solutions of volatile fatty acid triglycerides (VFA-TG) consisting of 70 triacetin : 20 tripropionin : 10 tributyrin (low propionin division: LP) and 50 triacetin : 40 tripropionin : 10 tributyrin (high propionin division: HP) on the basis of energy and minerals into the rumen, and casein solution into the duodenum. The effects of heat exposure and type of the levels of VFA-TG solutions on the insulin secretory response to glucose in sheep were investigated by using hyperglycemic clamp (HGC) technique. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. During the heat exposure (latter half of the infusion period), respiration rate, heart rate and rectal temperature increased (P＜0.01, P＜0.01, P＜0.05), but the levels of VFA-TG solutions (LP and HP division) did not affect the general clinical view except for the heart rate. 2. In the HGC technique, glucose infusion rate (GIR) and mean plasma insulin increments (MPII) tended to be ower in the heat exposure than in the thermoneutral environment, but no significant difference was found among the treatments. GIR and MPII remained unchanged between the levels of VFA-TG solutions. 3. In the HGC technique, ratio of MPII to GIR (MPII/GIR) which represents pancreatic ${\beta}$-cell response to glucose stimulation remained unchanged among the treatments.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.768-776
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• 2006

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is common in obesity. However, weight reduction alone does not prevent the progression of NAFLD to end-stage disease associated with the development of cirrhosis and liver disease. In a previous experiment, 50% ethanol extract of Acanthopanax senticosus stem bark (ASSB) was found to reduce body weight and insulin resistance in high fat diet-induced hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic ICR mice. To evaluate the anti-steatosis action of ASSB, insulin-resistant ob/ob mice with fatty livers were treated with ASSB ethanol extract for an 8 week-period. ASSB ethanol extract reversed the hepatomegaly, as evident in reduction of % liver weight/body weight ratio. ASSB ethanol extract also specifically lowered circulating glucose and lipids, and enhanced insulin action in the liver. These changes culminated in inhibition of triglyceride synthesis in non-adipose tissues including liver and skeletal muscle. Gene expression studies confirmed reductions in glucose 6-phosphatase and lipogenic enzymes in the liver. These results demonstrate that ASSB ethanol extract is an effective treatment for insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in ob/ob mice by decreasing hepatic lipid synthesis.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.206-212
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• 2023

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the associations between hematologic parameters related to systemic inflammation and insulin resistance-associated metabolic parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: Eighty-two women between the ages of 18 and 35 years who were diagnosed with PCOS were included in this study. A 2-hour 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was administered to all study participants; fasting and postprandial glucose and insulin levels were measured simultaneously during the 2-hour OGTT. Hematologic parameters were derived from a standard complete blood count and a differential count of fasting-state blood samples. The correlations between hematologic parameters and insulin resistance-associated clinical and metabolic parameters were evaluated using the Spearman rank correlation and partial correlation coefficients. Hematologic parameters related to systemic inflammation were compared between the two groups, categorized by the presence or absence of insulin resistance. Results: Significant differences in the absolute neutrophil count, absolute monocyte count, platelet count, and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio were found between the insulin-resistant group and insulin-nonresistant group. Correlation analysis found that all hematological parameters, except for the platelet-lymphocyte ratio, were associated with at least one insulin resistance-associated metabolic parameter. However, these significant correlations between hematological and metabolic parameters were attenuated after controlling for the effects of other covariates using partial correlation analysis. Conclusion: The association between hematologic parameters indicative of systemic inflammation and insulin resistance-associated metabolic parameters seems to be strongly influenced by other anthropometric covariates in women with PCOS.