• Title/Summary/Keyword: inoculation

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Detection of Plant RNA Viruses by Hybridization Using In Vitro Transcribed RNA Probes (In Viro 전사 RNA Probe를 이용한 식물 바이러스병의 진단)

  • 최장경;이종희;함영일
    • Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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    • v.11 no.4
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    • pp.367-373
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    • 1995
  • The cDNAs derived from the coat protein (CP) genes of six plant RNA viruses, tobacco mosaic virus-pepper strains (TMV-P) and -ordinary strain (TMV-OM), potato virus Y (PVY), turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and potato leafroll virus (PLRV), were subcloned into the transcription vector, pSPT18, containing SP6 and T7 promoters. The digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled RNA polymerase after linearlization of the cloned pSPTs with XbaI or SacI, and were tested for their sensitivities for the detection of the six viruses. In slot-blot hybridization, dilution end points for the detection of TMV-P and TMV-OM were 10-4, while those of PVY, TuMV and CMV were 10-3. PLRV was detected at the dilution of 10-2. When each RNA probe was applied for the detection of the viruses in the preparations from the leaf disks (8 mm in diameter, and 12 to 15 mg in weight) of infected natural host plants, TMV-P, TMV-OM and TuMV could be detected from one disk, while PVY from 1 or 2 disks. CMV was detected in the preparation from two disks, and PLRV from three disks. With DIG-labeled RNA probe, PVY was detected at 5 days after inoculation, but with ELISA the virus was detected at 8 days after inoculation to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc) plants on which symptoms appeared at 9 days after inoculation. No difference was observed in cross reaction between the RNA probes for the detection of TMV-P and TMV-OM.

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Transmission of Tomato leaf curl begomovirus by Two Different Species of Whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

  • Hidayat, Sri Hendrastuti;Rahmayani, Enuna
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • v.23 no.2
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    • pp.57-61
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    • 2007
  • Whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses (WTGs) are economically important pathogens causing serious damage on tomato and chilli pepper in Indonesia. Geminiviruses are readily transmitted by its insect vector, sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). However, greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum), another species of whitefly, is commonly found together with B. tabaci in the field. Incidence of yellow leaf curl disease in tomato and chilli pepper is probably correlated with the population of whitefly complex. It is becoming important to find the role of T. vaporariorum in the spread of the disease. Therefore, research is conducted to study the characteristic relationship between tomato leaf curl begomovirus (ToLCV) and two species of whitefly. The two species of whitefly, B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum, was capable to transmit ToLCV although it was evidenced that B. tabaci is more effective as insect vector of ToLCV in tomato and chilli pepper. A single B. tabaci was able to transmit ToLCV to tomato with a minimum acquisition and inoculation access period of 10 h. Transmission of ToLCV by T. vaporariorum required at least 10 insects per plant with a minimum acquisition and inoculation access period of 24 h. The transmission efficiency will increase with longer acquisition and inoculation access period of the insect and the higher number of insect per plant.

Cell Wall Localization of Two DUF642 Proteins, BIIDXI and TEEBE, during Meloidogyne incognita Early Inoculation

  • Salazar-Iribe, Alexis;Zuniga-Sanchez, Esther;Mejia, Emma Zavaleta;Gamboa-deBuen, Alicia
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • v.33 no.6
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    • pp.614-618
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    • 2017
  • The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infects a variety of plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana. During migration, root-knot nematodes secrete different proteins to modify cell walls, which include pectolytic enzymes. However, the contribution of host cell wall proteins has not been described during this process. The function of two DUF642 cell wall proteins, BIIDXI (BDX, At4g32460) and TEEBE (TEB, At2g41800), in plant development could be related to the regulation of pectin methyl esterification status in the cell walls of different tissues. Accordingly, the expression of these two genes is up-regulated by auxin. BDX and TEB were highly induced during early M. incognita inoculation. Moreover, cell wall localization of the proteins was also induced. The cell wall localization of BDX and TEB DUF642 proteins during M. incognita early inoculation suggested that these two proteins could be involved in the regulation of the degree of pectin methylation during cell separation.

Effects of Co-Cultures, Containing N-Fixer and P-Solubilizer, on the Growth and Yield of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) and Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)

  • POONGUZHALI POONGUZHALI;SELVARAJ SELVARAJ;MADHAIYAN MUNUSAMY;THANGARAJU MUTHU;RYU JEOUNGHYUN;CHUNG KEUNYOOK;SA TONGMIN
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.903-908
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    • 2005
  • Inoculation of the carrier-based mixed bioinoculants af N-fixer (Azospirillum lipoferum strain Az204/Rhizobium strain BMBS P47) and phosphate-solubilizing bacterium (Bacillus megaterium var phosphaticum strain Pb 1) promoted growth and yield of pearl millet and blackgram under pot-culture conditions. The mixed inoculant of Az204 and Pb 1 enhanced germination, seedling vigor, plant height, and seed weight, and resulted in $6\%$ increase in grain yield of pearl millet. Likewise, the mixed inoculant of BMBS P47 and Pb1 increased growth, nodulation, and yield in blackgram. The rhizosphere soil enzyme activities, including nitrogenase, urease, and phosphatase, in both pearl millet and blackgram were significantly increased by the inoculation of the mixed inoculant, compared to that of the individual inoculants. The results clearly indicate the beneficial effect of co-culturing the N-fixer and P-solubilizer in inoculants production.

Effect of Algal Inoculation on COD and Nitrogen Removal, and Indigenous Bacterial Dynamics in Municipal Wastewater

  • Lee, Jangho;Lee, Jaejin;Shukla, Sudheer Kumar;Park, Joonhong;Lee, Tae Kwon
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.26 no.5
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    • pp.900-908
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    • 2016
  • The effects of algal inoculation on chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) removal, and indigenous bacterial dynamics were investigated in municipal wastewater. Experiments were conducted with municipal wastewater inoculated with either Chlorella vulgaris AG10032, Selenastrum gracile UTEX 325, or Scenedesmus quadricauda AG 10308. C. vulgaris and S. gracile as fast growing algae in municipal wastewater, performed high COD and TN removal in contrast to Sc. quadricauda. The indigenous bacterial dynamics revealed by 16S rRNA gene amplification showed different bacterial shifts in response to different algal inoculations. The dominant bacterial genera of either algal case were characterized as heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria. Our results suggest that selection of indigenous bacteria that symbiotically interact with algal species is important for better performance of wastewater treatment.

Biochemical Analysis of Pericardial Fluid in Chicks of Gallus domesticus Suffering from Hydropericardium Syndrome

  • Mujeeb, K.A.;Rabb, S.;Shakoori, A.R.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.11 no.3
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    • pp.323-328
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    • 1998
  • The liver extract of chicks, Gallus domesticus, suffering from hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) was inoculated intraperitoneally into healthy chicks to produce HPS. After inoculation the blood serum and the pericardial fluid of the newly infected chicks were analyzed, at regular intervals for a total period of 72 hours for concentration of proteins, $K^+$ ions, $Na^+$ ions and the LDH activity. The protein content was significantly decreased both in the blood serum (30%) and the pericardial fluid (39%) within 24 hours of inoculation, which was then maintained during the subsequent period. The $K^+$ ions and the LDH activity, on the other hand, were significantly increased in the blood serum (26% and 169%, respectively) as well as the pericardial fluid (131% and 217%, respectively) within 24 hours of inoculation. After 72 hours this increase was, respectively, 43% and 191% in blood serum, and 153% and 200% in the pericardial fluid. Accumulation of $K^+$ ions, and decrease of protein and $Na^+$ ions in the pericardial fluid indicate homoestatic imbalance, which may prove fatal. The increased LDH activity is indicative of heptocytic damage.

Antitumor Activity of Lactobacillus plantarum Cytoplasm on Teratocarcinoma-Bearing Mice

  • Kim, Ji-Yeon;Woo, Hee-Jong;Kim, Kyoung-Heon;Kim, Eung-Ryool;Jung, Hoo-Kil;Juhn, Ho-Nam;Lee, Hyong-Joo
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.12 no.6
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    • pp.998-1001
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    • 2002
  • Potential antitumor activity of Lactobacillus plantarum cytoplasm was examined using F9 teratocarcinoma-bearing BALB/C mice. The cytoplasmic fraction of L. plantarum was separated by sonication followed by ultracentrifugation. The fraction at a dose of 100 or 200 mg/kg/day was orally administered for 7 consecutive days before or after tumor inoculation to 16 mice. As a control, heat-killed whole cell was used at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day. Upon oral administrations of both the cytoplasm and heat-killed whole cell, when performed after and before tumor inoculation, the survival of F9-bearing mice prolonged more effectively. Administration of the cytoplasm after tumor inoculation extended the average survival days by 30 and $40\%$ at daily dosages of 100 and 200 mg/kg/day, respectively. This result suggests that the cytoplasmic fraction of L. plantarum has strong antitumor activity against mouse F9 teratocarcinoma in vivo.

The Effect of Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae Inoculations on the Formation of Non-conductive Sapwood of Quercus mongolica

  • Torii, Masato;Matsuda, Yosuke;Seo, Sang Tae;Kim, Kyung Hee;Ito, Shin-Ichiro;Moon, Myung Jin;Kim, Seong Hwan;Yamada, Toshihiro
    • Mycobiology
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    • v.42 no.2
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    • pp.210-214
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    • 2014
  • In Korea, mass mortality of Quercus mongolica trees has become obvious since 2004. Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae is believed to be a causal fungus contributing the mortality. To evaluate the pathogenicity of the fungus to the trees, the fungus was multiple- and single-inoculated to the seedlings and twigs of the mature trees, respectively. In both the inoculations, the fungus was reisolated from more than 50% of inoculated twigs and seedlings. In the single inoculations, proportions of the transverse area of non-conductive sapwood at inoculation points and vertical lengths of discoloration expanded from the points were significantly different between the inoculation treatment and the control. In the multiple inoculations, no mortality was confirmed among the seedlings examined. These results showed that R. quercus-mongolicae can colonize sapwood, contribute to sapwood discoloration and disrupt sap flows around inoculation sites of Q. mongolica, although the pathogenicity of the fungus was not proven.

Promoted Growth of Maize by the Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria Isolated from North-east China

  • Wu, Hai-Yan;Wang, Li-Chun;Gao, Xing-Ai;Jin, Rong-De;Fan, Zuo-Wei;Kim, Kil-Yong;Zhao, Lan-Po
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.44 no.1
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    • pp.112-117
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    • 2011
  • A strain of phosphate solubilizing bacterium was isolated from rhizosphere and identified as Burkholderia sp. by 16S-rRNA gene sequence analyses. The bacterium was found to release gluconic acid and the solubilization of hydroxyapatite in the liquid medium by a significant drop in pH to 3.7 from an initial pH 7.0. The soluble-P concentration continuously increased during the incubation periods and the total amount of soluble P released in culture filtrate was detected at 990 mg $L^{-1}$ after 10 days of inoculation. Most promoted maize growth was found in the standard NPK (240-120-120 kg $ha^{-1}$) soil inoculation with Burkholderia sp. (Twenty milliliters/plant, 106 CFU) and also in the absence of Burkholderia sp. inoculation, the soil amended with only 2/3 levels of P gave significant higher plant yield compared to 1/3 levels of P or without P supplementation.

Occurrence of Anthracnose on Peach Tree Caused by Colletotrichum Species

  • Kim, Wan-Gyu;Hong, Sung-Kee
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.80-83
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    • 2008
  • Anthracnose symptoms were frequently observed on fruits of peach trees grown in Yeongi in Korea during disease survey in August from 2000 to 2005. The disease incidence was as high as 40% at its maximum in the orchards investigated. A total of 24 isolates of Colletotrichum species were obtained from the anthracnose symptoms, out of which 20 were identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and the four remaining ones as C. acutatum based on their morphological and cultural characteristics. Two isolates of each C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum caused anthracnose symptoms on the fruits by both wound and unwound inoculation, which were similar to those observed in the orchard. The symptoms appeared more rapidly by the wound inoculation than by the unwound inoculation. There was no difference in pathogenicity between the C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum isolates tested. In Korea, only C. gloeosporioides has been recorded as the causal fungus of anthracnose of peach tree. This is the first report that C. acutatum also causes anthracnose of peach tree in Korea.