• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.193-217
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• 2022

The Wooden Seated Amitabha Buddha Triad and Altarpiece have not been the subjects of definitive species identification and scientific analysis. In this study, visual investigation, portable X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF), species identification, and lacquer layer observations were carried out to determine the original materials and conservation status. Cracks, exfoliation and discoloration were detected during the visual investigation. The p-XRF data indicated that chrome oxide green, malachite, gold, cadmium red, cinnabar, minium, hematite, lead white, ink stick (Carbon), and copper were used for pigments and the coronet accessory. Tilia spp., Abies spp., and Pinus spp. were identified from both the Buddha Triad and Altarpiece. Finally, lacquer layer analyses of the base layer, lacquer layer, orange pigment layer, and gold leaf layer observed modern synthetic pigments likely used in previous conservation. As the Korean Cultural Heritage Charter and the International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites clearly state that objects of cultural heritage must be conserved using their original materials, future conservation of these objects should utilize the data obtained in this study to employ traditional materials. Furthermore, a deterioration map diagnosis can be applied together with the obtained analysis data to understand the conservation status of and inform an appropriate and authentic conservation treatment for the Buddha Triad and Altarpiece.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2021

We developed non-metallic electrodes that can replace metallic electrodes of the electrostatic precipitator(ESP) for the purpose of light weight, corrosion resistance, cost reduction. We manufactured three types of collection electrodes made of stainless steel (M), Carbon ink coating layer-Plastic sheet-Carbon ink coating layer (CPC), and Plastic sheet-Carbon ink coating layer-Plastic sheet (PCP). We studied the collection efficiency of a two-stage ESP using oil mist particles with and without collection stage by changing the flow rate, the material of collection electrode, and the applied voltage of the pre-charger module and the collection module. Here we measured concentrations of particles at diameters of 0.45 ㎛ (CMD; count median diameter) and 3.0 ㎛ (MMD : mass median diameter), as well as PM_2.5 and PM₁₀. As a result of the experiment, two-stage ESP had 22~25% higher collection efficiency in PM_2.5 than one-stage ESP at the same applied voltage. The difference in collection efficiency by varying the materials of collection electrodes was less than 5%. The weight of the non-metallic electrode was only one eighth the weight of the metal electrode. CPC electrode had a thickness of 0.27 mm, which was 1.5 times thinner than a thickness of PCP electrode, so when the flow rate increased, the CPC electrodes couldn't be kept at equal intervals due to the fluttering unlike PCP electrodes. In addition, the PCP-CPC collection module of the present experiment followed the theoretical efficiency based on Deutsch equation and Cochet's charging theory.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2011년도 추계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.87.1-87.1
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• 2011

For commercial applications, MEA development must be optimized in order to achieve high performance and low cost. There are many factors that affect the performance of MEA. Especially, the optimization of the method for preparing catalyst layer has great effect on the performance of MEA. Various methods have been used to prepare the catalyst layer of MEA. Among them, spraying method has a merit in that catalysis lay can be prepared with very flexible changes in catalyst layer as well as in the solvent composition of catalyst ink. In addition, in order to reduce the time required for manufacturing catalyst layer, an effort has been made to change the nozzle size and injection pressure of spray system. Further, the operation condition of spray system was changed in various ways in an effort to prepare optimum catalyst layer of MEA. Having optimized the operation condition of spraying system, comprehensive and diverse experiments were carried out concerning various factors that affect the performance of MEA. The present research report describes the results of more sub-categorized and more detailed experiments about the important factors (Nafion$^{(R)}$ ionomer, Relative humidity) which have been shown in previous experiments to exert greater effect on the performance of MEA.

• 센서학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.24-27
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• 2017

In this study, I developed a simple and low cost process-printing a silver, carbon, dielectric, adhesive layer on PET films using screen printing technology and bonding the two films face-to-face-to fabricate a low price capacitive pressure-mapping sensor. Both electrodes forming the pressure measuring capacitor are arranged between the two PET films similar to a sandwich. Therefore, the sensor has the advantage of minimizing the influence of external noise. In this study, a $10{\times}10$ capacitance-type pressure-mapping sensor was fabricated and its characteristics were analyzed.

• 한국인쇄학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1985

In Graphic art reproduction process it is important to realize that which set of inks and their densities (film thickness) and which set of halftone positive should be aimed at. in order to meet the demand for good color reproduction. There have been various studies to calculation the color reproduction of the graphic arts. however. these study were based on the assumed characteristics of the materials. In this study the relationship between wet-trapping (wet on wet-printing) and increases of ink layer and printing sequence are examined.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2006년도 6th International Meeting on Information Display
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• pp.1689-1691
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• 2006

DuPont Displays has developed a new solution printing fabrication process for OLED displays, using small molecule OLED materials. The new manufacturing process is more cost-effective and scalable than evaporation of materials through physical masks, and addresses issues associated with ink jet printing. A new material (DB) has been developed for use as a hole-injection layer in OLEDs.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2006년도 제30회 학술논문발표회 초록집
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• pp.97-97
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• 2006

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2012년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.65-65
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• 2012

Copper zinc tin sulfide ($Cu_2ZnSnS_4$, CZTS) is a very promising material as a low cost absorber alternative to other chalcopyrite-type semiconductors based on Ga or In because of the abundant and economical elements. In addition, CZTS has a band-gap energy of 1.4~1.5eV and large absorption coefficient over ${\sim}10^4cm^{-1}$, which is similar to those of $Cu(In,Ga)Se_2$(CIGS) regarded as one of the most successful absorber materials for high efficient solar cell. Most previous works on the fabrication of CZTS thin films were based on the vacuum deposition such as thermal evaporation and RF magnetron sputtering. Although the vacuum deposition has been widely adopted, it is quite expensive and complicated. In this regard, the solution processes such as sol-gel method, nanocrystal dispersion and hybrid slurry method have been developed for easy and cost-effective fabrication of CZTS film. Among these methods, the hybrid slurry method is favorable to make high crystalline and dense absorber layer. However, this method has the demerit using the toxic and explosive hydrazine solvent, which has severe limitation for common use. With these considerations, it is highly desirable to develop a robust, easily scalable and relatively safe solution-based process for the fabrication of a high quality CZTS absorber layer. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of a high quality CZTS absorber layer with a thickness of 1.5~2.0 ${\mu}m$ and micrometer-scaled grains using two different non-vacuum approaches. The first solution-processing approach includes air-stable non-toxic solvent-based inks in which the commercially available precursor nanoparticles are dispersed in ethanol. Our readily achievable air-stable precursor ink, without the involvement of complex particle synthesis, high toxic solvents, or organic additives, facilitates a convenient method to fabricate a high quality CZTS absorber layer with uniform surface composition and across the film depth when annealed at $530^{\circ}C$. The conversion efficiency and fill factor for the non-toxic ink based solar cells are 5.14% and 52.8%, respectively. The other method is based on the nanocrystal dispersions that are a key ingredient in the deposition of thermally annealed absorber layers. We report a facile synthetic method to produce phase-pure CZTS nanocrystals capped with less toxic and more easily removable ligands. The resulting CZTS nanoparticle dispersion enables us to fabricate uniform, crack-free absorber layer onto Mo-coated soda-lime glass at $500^{\circ}C$, which exhibits a robust and reproducible photovoltaic response. Our simple and less-toxic approach for the fabrication of CZTS layer, reported here, will be the first step in realizing the low-cost solution-processed CZTS solar cell with high efficiency.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2011년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.1.1-1.1
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• 2011

Printed electronics based on the direct writing of solution processable functional materials have been of paramount interest and importance. In this talk, the synthesis of printable inorganic functional materials (conductors and semiconductors) for thin-film transistors (TFTs) and photovoltaic devices, device fabrication based on a printing technique, and specific characteristics of devices are presented. For printable conductor materials, Ag ink is designed to achieve the long-term dispersion stability and good adhesion property on a glass substrate, and Cu ink is sophisticatedly formulated to endow the oxidation stability in air and even aqueous solvent system. The both inks were successfully printed onto either polymer or glass substrate, exhibiting the superior conductivity comparable to that of bulk one. In addition, the organic thin-film transistor based on the printed metal source/drain electrode exhibits the electrical performance comparable to that of a transistor based on a vacuum deposited Au electrode. For printable amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOSs), I introduce the noble ways to resolve the critical problems, a high processing temperature above $400^{\circ}C$ and low mobility of AOSs annealed at a low temperature below $400^{\circ}C$. The dependency of TFT performances on the chemical structure of AOSs is compared and contrasted to clarify which factor should be considered to realize the low temperature annealed, high performance AOSs. For photovoltaic application, CI(G)S nanoparticle ink for solution processable high performance solar cells is presented. By overcoming the critical drawbacks of conventional solution processed CI(G)S absorber layers, the device quality dense CI(G)S layer is obtained, affording 7.3% efficiency CI(G)S photovoltaic device.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.162-162
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• 2014

최근 들어 wearable computing에 대한 수요가 증가하면서 flexible device에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 하지만, flexible device를 구현하기 위해서는 기판의 damage를 줄이기 위한 저온공정, device life-time 향상을 위한 passivation, 와이어 본딩 등 다양한 문제들이 해결 되어야 한다. 이러한 문제들 중, polymer 기판과 금속간의 접착력을 향상시키기 위해서 많은 연구자들은 기판의 표면에 adhesive layer를 도포하거나 금속잉크의 solvent를 변화시키는 등의 연구를 진행해왔다. 종래의 연구는 기존 device를 대체 할 수 있을 정도의 생산성과 polymer 기판에 대한 열 적인 손상 이 문제가 되었다. 종래의 문제를 해결하기 위하여 저온공정, in-line system이 가능한 준 준 대기압 플라즈마를 사용하였다. 본 연구에서는 금속잉크를 Ink-jet으로 jetting하여 와이어 본딩 하는 과정에서 전도성 ink의 선폭을 유지시키고 접착력을 향상하기 위하여 준 대기압 플라즈마 공정을 이용하여 이러한 문제점을 해결하고자 하였다. Polymer 기판 표면에 roughness를 만들기 위해 대략 수백 nm 크기를 갖는 graphene flake를 spray coating하여 마스크로 사용하고 준 대기압 플라즈마를 이용하여 표면을 식각 함으로써 roughness를 형성시켰다. 준 대기압 플라즈마를 발생시키기 위해 double discharge system에서 6 slm/1.5 slm (He/O2) gas composition을 하부 전극에 흘려보내고 60 kHz, 5 kV 파워를 인가하였다. 동시에 상부 전극에는 30 kHz, 5 kV 파워를 인가하여 110초 동안 표면 식각 공정을 진행하였다. Graphene flake mask가 coating되어 있는 유연기판을 산소 플라즈마 처리 한 후 물에 3초 동안 세척하여 표면에 남아있는 graphene flake를 제거하고 6 slm/0.3 slm (He/SF6)의 유량으로 주파수와 파워 모두 동일 조건으로 110초 동안 표면 처리를 하였다. Figure 1은 표면 개질 과정과 graphene flake를 mask로 사용하여 얻은 roughness 결과를 SEM을 이용하여 관찰한 결과이다. 이와 같이 실험한 결과 ink와 기판간의 접촉면적을 늘려주고 접촉 각을 조절하여 Wenzel model 을 형성 할 수 있는 표면 roughness를 생성하였고 표면의 화학적 결합을 C-F group으로 치환하여 표면의 물과 접촉각 이 $47^{\circ}$에서 $130^{\circ}$로 증가하는 것을 확인하였다.