• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.119-126
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to analyze motion-induced dose error generated by each tumor motion parameters of irregular tumor motion in helical tomotherapy. To understand the effect of the irregular tumor motion, a simple analytical model was simulated. Moving cases that has tumor motion were divided into a slightly irregular tumor motion case, a large irregular tumor motion case and a patient case. The slightly irregular tumor motion case was simulated with a variability of 10% in the tumor motion parameters of amplitude (amplitude case), period (period case), and baseline (baseline case), while the large irregular tumor motion case was simulated with a variability of 40%. In the phase case, the initial phase of the tumor motion was divided into end inhale, mid exhale, end exhale, and mid inhale; the simulated dose profiles for each case were compared. The patient case was also investigated to verify the motion-induced dose error in 'clinical-like' conditions. According to the simulation process, the dose profile was calculated. The moving case was compared with the static case that has no tumor motion. In the amplitude, period, baseline cases, the results show that the motion-induced dose error in the large irregular tumor motion case was larger than that in the slightly irregular tumor motion case or regular tumor motion case. Because the offset effect was inversely proportion to irregularity of tumor motion, offset effect was smaller in the large irregular tumor motion case than the slightly irregular tumor motion case or regular tumor motion case. In the phase case, the larger dose discrepancy was observed in the irregular tumor motion case than regular tumor motion case. A larger motion-induced dose error was also observed in the patient case than in the regular tumor motion case. This study analyzed motion-induced dose error as a function of each tumor motion parameters of irregular tumor motion during helical tomotherapy. The analysis showed that variability control of irregular tumor motion is important. We believe that the variability of irregular tumor motion can be reduced by using abdominal compression and respiratory training.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.85-93
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a butanol fraction of fraction of Alisma canaliculatum All. Braun et Bouche (Ac), and of selenium (Se), on plasma gllucose and lipid levee in streptozotocin (STD-induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, fed the AIN-93 recommended diet, were divided into five groups: a non-diabetic control group (no STZ treatment), and four 572-induced diabetic groups which consisted of a diabetic-control group, an Ac-treated group, an Ac-Se treated group, and a Se-treated group. Diabetes was induced in the rats by an injection of STZ into the tail vein at a dose of 45 mg/kg body weight. The butanol (BuOH) fraction of Ac was orally administered at a rate of 400 mg/kg body weight for 21 days to both the Ac and Ac-Se groups. The supplementation of selenium in the Se and Ac-Se groups was achieved by adding (freshly, every day) 2 mg of Se as Na$_2$SeO$_3$ per kg of feed. The rats'body weights and hematocrit (Hct) levels were measured, along with plasma levels of glucose, insulin, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), and free fatty acids (FFA). Aminotransferase activities were also analyzed. The non-diabetic rats gained weight, while the diabetic rats lost weight - except in the Ac-Se group, which maintained their initial weight. The blood glucose levels of the Ac group and the Se group were significantly lower than for the diabetic-control group. The plasma triglyceride levels were lowered when both Ac and Se were administered to diabetic rats. The concentrations of plasma FFA in the Ac-Se group were significantly lower compared with the diabetic-control group. Plasma cholesterol levels and alanine aminotransferase activity in the Ac, Ac-Se, and Se groups were significantly lower when compared with the diabetic-control group. Aspartate aminotransferase activity was significantly lower in the Se group compared to the other diabetic groups. These data show that treatment with a butanol fraction of Ac in combination with Se has no synergistic effect. Plasma glucose levels tended to be low when Se was administered to diabetic rats. Supplementation of Se in diabetic rats did not elicit a significant increase in plasma insulin levels or result in hypolipemic effects.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 2000

Objective : There are many treatment modalitis in management of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. In the secondary trigeminal neuralgia, there has been only sporadic reports of the etiology. Authors report the treatment result of secondary trigeminal neuralgia with percutaneous radiofrequency rhizotomy. Methods : During last ten years, 129 trigeminal neuralgias were treated by percutaneous radiofrequency(RF) rhizotomy by authors. Among them, nine patients were secondary trigeminal neuralgias. These patients refused treatment for the primary cause and only wanted pain control. The offending lesions were three arachnoid cysts, six tumors. The mean age was 47.8 years and the mean duration of follow-up was 6.2 years. The right V2,3 distribution was most prevalent area of pain. Authors used the conventional Hartel's anterior approach and straight electrode for RF lesion generation. Result : The early result was satisfactory. Eight of nine patients became free of pain and one patient needed minimal dose of carbamazepine. The overall pain control was 100%. There was no mortality or morbidity for initial RF rhizotomy. During follow-up, four patients showed recurrence of pain(44%). Among these, two underwent repeated RF rhizotomy and became free of pain. The other two were controlled with medical management. Conclusion : These results indicate that the percutaneous RF rhizotomy is effective means of pain control. Overall recurrence was somewhat higher than that of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Even with recurrence, however, repeated RF rhizotomy seems to be effective method of control of pain in these cases.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.26-36
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• 1992

The metabolic profile of triprolidine, 2-[1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(1-pyrrolidinyl-1-propenyl)] pyridine, was determined in rat urine and bile. The free fractions of urinary and biliary extracts were obtained without hydrolysis, and the conjugated fractions of extracts were obtained with enzyme hydrolysis using ${\beta}-glucuronidase$ from Escherichia coli. The mixture of N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide/trimethylsilyl chloride (100 : 1, v/v) was used to derivatize the extracts and then analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Hydroxymethyltriprolidine, hydroxytriprolidine, triprolidine carboxylic acid, dihydroxytriprolidine 1, dihydroxytriprolidine 2, oxotriprolidine carboxylic acid and unchanged triprolidine were detected in rat urine and bile, which were obtained after oral treatment with triprolidine hydrochloride. The maximum urinary excretion rate of triprolidine and hydroxymethyltriprolidine which were extracted from free fraction was at 1 to 2 hours after drug administration. Hydroxymethyltriprolidine was detected in conjugated fraction, and the maximum urinary excretion rate of that metabolite was at 2 to 3 hours in rat. In rat bile analysis, triprolidine was detected only in free fraction and its biliary excretion rate showed the maximum within 30 minutes after drug administration and decreased continuously thereafter. The excretion percentage of triprolidine and hydroxymethyltriprolidine to the initial dose of the parent drug in bile and urine of rats were all low.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.143-156
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• 2005

Background: The best dose-fractionation regimen of the definitive radiotherapy for cervix cancer remains to be clearly determined. It seems to be partially attributed to the complexity of the affecting factors and the lack of detailed information on external and intra-cavitary fractionation. To find optimal practice guidelines, our experiences of the combination of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy (HDR-ICBT) were reviewed with detailed information of the various treatment parameters obtained from a large cohort of women treated homogeneously at a single institute. Materials and Methods: The subjects were 743 cervical cancer patients (Stage IB 198, IIA 77, IIB 364, IIIA 7, IIIB 89 and IVA 8) treated by radiotherapy alone, between 1990 and 1996. A total external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) dose of $23.4\~59.4$ Gy (Median 45.0) was delivered to the whole pelvis. High-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy (HDR-IBT) was also peformed using various fractionation schemes. A Midline block (MLB) was initiated after the delivery of $14.4\~43.2$ Gy (Median 36.0) of EBRT in 495 patients, while In the other 248 patients EBRT could not be used due to slow tumor regression or the huge initial bulk of tumor. The point A, actual bladder & rectal doses were individually assessed in all patients. The biologically effective dose (BED) to the tumor ($\alpha/\beta$=10) and late-responding tissues ($\alpha/\beta$=3) for both EBRT and HDR-ICBT were calculated. The total BED values to point A, the actual bladder and rectal reference points were the summation of the EBRT and HDR-ICBT. In addition to all the details on dose-fractionation, the other factors (i.e. the overall treatment time, physicians preference) that can affect the schedule of the definitive radiotherapy were also thoroughly analyzed. The association between MD-BED $Gy_3$ and the risk of complication was assessed using serial multiple logistic regression models. The associations between R-BED $Gy_3$ and rectal complications and between V-BED $Gy_3$ and bladder complications were assessed using multiple logistic regression models after adjustment for age, stage, tumor size and treatment duration. Serial Coxs proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the relative risks of recurrence due to MD-BED $Gy_{10}$, and the treatment duration. Results: The overall complication rate for RTOG Grades $1\~4$ toxicities was $33.1\%$. The 5-year actuarial pelvic control rate for ail 743 patients was $83\%$. The midline cumulative BED dose, which is the sum of external midline BED and HDR-ICBT point A BED, ranged from 62.0 to 121.9 $Gy_{10}$ (median 93.0) for tumors and from 93.6 to 187.3 $Gy_3$ (median 137.6) for late responding tissues. The median cumulative values of actual rectal (R-BED $Gy_3$) and bladder Point BED (V-BED $Gy_3$) were 118.7 $Gy_3$ (range $48.8\~265.2$) and 126.1 $Gy_3$ (range: $54.9\~267.5$), respectively. MD-BED $Gy_3$ showed a good correlation with rectal (p=0.003), but not with bladder complications (p=0.095). R-BED $Gy_3$ had a very strong association (p=<0.0001), and was more predictive of rectal complications than A-BED $Gy_3$. B-BED $Gy_3$ also showed significance in the prediction of bladder complications in a trend test (p=0.0298). No statistically significant dose-response relationship for pelvic control was observed. The Sandwich and Continuous techniques, which differ according to when the ICR was inserted during the EBRT and due to the physicians preference, showed no differences in the local control and complication rates; there were also no differences in the 3 vs. 5 Gy fraction size of HDR-ICBT. Conclusion: The main reasons optimal dose-fractionation guidelines are not easily established is due to the absence of a dose-response relationship for tumor control as a result of the high-dose gradient of HDR-ICBT, individual differences In tumor responses to radiation therapy and the complexity of affecting factors. Therefore, in our opinion, there is a necessity for individualized tailored therapy, along with general guidelines, in the definitive radiation treatment for cervix cancer. This study also demonstrated the strong predictive value of actual rectal and bladder reference dosing therefore, vaginal gauze packing might be very Important. To maintain the BED dose to less than the threshold resulting in complication, early midline shielding, the HDR-ICBT total dose and fractional dose reduction should be considered.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2008

In order to control or kill insects and pests, control ripening, and delay spoilage, kiwifruits were irradiated with gamma rays at 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 kGy. Vitamin C, hydrogen donating activity, sugar content, organic acid content, texture, chromaticity, and sensory qualities were examined in the fruits over 2 weeks of storage at 20$^{\circ}C$. Vitamin C content and hydrogen donating activity decreased during the storage period, but they were not reduced by the irradiation process. Total sugar and reducing sugar contents increased as the storage period increased; however, these were also unaffected by irradiation. Organic acid content significantly decreased as a result of irradiation, and all samples had decreases in organic acids over the storage period. Hardness decreased with the storage period as well as with increasing doses of irradiation. In terms of Hunter's color values, irradiation increased the $L^*-\;and\;a^*-$ values in the initial storage period, but it did not have any significant effect on these values during the 2 weeks of storage. When compared with control samples, the irradiated samples had lower color and overall acceptability scores just after irradiation (week 0). However, during the storage period, the irradiated samples had higher scores for smell, taste, texture, and overall acceptability than the control. In conclusion, based on the results, gamma irradiation up to 0.5 kGy is the recommended treatment to maintain the overall quality attributes kiwifruit.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.245-248
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• 2006

Objective : To evaluate the effectiveness of Novalis shaped beam radiation treatment as an adjuvant treatment in patients with craniopharyngiomas. Methods : We reviewed 8 patients with craniopharyngiomas who had recurring tumors during follow-up or had residual lesions after primary surgery. Three of 8 patients were found to have recurrence after gross total excision of the tumor and 5 patents had residual lesions after subtotal resection. All patients were treated with fractionated stereotactic radiation treatment[FSRT] using Novalis system. The mean age of patients was 28 years [range $16{\sim}52$]. The median irradiation dose per fraction was 17Gy [range $1.7{\sim}2.0$]. The median fraction number was 23 [range $15{\sim}25$], and the median total dose was 39.1 Gy [range $25.5{\sim}42.5$]. Follow-up included MR imaging, and ophthalmologic and endocrine examinations. Results : The median follow-up period was 23 months [range $12{\sim}43$]. The local tumor control rate was 87.5%. One patient had a recurring tumor, in which cystic change developed 2 months after FSRT. Four patients showed a decrease in size of their tumor, while 3 patients remained stable. Seven out of 8 patients had hormonal dysfunction that remained unchanged after initial surgery. No further progression of visual impairment was observed. Conclusion : FSRT using Novais system is effective and safe for the treatment of recurring or residual craniopharyngiomas without toxicity like optic neuropathy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.291-297
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• 2014

The radioprotective effects of a single administration of kojic acid (KA) against ionizing radiation were evaluated via assessment of 30-day survival and alterations of peripheral blood parameters of adult C57BL/6 male mice. The 30-day survival rate of mice pretreated with KA (75 or 300 mg/kg body weight, KA75 or KA300) subcutaneously 27 h prior to a lethal dose (8 Gy, 153.52 cGy/min) of gamma irradiation was higher than that of mice irradiated alone (40% or 60% vs 0%). It was observed that the white blood cell (WBC) count/the red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin content, haematocrit and platelet count of mice with or without KA pretreatment as exposed to a sub-lethal dose (4 Gy, 148.14 cGy/min) of gamma irradiation decreased maximally at day 4/day 8 post-irradiation. Although the initial WBC values were low in KA300 or WR-2721 (amifostine) groups, they significantly recovered to normal at day 19, whereas in the control group they did not. The results from the cytotoxicity and cell viability assays demonstrated that KA could highly protect Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells against ionizing radiation with low toxicity. In summary, KA provides marked radioprotective effects both in vivo and in vitro.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.537-542
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• 1997

Chloral hydrate is one of the most widely used sedative agents to control the difficult-to-treat young age group in the dental clinic. The normal onset time of oral Chloral hydrate is 30-45 minute with some variations. We are often frustrated see the patient still awake and cry with agitation even after far more than the normal onset time. In such a case, the patient has to be rescheduled for another sedation visit with different agents and/or routes which greatly disappoints the guardians. This case report presents a sedative regimen that can possibly help the clinician complete scheduled treatment without postponement. We have tried additional administration of Midazolam intranasally to 22 patients of those who failed to respond properly to the initial dose(50-75mg/kg) of oral Chloral hydrate. The average age and weight of the patients was 34.2 months(22-61 mos.) and 15.2 kg(10-17 kg) respectively. Half of the regular dose of Midazolam(0.1mg/kg) was administered intranasally. using needless syringe in 42 cases without notable resistance of the patient. The onset was very rapid in most cases and colud proceed the treatment under the constant monitoring by Pulse oximeter. All the planned procedures could be completed in 93.2 % (69.4% of 'Good' plus 23.8% of 'Fair' rating)with only 6.8 %('Poor' rating) of failure rate. Evidence of adverse effect was not detected or reported during and/or after the procedures.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.992-997
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• 2002

Two in vivo experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of novel urease inhibitor hydroquinone (HQ) on ammonia release rate from urea hydrolysis, nitrogen balance, nutrient digestibility and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. In Exp. 1, twelve crossbred cannulated lambs were randomly assigned within initial body weight block to one of four HQ treatments, which included 0 (control), 30, 60 or 80 mg HQ/kg DM intake. Ammonia concentration and pH of ruminal fluid were immediately measured at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after feeding. Increasing the dose of HQ tended (p<0.15) to linearly decrease NH3 formation. The ammonia peak concentration (2 h post-feeding) in animals receiving HQ was approximately one-half of that in animals not receiving HQ (p<0.01), and a relatively sustained ammonia release could be obtained at the dose of 30 or 60 mg HQ/kg DM. In Exp. 2, sixteen intact crossbred lambs (weight $40{\pm}0.8kg$) were used in a $2{\times}2$ factorial design experiment. The four rations consisting of soybean meal-based (SBM) or urea-based (Urea) nitrogen source with or without HQ (S1, S0, U1 and U0) were fed in digestion and N balance trials. Apparent digestibility of major nutrients except that of ADF was not affected by either nitrogen source or addition of HQ. Regardless of nitrogen source, supplementation of HQ significantly improved ADF digestibility (p<0.05). The various ration had no effects on N metabolism in the presence of HQ. There was significant difference between total purine derivatives (PD), estimated efficiency of microbial N synthesis (p<0.05) and urea-N excretion (p<0.01) in the urine for the SBM ration and for the Urea ration. However, HQ had little influence on efficiency of microbial N synthesis as proportion of daily intake of total tract digestible OM (p>0.05). No interactions between main nitrogen source and HQ were measured throughout the trial. Results of this study suggest that addition of HQ to ration may improve ADF digestion with having no negative effect on N metabolism and microbial protein production.