• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.95-102
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• 1983

The radical treatment of uterine cervical cancer by interacavitary radium or cesium, in combination with teletherapy are well known. Although the result of such treatment should not give rise to complacency, problem of radiation exposure to medical staff had not been resolved. Fortunately, many attempts have been made to reduce this hazard, most of which take the form of afterloading applicators with a suitably shielded radioisotope. In order to avoid hazardous radiation exposure to staffs concerned with brachytherapy, RALS using high intensity source of Co-60, have been employed at Yonsei Cancer Center since May, 1979. It allows rectal and bladder doses to be kept low, while maintaining a satifactory usual dose distribution of the other type of applicators, and the short treatment time allow four or five patients to be treated per hour. It also removes much patient's discomfort and the difficulties of nursing these patients. Since the first introduction in Korea, over seven hundred cases with various stage of uterine cervical cancer have been treated on a radical basis at this center last 4 years. These authors have strongly attracted attention to the results in terms of local control rate, survival s and morbidity compared with those of conventional low dose rate radiotherapy. Retrospective interim analysis of data was preliminarily accomplished through the labored follow-up study of 340 cases treated during initial 2 years and the radiobiologic standpoint of high dose rate intracavitary irradiation will be discussed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.3561-3566
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• 2014

Background: Recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) after previous radiotherapy is challenging. There is no standard approach for salvage treatment. Here we present toxicity and treatment results for recurrent NFC patients who underwent fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) as second line radiotherapy (RT). Materials and Methods: Between April 2009 and July 2012, 24 patients, with a male to female ratio of 3:1, were treated with CykerKnife$^{(R)}$ FSRT for recurrent NFC in our institution. Seven out of 24 patients had metastatic recurrent disease. Median age was 53 years (range, 20-70 years). Initial RT dose was 70Gy. The time period between initial RT and FSRT was a median of 33.2 months. The median prescription dose for FSRT was 30Gy (range, 24-30 Gy) in a median of 5 fractions (range, 4-6). Results: The median follow-up for all patients was 19.5 months (IQR: 12.2.-29.2 months). The locoregional control; progression free survival and overall survival (OS) rates for 1-, 2- and 3-year were 64%, 38%, 21%; 60%, 30%, 17% and 83%, 43%, 31%, respectively. Median OS for the entire cohort was 22 months (95% CI: 16.5-27.5). On multivariate analysis recurrent tumor stage was the only prognostic factor for OS (p=0.004). One patient exhibited grade III temporal lobe necrosis. One died because of grade IV mucositis and overlapping infection. Conclusions: The treatment of recurrent NPC is controversial. Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy is promising. However, the published trials are heterogeneous with respect to the selection criteria and treatment details. Prospective studies with long term follow-up data are warranted.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.241-246
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• 2002

One of the Musty and earthy smell compounds in raw water is generally attributed to 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB). It is well known that activated carbon and oxidants such as $O_3$, Cl $O_2$, are effective ways to control 2-MIB. In isotherm equilibrium experiments, 2-MIB in distilled water was much more adsorbed to the activated carbon(A/C) than raw water containing dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The Freundlich constants(k) of distilled water and raw water were 3.36 and 0.049, and 1/n values were 0.80 and 0.42, respectively. The 2-MIB residual rate were Y = $e^{-0}$.55x/~ $e^{-0}$.54x/ with Ozone( $O_3$) dose by 5 minutes contact time at the 241 and 353 ng/L initial concentrations. The 2-MIB residual rate were Y = $e^{-0}$.32x/~ $e^{-0}$.35x/ with Chlorine dioxide(Cl $O_2$) dose by 15 minutes contact time at the 89 and 249 ng/L initial concentrations. 2-MIB was decreased from 1911 ng/L to 569ng/L by post-ozonation(70%removal efficiency) and removal efficiencies of 2-MIB by the following 4 kinds Granular Activated Carbon(GAC) process such as coal base, coconut base, wood base and zeolite＋carbon base were 95.8, 89.5, 88.4, and 93.7% respectively.ely.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 2012

Botanicals have been regarded as sustainable solution of pest control because of their nominal effect on nontarget pest, biodegradability and other environment friendly properties. However, study on impact of botanicals against beneficial insects is less. In this investigation effort has been made to study the effect of essential oils of Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum gratissimum and Ageratum conyzoides against non-mulberry silkworm Antheraea assama in terms of percent mortality, total haemocyte count (THC) and phenol oxidase (PO) enzyme activity. After application of essential oil of the plants by contact residual film technique, age dependent decrease of percent mortality was recorded. Topical treatment of oil at higher dosages ($1{\mu}lg^{-1}$ and $0.5{\mu}lg^{-1}$) caused 100% mortality of late instar larvae at 24 hour but the lowest dose ($0.25{\mu}lg^{-1}$) did not cause any mortality till 48 hour of treatment. Initial increase of total haemocyte count (THC) was recorded at early hours of treatment (0.25 hour) at all dosages (1, 0.5, $0.25{\mu}lg^{-1}$) after topical treatment. A dose dependent increase was observed in phenol oxidase enzyme activity and this might indicate ability of the essential oils to cause induction of immune response in Antheraea assama larvae.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical outcomes of hypofractionated radiotherapy (HFRT) with three-dimensional conformal technique for medically inoperable patients with early stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to evaluate prognostic factors. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective review of 26 patients who underwent HFRT for early stage NSCLC between September 2005 and August 2011. Only clinical stage T1-3N0 was included. The median RT dose was 70 Gy (range, 60 to 72 Gy) and the median biologically equivalent dose (BED) was 94.5 Gy (range, 78.0 to 100.8 Gy). In 84.6% of patients, 4 Gy per fraction was used. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with paclitaxel and cisplatin was given to 2 of 26 patients. Results: The median follow-up time for surviving patients was 21 months (range, 13 to 49 months). The overall response rate was 53.9%, and the initial local control rate was 100%. The median survival duration was 27.8 months. Rates of 2-year overall survival, progression-free survival (PFS), local control (LC), and locoregional-free survival (LRFS) were 54.3%, 61.1%, 74.6%, and 61.9%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that BED (>90 vs. ${\leq}90$ Gy) was an independent prognostic factor influencing PFS, LC, and LRFS. Severe toxicities over grade 3 were not observed. Conclusion: Radical HFRT can yield satisfactory disease control with acceptable rates of toxicities in medically inoperable patients with early stage NSCLC. HFRT is a viable alternative for clinics and patients ineligible for stereotactic ablative radiotherapy. BED over 90 Gy and 4 Gy per fraction might be appropriate for HFRT.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.163-168
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• 1972

Previously identified female pupae were X-irradiated with a dose of 1000r one day prior to moth transformation. Female mothes from irradiated and non-irradiated pupae were copulated with normal male ones and allowed to lay eggs. Fertilized eggs were collected at 6 intervals such as 5, 15, 45, 90 minutes, 12 and 40 hours after laying, and deep-freezed immediately after each collection until measurements. RNase activity and nucleic acid content were determined with each sample and following results were obtained. 1) It was proved to exist two RNases in silk worm eggs as in mammalian tissues, one active maximally at pH 5.8 and the other at pH 8.0, and the acid RNase activity was much higher than that of alkaline RNase. 2) The activity of acid and alkaline RNases increased remarkably during early development of the embryo of silk worm eggs, reaching the maximum activity at 45 minutes from laying time in non-irradiated group. There was no appreciable difference in two RNase activities for 45 minutes after laying in both control and irradiated groups, but the activity of acid and alkaline RNases in latter group was three times as much as that in former group, at 90 minutes from laying time and it was also found the acid RNase activity was 1.8 times higher than alkaline one in irradiated group. 3) The RNA-P content of control group increased considerably for initial 45 minutes, followed by a decline 45 minutes later with sight but steady increase thereafter. The RNA-P content of irradiated group, however, increased at initial 5 minutes, followed by a marked fall 90 minutes after laying, with no change thereafter. The DNA-P of control group showed a sharp increase for initial 45 minutes, followed by a decline 45 minutes later with no appreciable change thereafter, whereas that of irradiated group showed an increase at initial 15 minutes, followed by a sharp decline for following 45 minutes with a gradual increase thereafter. It was thus proved that the synthesis of nucleic acid in silk worm eggs was much suppressed by X-irradiation during early development of embryo. 4) The RNase activity varied in parallel with the RNA-P content in control group, but the RNA-P content in irradiated group was shown to be minimum value in concidence with the maximum activity of both RNases.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.230-236
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• 2001

Purpose : To evaluate treatment results in terms of local control, complications and survival after reirraidiation in recurrent cervical cancer following definite radiation therapy. Material and methods : From November 1987 through March 1998, eighteen patients with recurrent cervical cancer following definite radiation therapy were subsequently treated with reirradiation at Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center. In regard to the initial FIGO stage, one patient was stage la, five were stage IIa, three were IIb, two were IIb and two were IVa. The age range was 37 to 79 years old with median age of 57. The time interval from initial definite radiation therapy to recurrence ranged from 6 to 122 months with a median of 58 months. The recurrent sites were the uterine cervix in seven patients, vagina in ten and pelvic lymph node in one. Reirradiation was peformed with external radiation and intracavitary radiation in twelve patients, external radiation and implantation in four and external radiation alone in two. The range of external radiation dose was $2,100\~5,400\;cGy$ and the range of the total radiation dose was $3,780\~8,550\;cGy$. The follow-up periods ranged from 8 to 20 months with median of 25 following reirradiation. Results : Fourteen of eighteen patients $(78\%)$ had local control just after reirradiation. The two year disease free survival (2YDFS) rate was $53.6\%$. There were statistically significant differences in the 2YDFS according to both recurrent site (2YDFS $28.5\%$ in uterine cervix, $71.4\%$ in vagina, (p=0.03)) and the total dose (2YDFS $71.8\%$ in >6,000 cGy , $25\%$ in $\leq6,000$ cGy, p=0.007). Seven of ten patients who were followed for more than 20 months remain alive and disease free (7/18, $39\%$). Patients treated with external radiation and intracavitary radiation had a higher rate of 2YDFS. Seven patients including 4 patients with no local control experienced local failure in the uterus or vagina and two patients died with distant metastasis. Complications included rectal bleeding in 3 patients, bowel obstruction treated with surgery in two, hematuria in one, radiation cystitis in two, soft tissue swelling in two and vaginal necrosis spontaneously healed in one. There was no statistical difference in complications according to the total dose or the time to recurrence from initial radiation. Conclusion : In patients with recurrence following definite radiation therapy in the uterine cervical cancer, reirradiation may be effective but requires an effort to reduce radiation induced severe complications.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.377-384
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• 2004

In the present study, a feasibility of an advanced oxidation process using UV/Hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$) system equipped with a medium pressure lamp for secondary effluent reclamation was investigated. Initial concentration of $H_2O_2$ and pH were changed to determine the optimum operation condition for the system. The removal efficiency of color was than 80% with 14.3mg/L of initial $H_2O_2$ and 5 minute of contact time in the UV/$H_2O_2$ system. The color removal was analyzed using first-order reaction equation. The dependence of rate constant (k) on initial $H_2O_2$ represented the rational relationship with maximum value. Residual $H_2O_2$ caused increase of effluent COD, since analyzing agent, dichromate, reacted with $H_2O_2$ in the sample. Therefore, excess initial concentration of $H_2O_2$ would significantly affect effluent COD measurement. At pH variation experiment, both residual $H_2O_2$ and color showed peak in the neutral pH range with the same pattern. Effect of $H_2O_2$ dose also enhanced color removal but raised residual $H_2O_2$ problem in the continuous operation UV system. In conclusion, these results indicated that medium pressure UV/$H_2O_2$ system could be used to control color in the secondary effluent for reclamation and reuse.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.1333-1336
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• 2014

Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) grafts have been used as vascular access for many patients suffering from end stage renal disease. However, the vascular graft can cause significant clinical problems such as stenosis or thrombosis. For this reason, many studies have been performed to make drug eluting graft, but initial burst is major problem in almost drug eluting systems. Therefore we used biodegradable polymer to reduce initial burst and make sustained drug delivery. The ePTFE grafts were dipped into a paclitaxel-dissolved solution and then PLGA-dissolved solution was passed through the lumen of ePTFE. We analyzed whether the dose of paclitaxel is enough and the loading amount of PLGA on ePTFE graft increases according to the coating solution's concentration. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of various concentration of PLGA showed that the porous surface of graft was more packed with PLGA by tetrahydrofuran solution dissolved PLGA. In addition, in vitro release profiles of Ptx-PLGA graft demonstrated that early burst was gradually decreased as increasing the concentration of PLGA. These results suggest that PLGA coating of Ptx loaded graft can retard drug release, it is useful tool to control drug release of medical devices.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.53-65
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• 2001

Purpose : To improve the local control of patients with nasopharyngeal cancer, we have implemented 3-D conformal radiotherapy and forward intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) to used of compensating filters. Three dimension conformal radiotherapy with intensity modulation is a new modality for cancer treatments. We designed 3-D treatment planning with 3-D RTP (radiation treatment planning system) and evaluation dose distribution with tumor control probability (TCP) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP). Material and Methods : We have developed a treatment plan consisting four intensity modulated photon fields that are delivered through the compensating tilters and block transmission for critical organs. We get a full size CT imaging including head and neck as 3 mm slices, and delineating PTV (planning target volume) and surrounding critical organs, and reconstructed 3D imaging on the computer windows. In the planning stage, the planner specifies the number of beams and their directions including non-coplanar, and the prescribed doses for the target volume and the permissible dose of normal organs and the overlap regions. We designed compensating filter according to tissue deficit and PTV volume shape also dose weighting for each field to obtain adequate dose distribution, and shielding blocks weighting for transmission. Therapeutic gains were evaluated by numerical equation of tumor control probability and normal tissue complication probability. The TCP and NTCP by DVH (dose volume histogram) were compared with the 3-D conformal radiotherapy and forward intensity modulated conformal radiotherapy by compensator and blocks weighting. Optimization for the weight distribution was peformed iteration with initial guess weight or the even weight distribution. The TCP and NTCP by DVH were compared with the 3-D conformal radiotherapy and intensitiy modulated conformal radiotherapy by compensator and blocks weighting. Results : Using a four field IMRT plan, we have customized dose distribution to conform and deliver sufficient dose to the PTV. In addition, in the overlap regions between the PTV and the normal organs (spinal cord, salivary grand, pituitary, optic nerves), the dose is kept within the tolerance of the respective organs. We evaluated to obtain sufficient TCP value and acceptable NTCP using compensating filters. Quality assurance checks show acceptable agreement between the planned and the implemented MLC(multi-leaf collimator). Conclusion : IMRT provides a powerful and efficient solution for complex planning problems where the surrounding normal tissues place severe constraints on the prescription dose. The intensity modulated fields can be efficaciously and accurately delivered using compensating filters.