• 혜화의학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

This study analyzed the contents of the research papers of Complementary Medicine concerning the inhalation drug for asthma published in Pubmed during lately 10 years. As a result, the following conclusion was drawn. 1. There were 5 papers concerning 2 review articles, 2 experimental studies and 1 clinical study. 2. Interventions of research papers are glutathione, microorganism fermentation extract (EM-X), ginkgolide and compound Chinese herbal monomer recipe (ligustrazin, baicalin, ginkgolide). 3. There is no controlled study for effect of inhaled glutathione, on the contrary it induced bronchial constriction in sulfites sensitive asthmatics. 4. Inhalation of EM-X reduced airway hyper-reactivity and level of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in OVA challenged asthmatic mice. 5. Ginkgolide nebulized inhalation reduced symptomatic scorings and eosinophil cationic protein, improved FEV1 and PEF. 6. Compound Chinese herbal monomer (CHM) recipe reduced blood eosinophil count, eosinophil count and total cell cound in BALF, depressed airway hyper-responsiveness and airway inflammation.

• 대한치과마취과학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2002

The usage of nitrous oxide is increased for the anxious patient to dental treatment. There are two methods to induce the sedation during dental treatment. One is sedation with drugs the other no need of drugs. We discussed here about sedation with drugs. The methods of drug administration are oral, intramuscular, intravenous, inhalation. The method of oral administration of drugs are convenient to patient and doctor but poor controllability. Intramuscular method is a parenteral technique that maintains several advantages over the enteral technique. However its pales in comparison to other parenteral technique. Intravenous method represents most effective method of ensuring predictable and adequate sedation in all patients. But it has inability to reverse the action of drugs after they have been injected except some drugs (e.g., narcotics and benzodiazepine). A variety of gaseous agents may be administered by inhalation to produce sedation. In dental practice, the inhalation administration of gas means use of nitrous oxide. There are many advantages of nitrous oxide administration. First, very short latent period and rapid onset of drug action which lead to possible titration of drug concentration. With nitrous oxide, clinical effects may become noticeable as quickly as 15 to 30 seconds after inhalation. Recovery from inhalation sedation is also quite rapid. In out patient dental practice rapid recovery is very important because it permit to discharge the patient without escort and the patient return to their ordinary life without limit. To success the conscious sedation with nitrous oxide, the administrator should be keep the mind that always titration of nitrous oxide concentration during induction and treatment. Careful observation need during treatment to prevent oversedation because the adequate nitrous oxide concentration to patients changed by environmental stress. Always begins with 100% oxygen and ends with 100% oxygen to prevent diffusion hypoxia which rare in clinical practice.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.78-87
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• 2020

Objectives: To identify the degree of physical burden, a determination was undertaken of dust collection efficiency, inhalation pressure, and CO₂ concentration related to health masks certified by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS). Methods: Twenty health masks were purchased on the market. Dust collection efficiency and inhalation pressure were determined in the same manner as in MFDS certification testing, respectively using TSI Model 8130 (TSI, U.S.) and ART Plus (Korea). CO₂ concentrations for 20 subjects using a CO₂ analyzer (G100, G150, Geotechnical Instrument Ltd., UK) were measured with a similar method as a total inward leakage test. In addition to CO₂ levels, dead space volumes in the masks was determined for predicting concentrations of CO₂ in inhalation air. Results: Most of the dust collection efficiencies found for the 20 masks were far higher than the standard. Four KF94s met KF99 and four KF80s even met KF94. Most inhalation pressures were also much lower than the standard, with many almost one-half of the standard. The mean and standard deviation of CO₂ concentration in the mask were 2.9±0.44%. Considering dead volume, the prediction for CO₂ concentration in the inhalation air was 4,395±1,266 ppm. Conclusions: For healthy men and women, the dust collection efficiency and inhalation pressure of health masks were not at a level that would affect their health. Although CO₂ levels in the inhalation air were predicted not to affect health, research on the physiological effects of health masks on Koreans is needed for more precise research.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.217-222
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• 2010

Many studies have reported that bleomycin, anti-cancer drug, induces pulmonary fibrosis as a side effect. However, few investigations have focused on the dose-response effects of bleomycin on pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects of different doses of bleomycin in male mice. ICR mice were given 3 consecutive doses of bleomycin: 1, 2, or 4 mg/kg in bleomycin-treated (BT) groups and saline only in vehicle control (VC) groups. The animals were sacrificed at 7 and 24 days postinstillation. The severity of pulmonary fibrosis was evaluated according to inflammatory cell count and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the broncho alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissues were histologically evaluated after hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and Masson's trichrome staining. BT groups exhibited changed cellular profiles in BAL fluid compared to the VC group, which had an increased number of total cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes and a modest increase in the number of macrophages at 7 days post-bleomycin instillation. Moreover, BT groups showed a dose-dependent increase in LDH levels and inflammatory cell counts. However, at 24 days after treatment, collagen deposition, interstitial thickening, and granulomatous lesions were observed in the alveolar spaces in addition to a decrease in inflammatory cells. These results indicate that pulmonary fibrosis induced by 4 mg/kg bleomycin was more severe than that induced by 1 or 2 mg/kg. These data will be utilized in experimental animal models and as basic data to evaluate therapeutic candidates through non-invasive monitoring using the pulmonary fibrosis mouse model established in this study.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.267-275
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of inhaled clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) oil or linalyl acetate on patients' anxiety and stress levels before undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: Forty-five eligible participants were randomly assigned to inhale clary sage oil, or linalyl acetate, each at concentrations of 5% vol/vol in almond oil or pure almond oil (control). State-trait anxiety inventory (STAI), Stress rating scale, anxiety-visual analog scale (Anxiety-VAS), stress-visual analog scale (Stress-VAS), blood pressure, and heart rate were measured before and after the inhalation prior to undergoing chemotherapy. Results: Anxiety-VAS and Stress-VAS were significantly lower after than before inhalation of clary sage oil (p< .01 and p< .05, respectively) and linalyl acetate (p< .05 and p< .05, respectively), despite having no significant difference in the three groups compared with control group. Systolic (p< .05) and diastolic (p< .01) blood pressure before undergoing chemotherapy were significantly lower after than before inhalation of linalyl acetate, while there was no significant difference in after than before inhalation of clary sage oil, despite both reducing levels of anxiety and stress. Conclusion: These findings suggest that linalyl acetate inhalation may be inappropriate in lowering anxiety and stress in patients undergoing chemotherapy, despite its anxiolytic and antistress effects, while clary sage oil inhalation may be useful in reducing anxiety and stress in patients undergoing chemotherapy, which has a risk of hypotensive side effects.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.104-108
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• 2005

Drug eruption refers to an adverse effect which is unintentionally given rise to by dosage, injection, inhalation, suppository and ointment, etc. Maculopapular, urticarial, morbilliform, papulosquamous, pustular, and bullous morphologies may be encountered. Adverse drug reactions also can cause pruritus or dysesthesia unaccompanied by rash. We treated a patient suffered from maculopapular rash and pruritus with acupuncture, herb medication and wet dressing. After treatment we observed the improvement. Based on this study, it is considered that oriental medical treatment can be applied to the management of drug eruption.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.292-301
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• 2021

Objectives: Wearing medical masks has been recommended since the declaration of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) as a pandemic disease. Certified medical masks are evaluated according to filtration efficiency and facial inhalation resistance. However, some people use non-certified common masks. This study aimed to evaluate various non-certified commercial masks based on the certification criteria for medical masks. Methods: Twenty mask products (three anti-droplet, three disposable dental, eight fashion, three cotton, and three children's masks) were selected. For performance evaluation, filtration efficiency and facial inhalation resistance tests were conducted. The evaluation method followed the certification method for KF-certified masks of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) and the N95 respirator of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Results: None of the 20 masks met the KF94 certification standard set by the MFDS. Four and three masks respectively met the KF80 certification standard and the N95 standard of NIOSH. Filtration efficiency was significantly higher in three-layer masks than in single layer masks. Pleated-type masks had higher filtration efficiency than cone-type masks. There was no correlation between the structure of masks and facial inhalation resistance. Conclusion: While no masks complied with the KF94 certification standard, a few masks met the KF80 and the N95 certification standards of NIOSH. Although some people wear non-certified commercial masks, protection from aerosols is not guaranteed by such masks. Evaluation of the protection efficiency of non-certified mask against microbiological infection is needed for the prevention of infectious disease.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.507-528
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• 2011

포장에서 농약 살포액의 조제, 살포 등의 작업을 수행하는 농작업자는 피부노출, 호흡노출경로를 통해 농약에 노출되며, 이러한 상황에서의 농약 노출에 대한 합리적인 위해성 평가를 위해서는 해당 영농상황에서 노출량을 정량적으로 측정해야 한다. 농약 노출 측정방법으로 patch, 장갑, 양말, 마스크를 이용하는 방법과 호흡 노출은 주로 고체흡착제와 공기흡입펌프가 연결된 personal air monitor를 사용하는 것이 좋을 것으로 판단된다. 이 농작업자의 정량적 피부 노출 측정법으로 유효할 것으로 판단된다. 노출 재료에 침착/부착된 농약량이나 고체흡착제에 포집된 농약량을 신체 전체에 대한 농약 노출량으로 외삽하기 위한 EPA 자료를 대체할 수 있도록 한국 사람의 표준 신체표면적 및 호흡률을 제안하였다. 중요한 노출 인자인 피부노출의 의복 침투율과 피부 침투율, 그리고 호흡노출의 침투율을 UK-POEM과 관련된 연구결과를 참고하여 다양하게 제안하였다. 노출 평가를 위한 살포 시간은 노출 측정 재료에 침착된 농약이 분석이 될 만큼 충분한 농약이 포집될 수 있도록 살포시간이 충분해야 하는데, 국내의 SS기나 동력분무기의 경우는 1반복 당 모두 약 20~40분에 살포(약 0.1~0.2 ha)로 해서 3반복 측정 결과를 4시간으로 환산할 것을 제안하였다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.282-291
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• 2020

Inhaled solvents such as toluene are of particular concern due to their abuse potential that is easily exposed to the environment. The inhalation of toluene causes various behavioral problems, but, the effect of short-term exposure of toluene on changes in emotional behaviors over time after exposure and the accompanying pathological characteristics have not been fully identified. Here, we evaluated the behavioral and neurochemical changes observed over time in mice that inhaled toluene. The mice were exposed to toluene for 30 min at a concentration of either 500 or 2,000 ppm. Toluene did not cause social or motor dysfunction in mice. However, increased anxiety-like behavior was detected in the short-term after exposure, and depression-like behavior appeared as delayed effects. The amount of striatal dopamine metabolites was significantly decreased by toluene, which continued to be seen for up to almost two weeks after inhalation. Additionally, an upregulation of serotonin 1A (5-HT_1A) receptor in the hippocampus and the substantia nigra, as well as reduced immunoreactivity of neurogenesis markers in the dentate gyrus, was observed in the mice after two weeks. These results suggest that toluene inhalation, even single exposure, mimics early anxiety-and delayed depression-like emotional disturbances, underpinned by pathological changes in the brain.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.201-206
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• 2008

Exposure to formaldehyde(FA) is closely associated with adverse health effects such as irritation, inflammation, and squamous cell carcinomas of the nasal cavities. Owing to its rapid metabolism and elimination, exposure to FA does not always result in an increased concentration in blood or urine of animals and humans. Therefore, the development of biomarkers for FA exposure is necessary for risk assessment. In the present study, the effects of FA were investigated on the expression of genes involved in the MAPK pathway in vitro and results confirmed in rats exposed to FA by inhalation. Treatment of Hs 680.Tr human tracheal epithelial cells with FA induced gene expression for PDGFA, TNFSF11, SHC1, and HRAS. HRAS expression was also increased in tracheas of rats exposed to FA. In addition, FA exposure induced the expression of RASSF4, a member of the Rasassociation domain family of Ras effectors, in rat tracheas. In conclusion, data showed FA-inducible expression of genes involved in the MAPK pathway occurred and increased expression of HRAS and RASSF4 was noted in rat tracheas subchronically exposed to FA by inhalation. These genes may serve as molecular targets of FA toxicity facilitating the understanding of the toxic mechanism.