• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.239-244
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• 2007

Respirable particles cause many occupational and environmental diseases of the lung. To study these diseases, laboratory animals are often exposed to these particles. Inhalation and instillation are the well-known techniques for experimental exposures of the lung to respirable particles. Recently, another technique called oropharyngeal aspiration (OPA) has been introduced for exposing the lung to pathogens and/or particles. The conventional OPA technique for the mouse is generally carried out using a micropipette with a fixed slant board. In order to modify the conventional OPA in this study, anesthetized mice were placed on an adjustable slant board, a syringe pump was used to deliver the solution to the oropharynx, and the mice were allowed to recover in vertically positioned tubes for 6 minutes until fully awaked. Most importantly, the whole process of OPA could be carried out simply by an examiner. This modified OPA technique was validated by exposing the mouse lung to Evans Blue dye with a success rate of 95%.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

This study analyzed the contents of the research papers of Complementary Medicine concerning the inhalation drug for asthma published in Pubmed during lately 10 years. As a result, the following conclusion was drawn. 1. There were 5 papers concerning 2 review articles, 2 experimental studies and 1 clinical study. 2. Interventions of research papers are glutathione, microorganism fermentation extract (EM-X), ginkgolide and compound Chinese herbal monomer recipe (ligustrazin, baicalin, ginkgolide). 3. There is no controlled study for effect of inhaled glutathione, on the contrary it induced bronchial constriction in sulfites sensitive asthmatics. 4. Inhalation of EM-X reduced airway hyper-reactivity and level of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in OVA challenged asthmatic mice. 5. Ginkgolide nebulized inhalation reduced symptomatic scorings and eosinophil cationic protein, improved FEV1 and PEF. 6. Compound Chinese herbal monomer (CHM) recipe reduced blood eosinophil count, eosinophil count and total cell cound in BALF, depressed airway hyper-responsiveness and airway inflammation.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was done to examine the effects of aroma inhalation therapy on pain post tonsillectomy. Method: A non-equivalent control group pre- and post-test design was used. The research instruments used in this study were a pain perception measurement and vital signs (systolic & diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate levels). Twenty-five patients in the experimental group went through aroma inhalation therapy for ten minutes after the tonsillectomy. The aroma inhalation therapy used was a blended oil, a mixture of Lavender and Loman chamomile in the ratio of 2:1. The 25 patients in the control group did not receive the therapy. Before and after the experiment, both groups were tested for pain (pain perception and vital signs). Collected data were processed with the SPSS WIN. Ver. 14.0 program and analyzed using frequencies, percentages, ${\chi}^2$-test, Fisher's exact test, t-test and ANCOVA. Results: Pain perception of patients was not significantly reduced. However systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate were significantly reduced. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that aroma inhalation is a partially effective nursing intervention to reduce the post-operative tonsillectomy pain.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.273.2-274
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• 2003

The present study was designed to evaluate central inhibitory effects of an essential oil from Acori graminei Rhizoma (AGR), the dry rhizomes of Acorus gramineus Solander (Araceae) upon fragrance inhalation (aroma therapy). Preinhalation of an essential oil of AGR markedly delayed the appearance of pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsion. Furthermore, the inhalation of an essential oil of AGR impressively inhibited the activity of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase, a degradating enzyme for GABA as inhalation period is lengthened. (omitted)

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.112-119
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of aroma inhalation on nursing students stress responses and anxiety before their first clinical practice. Method: Data were collected during the period from March 5 to March 10, 2007 at K College in a province. There were seventy eight subjects, 35 for the experimental group and 38 for the control group. Aroma oils used were lavender, peppermint and rosemary. Before and after the treatment, the severity of stress and anxiety were evaluated by VAS and a questionnaire. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test and $\chi^2$-test with the SPSS program. Result: The score of subjective stress (VAS) decreased significantly after aroma inhalation(p=.000), but status anxiety was not significantly different between the two groups (p=.649). Conclusion: Aroma inhalation can be a useful intervention to reduce nursing student's stress before their first clinical practice.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.344-351
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of aroma inhalation on stress responses (physical symptoms, levels of anxiety, perceived stresses)of nursing students. Method: This study was a quasi-experimental research using anon-equivalent pre-post design and was conducted from June 1 to June 5, 2002. The subjects consisted of 77 junior nursing students who were divided into 39 experimental group members and 38 control group members. A pretest and Post-test were conducted to measure body symptoms, the level of anxiety, and the level of perceived stress. In the experimental group, aromas were given using an aroma lamp, lavender, peppermint, rosemary and Clary-Sage. In the control group, the treatment was not administered. Result: As a result of administering aroma inhalation to nursing students, their physical symptoms decreased, their anxiety scores were low, and their perceived stress scores were low, showing that aroma inhalation could be a very effective stress management method. Conclusion: Nursing educators should play an important role in contributing to college students' physical and psychological health by helping enhance their recognition of stress management and effectively relieving their stress using essential oils.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.382-388
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• 2013

Inhalation sedation has may advantageous properties that make it a suitable choice for sedation in pediatric, disabled and many patients, either alone or in conjunction with other agents. We need review of Guideline on use of nitrous oxide for dental patients that make minimizing complication of sedation for safe and effective sedation. Conventionally, nitric oxide is used for inhalation sedation, nowadays sevoflurane can also be used due to easily titratable for controllable effect and less failure of sedation. Recently sevoflurane can be used to provide sedation as a sole agent in air or oxygen or in combination with nitrous oxide in dentistry.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 2004

A chlorine gas is a common irritant and when exposed, it result in mild occular, oropharyngeal, or respiratory symptoms. In severe case, however, it may result in pulmonary edema, interstitial pneumonia, or respiratory failure. We report the case of 29-year-old and 46-year-old men is accidentally exposed to chlorine gas during cleaning water. The patients complained dyspnea, chest tightness, cough and both eye pain. During hospitalization, they were treated with inhalation of humidified oxygen, beta-adrenergic agonist and $2\%$ sodium bicarbonate. After several days, patients were discharged without respiratory symptoms and complication. In treatment of chlorine gas toxicity the inhalation of sodium bicarbonate is a possible initial therapy can improve respiratory symptoms in spite of lack of evidence.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.95-98
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• 2021

By far, studies on the effect of oral administration of peppermint essential oil on blood pressure are not consistent, increasing or decreasing. And the effect of inhalation of peppermint essential oil on blood pressure was not reported. This study was designed to clarify the effect of peppermint essential oil inhalation on the blood pressure and autonomic nervous system. Blood pressure and heart rate variability (HRV) as an indicator of autonomic nervous system activity were measured. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure was not changed significantly by inhalation of peppermint essential oil. Standard deviation of normal to normal (SDNN), a parameter of total activity of autonomic nervous system also was not changed significantly. High frequency (HF) power level, an indicator of parasympathetic nervous system activity was not changed by peppermint. These results indicate that action mechanism of peppermint essential oil on blood pressure is different by the method of administration, oral or inhalation.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2017

Side stream cigarette smoke (SSCS) is known to be as harmful and hazardous to human health as is active smoking. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the exposure to SSCS and its stimulatory and subacute effects on the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). A methionine and choline-deficient plus high fat (MCDHF) diet was administered to C57BL/6 mice for 6 weeks. During the first three weeks of MCDHF diet feeding, each diet group was exposed to SSCS (0, 20, $40{\mu}g/L$) or fresh air for 2 hrs per day and 5 days per week. Additional experiments were performed by increasing the concentration (0, 30, $60{\mu}g/L$) and exposure time (6 hours per day) of SSCS. According to histopathologic analysis and serum levels of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), there were no differences in hepatic fat deposition, fibrosis, apoptosis or liver damage in MCDHF-fed mice based on SSCS exposure. There were also no differences in the expression of inflammation-, oxidative stress- or fibrosis-related genes between MCDHF-fed mice with or without SSCS exposure. Therefore, it is concluded that SSCS with current exposure amounts does not have additive detrimental effects on the early stage of NASH.