• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.333-340
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• 2005

In order to better quantify the contribution from nonroad sources to emission inventories, it is important to understand not only the emissions rates of these engines but also activity patterns that can be used to accurately portray their in-use operation. To date, however, very little information is available on the actual activity patterns of nonroad equipment. In this study, a total of 18 pieces of nonroad equipment were instrumented with collected data including intake manifold air pressure (MAP), exhaust temperature and, on a subset of vehicles, engine rpm and throttle position. The equipment included backhoes, compactors, dozers, motor graders, loaders and scrappers used in applications such as landfilling, street maintenance and general roadwork. The activity patterns varied considerably depending on the type of equipment and the application. Daily equipment operating time ranged from less than 30 minutes to more than 8 hours, with landfill equipment having the highest daily use. The number of engine starts per day ranged from 3-11 lover the fleet with an average of 5 starts per day. The average percent idle time for the fleet was approximately $25\%$ with a range from 11 to $65\%$ for individual pieces of equipment. Duty cycles based on exhaust temperature/throttle position profiles were also developed for two graders and one dozer.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.724-728
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• 2007

Purpose: The objective of this study is to prevent postoperative lower eyelid retraction and scleral show. There are several approaches for orbital rim reconstruction. But these techniques are sometimes difficult to perform, and have some merits and faults. Maybe most common unwanted and unpleasant result that we have experienced by subciliary incision preseptal approach is the lower eyelid retraction and the scleral show. Therefore, I want to find out the causes and the solutions for such complication. We must know the mechanics for those unpleasant result first of all. Methods: We conducted a comparison of postoperative photographs between retroseptal approach group and preseptal approach group, both with subciliary incision. In experimental retroseptal group, incision was applied at subciliary region. After elevating skin flap to preserve pretarsal muscle, not with muscle flap elevation, but direct oblique incision through the muscle, retroseptal dissection was applied to the ROOF and the septum. Fixating fracture line, periosteal and septal repair was followed by skin repair. The light compressive dressings and protection were kept in place for 7 days. The effectiveness of this operative method was made comparison with control group which the preseptal approach was applied to, by postoperative 2nd week and 2nd month. Results: Author's technique had been used in 20 patients and control group was composed of 50 patients over 19months period. There were better results in experimental group than in control group and all of experimental group had no complaint about the lower eyelid retraction and the scleral show. Conclusion: It must be known about the reason of the lower eyelid retraction and the scleral show induced by subciliary and preseptal approach. Mechanically it can be easily proved. And the solution maybe will be easier if we get more information about the mechanics. I recommend the retroseptal subciliary approach

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.271-277
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• 2016

For a stable electric power supply in the space, nuclear batteries have been used as the main power source in a spacecraft owing to their long lifetime and high reliability. In accordance with the plan for lunar mission in Korea, nuclear batteries will supply electricity to the rover that needs to be developed. According to the information about the estimated payload, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute started with the conceptual design based on the previous studies in USA and Russia. Because a nuclear battery converts the decay heat of the radioisotope into electricity, thermal design, radiation shield, and shock protection need to be considered. In this study, two types of nuclear batteries, radial type and axial type, were designed according to the alignment of the thermoelectric module. Heat transfer analyses were performed to compare their thermoelectric efficiency, and test mockups were fabricated to evaluate their performances.

• 정보화정책
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.3-19
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• 2020

인공지능과 블록체인은 4차산업혁명을 이끌어 갈 핵심기술로 각광을 받으며 발전하고 있다. 그러나 아직까지 인공지능은 데이터 확보 및 검증, 결과값에 대한 근거 설명 등에서 한계를 보이고 있고 블록체인 역시 과다한 에너지 소모, 데이터 관리의 유연성 부족 등이 확산을 저해하는 단점으로 꼽히고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 상호보완적인 성격을 지닌 인공지능과 블록체인의 기술 및 산업 동향과 한계점, 그리고 이를 극복하기 위한 기술융합 방안을 분석하고 정책 개선방안을 제시하였다. 구체적으로 혁신정책 관점을 적용해 연구개발(R&D) 강화 측면에서 1) 국가 차원의 중장기 인공지능/블록체인 융합 연구 추진, 2) 블록체인 기반 인공지능 데이터 플랫폼 구축, 혁신 생태계 조성 측면에서 3) 산업별 인공지능/블록체인 융합 응용 발굴 지원, 4) 인공지능/블록체인 융합 비즈니스 모델 개발 스타트업 지원, 법제도 개선 측면에서 5) 규제 샌드박스 확대 적용, 6) 개인정보보호 관련 규제 정비를 제안하였다.

• 의료법학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.181-208
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• 2010

Maternity services is often perceived as a troublesome business and obstetric litigation is on the increase in Western countries. Overall, the number of claim and cost of litigation to the NHS Litigation Authority (NHSLA) from maternity services in the UK is increasing every year. Maternity services account for 60-70% of the total sum paid. This has widespread implications for both the individual practitioners and the institutions where they work, due to increasing malpractice insurance premiums. Fear of litigation is also attracting fewer medical graduates into the specialty, leading to a recruitment crisis in obstetrics and gynaecology. The litigation process can cause pain, suffering and distress to clinicians as well as to the patients and their families. Litigation in maternity services is the result of a complex of events when malpractice (presumed or real) impacts on the attitude of pregnant women and their environment. In such complexity, information is mandatory but may often be misinterpreted. If messages are not tailored to the receiver's capacity, communicating well with the pregnant patient becomes crucial. Therefore, to reduce medicallegal issues in obstetrics, increasing attention and an applicable standard of obstetric care to avoid negligence and medical errors should go along with other measures. Considering UK's experiences, NHS redress scheme make it easier to pursue small claims and birth related claims, without necessarily reducing the number of claims processed through the conventional legal system and perhaps encouraging even more of them. The task of dealing with the greater number of inquiries into their practice would inevitably create an added burden for clinicians and hospital managers. Thus further proposals are required to limit the cost of processing inflated claims and to consider whether clinicians should be given some protection from litigation alleging a failure to prevent birth related impairment.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2002

21세기들어 영화산업의 발달로 탄생한 복합상영관에서는 수많은 사람들이 문화생활을 즐기고 소비하는 장소가 되고 있다. 그러나 복합상영관을 이용하는 수많은 사람들은 불특정다수인으로 복합상영관의 구조와 관련정보가 매우 부족하여 현실적으로 화재시 많은 인명피해가 예상된다. 특히, 복합상영관은 대부분 대형지하공간 또는 초고층건물의 상충부에 십여개의 상영관과 다양한 문화시설이 자리잡아 일시에 수많은 인파가 몰리는 대표적 다중이용시설이다. 만일 화재 등 재난이 발생하였을 경우, 수많은 관객들의 생명과 안전을 보장하기는 상당히 어려울 것이다. 그러므로, 이와같은 문제점을 극복하기 위하여 복합상영관에서의 화재·피난안전상 체계적인 방재대책이 필요하다. 본 연구는 복합상영관의 개념정립과 공간 및 위치에 따른 위험도 분석을 통하여 컴퓨터시뮬레이션을 실시하고 이를 바탕으로 적정한 방재대책의 방향성을 제시하였다.

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제14C권3호
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• pp.221-228
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• 2007

오늘날 DRM 벤더별 독자적인 기술규격 사용으로 디지털 콘텐츠 및 디지털 기기의 상호호환성이 보장되고 있지 않으며, 디지털 콘텐츠의 권리를 보호할 수 있지만 사용자는 많은 제한과 불편을 감수해야 한다. InterTrust사가 제안한 Superdistribution은 콘텐츠 획득에 상관없이 오직 라이선스와 사용자 인증에 의해 콘텐츠 사용이 가능한 콘텐츠 분배 기술이다. 그러나 원래 콘텐츠가 사용자 소유의 디바이스로부터 다른 디바이스로 이동되어야 할 때 DRM 서버로부터 재 인증과 함께 추가적인 라이선스를 필요로 한다. 이 논문에서는 재 인증과 라이선스 재발급 절차의 불편함을 줄이고 오프라인 상에서 지속적인 콘텐츠 권리의 보호를 위해, 홈 디바이스 간에 도메인을 생성하고 사용자가 도메인 안에서 자유로운 콘텐츠 이동 가능한 DRM 시스템을 제안한다.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.36-50
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• 2002

Health industry, a knowledge based high value-added industry, is being considered as a strategic area for the 21C and many advanced countries are making every endeavors for the promotion of health industry along with information technology, new materials, and mechatronics. Korean health industry, however, has been excluded from the governmental supports as well as bound by strict regulation so far, and there is a significant gap in technology compared with advanced countries. In 21C, technology is the main factor of national competitiveness and that is why the role of R&D institutes are so important in the high level of competition to cope with the technology protection policies of advanced countries. In this article, with Directory of Korean R&D Institutes published by Korea Industry Technology Association, I reviewed the trends of R&D institute of health industry. Main findings of the research can be summarized as follows. The portion of health industry R&D institute is 3.6% of total R&D institute but the amount of R&D investment is over than 5% This means health industry are knowledge based and R&D intensified industry, meanwhile the variations of same industry R&D institutes of health industry is huge in R&D investments and other activities. Regional distributions of health industry institutes show some kind of different patterns in each industry areas. Medical devices and Medical informatics's preference of metropolitan region are distinguished with other industry areas. Many of the institutes are located in same site of it's company rather than operating separate building for R&D specific uses. It is better for transforming ideas to products and close cooperation of research body with product lines, but it is a handicap for networking and communicating with other research institutions too. It takes 18.4yrs for bearing R&D institute on the average. For a long times 'copy products' or 'me too products' policies were easy way to maintain business entities. But recently, it is recognized that research activities are essential component of sustaining it's own business firms. This means technology itself is leading power of corporation itself in the high level of competition.

• 정보과학회 논문지
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• 제44권10호
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• pp.1005-1018
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• 2017

가상화는 클라우드 컴퓨팅의 핵심 기술로 물리적 서버에 다수의 가상머신을 운영하여 서버 자원에 대한 활용도를 극대화하고, 관리의 편리성과 보안성을 향상시키는 것을 목표로 한다. 그러나 가상화는 물리적인 자원을 공유하기 때문에 가상머신의 성능이 저하되는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 가상머신의 대수에 따라서 발생하는 입출력 부하를 검증하고, 성능 저하의 원인을 해결하기 위해 KVM 하이퍼바이저의 블록 처리 과정을 분석하였다. 또한, 가상화 환경의 입출력 문제점을 보완하기 위한 QBic(QEMU/K-VM Based In-Memory Cache)을 구현하였다. QBic은 하이퍼바이저의 블록 입출력 과정을 모니터링하여 사용빈도가 높은 데이터를 캐시에 저장한다. 이후 캐시를 통해 해당하는 데이터를 빠르게 접근할 수 있으며, 스토리지의 접근 횟수를 줄여 하드웨어의 부하를 낮출 수 있다. 마지막으로 성능 측정을 통해 그 결과를 기술한다.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.59-69
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to examine the food labelling system and its regulations based on Food Hygine Law in Korea and to compare them with those of USA and JAPAN. This study was carried out to suggest desirable direction for improvement of food labelling system in Korea by reviewing literatures and regulations related to the subject of this study. The results are as follows: 1. The indication of shelf-life in Korean lavelling system appeared ineffective from the point of view of consumer protection and resource preservation compared with dual system of indicating shelf-life in USA and Japan. 2. The standard of labelling general food in Korea does not give sufficient nutritive information to the consumers, compared with that in USA and Japan. 3. Only five ingredients including additives are to be listed on the food label in Korea whereas all the ingredients and additives are in the USA and Japan. 4. The way of Listing food additives on food label is neither specifically required nor standardized in Korea and, food additives are classified into only 7 groups in Korea while 18 in the USA. Based on the above results of literature review, the followings are suggested to improve food labelling system in Korea. 1. Indication of shelf-life should have dual system, in which perishable food should not be permitted to be sold after its shelf-life while the processed food or dried food to be preserved for a long time should be indicated with more or less flexible term about shelf-life. 2. Standard of labelling general food should include calorie, fat, protein, and the content of major vitamins and minerals. 3. All ingredients and their contents, including food additives should be listed on the food labels. 4. The standard of indication of food additives in Korea should include the name, usage and content of all additives used in foods.