• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.519-528
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• 2007

Although science continues to be a key subject in the education of the majority of young people throughout the world, it is becoming increasingly clear that school science is failing to win the hearts and minds of many of today's younger generation. Researchers have begun to look at ways in which the learning that takes place in museums, science centres and other informal settings can add value to science learning in schools. Four case studies are used to illustrate the potential afforded by informal contexts to research aspects of science learning. The case studies involve: the European Union PENCIL (Permanent European Resource Centre for Informal Learning) project (a network of 14 museums and science centres working with schools to enhance learning in maths and science); a large natural history museum in England; the Tate Modernart gallery in London, and the Outdoor Classroom Action Research Project which involved researchers working in school grounds, field centres and farms. The range of research questions that were asked are examined as are the methodological approaches taken and the methods used to collect and analyse data. Lessons learned from the studies about research in the informal contexts are discussed critically.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.19-32
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• 2005

This paper examines procedure of informal institute-public school collaboration in an elementary school and analysis environmental effects of informal institute-public school collaboration that follows up curriculum based environmental education programs. The purpose of this program is to improve environmental knowledge, attitudes of elementary students. Partnership between informal environmental Institute(NGO's) and public elementary school teachers established through program. Teachers are encouraged to be involved in student's activities and program assesment. The program we discuss here is a community collaboration project that combines environmental and outdoor education based on school curriculum and student's regional properties. The aim of the study was to describe environmental educational-based school-community partnerships and to examine the advantages and limitations for such collaborations. Qualitative and Quantitative Data are collected and analysed. Outcomes of this program are very positive. Students who were participated in this program gained more environmental awareness, attitude, knowledge, skills and affection to their region. More this programs were helpful to teachers who were participated. Further study needs to practice an exemplary collaboration and development of local school-community partnerships, which yields a blueprint for more productive collaboration in other communities.

• 한국초등수학교육학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.59-78
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• 2008

분수의 개념에 대해 아직 배우지 않은 학생들이 가지고 있는 비형식적 지식을 조사하고 분석하여, 이러한 비형식적 지식이 분수 개념 지도에 어떻게 활용될 수 있는지를 살펴보기 위해 등분할, 동치분수, 단위 분수의 크기 비교에 대한 면담 문항을 제시하여 분석한 결과, 첫째, 분수를 배우지 않은 학생들은 분수와 관련된 활동을 할 때 비형식적 지식을 가지고 문제를 해결하며, 그 형태는 매우 다양하다는 것과 둘째, 분수의 기초 개념에 대한 학생들의 비형식적 지식 중에는 올바른 지도를 통하지 않을 경우 오개념을 유도할 수 있는 것도 존재한다는 것, 그리고 셋째, 분수의 개념에 대한 확고한 이해를 위해 학생들의 다양한 비형식적 지식을 분수 개념 지도에 활용해야 한다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.59-73
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• 1999

It is known that the role of informal support for elderly women is critical to their physical and mental health, adjustment in old age, and their overall life satisfaction. Elderly women's situation such as social losses, widowhood, living alone, and geographic relocation etc. may result in a need for more informal supports for elderly women's health than ever before. Particularly, women's same-sex friendships were rated higher for overall quality, intimacy, enjoyment, and nurturance. Unlike a generally accepted notion that later life for women is a time of isolation and loneliness, elderly women tend to maintain and reestablish their friendship regardless their marital status and living situation. Although studies on informal support for elderly women were inconclusive in many ways, elderly women's friendship tends to be stable despite of changing health status and life events. The relative importance between daughters and friends was also controversial. This study suggests that more research with reliable measurements is necessary for the practical prevention and intervention program of elderly women's health on this issue.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.83-100
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• 2002

This study introduced various theories and related studies on the evaluation of informal environmental education programs and suggested an evaluation procedure for them. The case study on the procedure and the result of Non-indigenous, Invasive Species Management/Education program evaluation was provided, which was conducted by Cornell University in cooperation with Cornell Cooperative Extension, The Nature Conservancy, and Finger Lake Land Trust. The procedure model that was used in this study was based on Herman et al. (1987) and slightly modified for the environmental education program evaluation. The procedure and results indicated that the implementation of NIS management/education program properly accomplished it's intended goal and objectives. This study also specifically described its implications for the evaluation of environmental education programs in informal settings.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.211-220
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• 2008

This study examined pre-service science teachers' perceptions of informal learning by adopting a discourse analysis method suggested by Mortimer and Scott(2003). The guiding research questions were: (1) What are some general patterns of the discourse occurring in science museums between a teacher and a student? (2) In what ways do the pre-service teachers perceive informal learning and teacher's role in informal settings? The 7 pre-service science teachers participated in this study. Each of them shepherd an elementary student around the museum and implemented their own instruction using a pre-planed lesson plan. Results indicated that even though the teachers had learned some characteristics of informal teaming in their college courses, they tended to implement their traditional view of science teaming into the instruction and the view affected them to set up their teaching purposes and contents, and to select communicative approach, patterns of discourse and ways of intervention.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈E:수학교육논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.145-174
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• 2009

아동들이 형식 교육을 받기 이전에도 수학을 이해하고 있으며 학습능력에 따라 이런 이해에 차이가 있을 것이라는 가정을 검증하기 위해서 본 연구를 실시하였다. 이를 위해서 초등학교 1, 2, 3 학년 학생들이 분수를 학습하기 전에 형성하고 있는 분수에 대한 개념 그리고 학년 및 학습능력에 따른 분수 개념들의 이해 정도를 알아보았다. 학습능력은 추론능력 및 학업성취도를 조합한 것으로 조작적 정의를 하였으며, 학습능력에 따라 학년별로 6명씩(상, 중, 하 각 2명)을 연구 대상으로 선정하였다. 분수개념에 대한 과제를 개발하고, 구조화된 면담을 실시하였으며, 질적 분석을 위해 비디오 녹화, 면담 프로토콜, 관찰 등을 통해 아동의 반응을 수집하고, 아동들의 반응은 유형에 따라 분석하였다. 분석 결과로부터 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 아동들은 형식 교육을 받기 이전에 분수에 대한 다양한 비형식적 지식을 형성하고 있었으며, 이 중에는 분수의 형식적 학습에 바탕이 될 수 있는 것과 오개념을 유도할 수 있는 것이 존재하였다. 또한 아동이 형성한 비형식적 지식에는 학년, 학습 수준에 따라 차이가 존재하였다. 이는 비형식적 지식이 다양한 학습 경험과, 일상생활의 경험에 영향을 받기 때문인 것으로 분석되었다.

• 대한지구과학교육학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.281-296
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• 2015

The ultimate goal of environment education plays an important role in forming knowledge, skill, attitude and a point of value along with sustainable development in the regions. Recently, however, environment education is comparatively despised due to college-entrance-exam-focused education policy. Ironically, environment education is more actively implemented at informal institutes rather than formal ones. Environment education at schools is based on the school curriculum, but at informal educational institutes enjoy much more freedom in choosing learners, places and programs. Among them, the place is one of the most important factors of environment education. Therefore, in order to maximize the goal of environment education in this study, a specified program was developed and applied to a certain place to investigate its features and effects. Also the program was checked if it reflexes the environment education goal by using environment education program analysis frame. The results are as follows; according to the analysis of the program, the program was most effective for the two goals of offering hands-on experience and presenting motivations. The second most effective result of the program lied in the goal of knowledge, functions, value and attitude. And the teachers who used this program concluded that, when the program was applied to unmanned islands, offered stronger motivation due to their natural surroundings. Furthermore, direct experience is recommended because it can give us better conditions to collect data and to enhance interpretation ability.

• 예술인문사회 융합 멀티미디어 논문지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.357-365
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• 2018

21세기 들어 창조경제 시대의 도래가 전망됨에 따라 세계적으로 사회에서 요구되는 창의적 인재 양성에 관한 관심이 새롭게 높아지고 있다. 지속가능발전교육은 비단 학교 교육에서만 한정되는 것이 아니라 평생교육의 목적으로 사회 모든 교육의 장소에서 촉진되고 지원받아야 한다. 따라서 이 논문의 목적은 공식 및 비공식 학습의 가능성과 고등 교육 내 역량 개발과의 관계를 고려하는 것이다. 집중 그룹을 기반으로 하는 탐구적이고 질적 연구는 공식 및 비공식 학습 설정의 여러 그룹을 사용하여 설계되었다. 중국에서 경우 또한 창조경제 구현이 새 정부의 주요 국정 방향으로 설정되면서 창조경제 시대에 요구되는 인재가 갖추어야 할 역량이 무엇이고, 그것을 어떻게 교육할 것인가가 주요 정책 과제가 되고 있다. 핵심 역량의 개발은 인지적 비인지적 처분에 기반을 두고 다중 문맥을 요구하는 것이다. 새로운 학습 문화의 목적으로 고등 교육 내에서 공식 및 비공식 학습 환경을 결합함으로써 다양한 상황을 제공하고 역량 개발을 향상하게 시킬 수 있다. 본 연구는 공식 및 비공식 학습 설정의 측면을 식별할 수 있지만, 이들 간의 상호 의존성은 아직 파악하기 어렵습니다. 그러나 실용적 함의를 명확하게 볼 수 있다. 즉, 결과를 토대로, 고등 교육 환경에서 핵심 요소가 될 수 있는 역량 습득의 주요 측면을 지적할 수 있습니다. 결과, 본 연구는 고등 교육 내 핵심 역량을 개발하는 새로운 방식에 대한 공식 및 비공식 학습 환경에 대한 함의를 분석하였다.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.71-84
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• 2024

This paper presents a critical analysis of the current application of big data in higher education and how Learning Analytics (LA), and Educational Data Mining (EDM) are helping to shape learning in higher education institutions that have applied the concepts successfully. An extensive literature review of Learning Analytics, Educational Data Mining, Learning Management Systems, Informal Learning and Online Social Networks are presented to understand their usage and trends in higher education pedagogy taking advantage of 21st century educational technologies and platforms. The roles of and benefits of these technologies in teaching and learning are critically examined. Imperatively, this study provides vital information for education stakeholders on the significance of establishing a teaching and learning agenda that takes advantage of today's educational relevant technologies to promote teaching and learning while also acknowledging the difficulties of 21st-century learning. Aside from the roles and benefits of these technologies, the review highlights major challenges and research needs apparent in the use and application of these technologies. It appears that there is lack of research understanding in the challenges and utilization of data effectively for learning analytics, despite the massive educational data generated by high institutions. Also due to the growing importance of LA, there appears to be a serious lack of academic research that explore the application and impact of LA in high institution, especially in the context of informal online social network learning. In addition, high institution managers seem not to understand the emerging trends of LA which could be useful in the running of higher education. Though LA is viewed as a complex and expensive technology that will culturally change the future of high institution, the question that comes to mind is whether the use of LA in relation to informal learning in online social network is really what is expected? A study to analyze and evaluate the elements that influence high usage of OSN is also needed in the African context. It is high time African Universities paid attention to the application and use of these technologies to create a simplified learning approach occasioned by the use of these technologies.