• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.269-276
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• 2009

Viruses are the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infants and young children and are a major public health problem in this age group. Viruses were identified in 54.9-70.4% of hospitalized infants and children with LRTIs in Korea. The viral pathogens identified included respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A and RSV B, influenza (Inf) A, Inf B, parainfluenza (PIV)1, PIV2, human bocavirus (hBoV), human rhinovirus (hRV), adenovirus (ADV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), human coronavirus (hCoV)-OC 43, hCoV-229E, hCoV-NL63, hCoV-HKU1, and human enterovirus (hEV). Coinfections with ${\geq}$2 viruses were observed in 11.5-22.8% of children. The occurrence of LRTIs was the highest in the first year of life. The specific viruses are frequently associated with specific clinical syndromes of LRTIs. LRTIs caused by RSV were predominant among younger infants. hRV accounted for a larger proportion of LRTIs in young infants than ADV and hBoV. hMPV was frequently detected in children >24 months old. The number of hMPV infections peaked between February and May, whereas hRV was detected throughout the year. Thus far, hCoV is a less common respiratory pathogen in cases of ALRI and URI in Korean children.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the iron nutritional status by investigating dietary intake and analyzing the hematological iron status indices including serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) in 8 to 28 month old infants md young children taking supplementary foods. The nutrient intake of 60 healthy infants and young children from 8 to 24 months of age was investigated by means of a 24-hour recall method, and the subjects were divided into 2 groups (8- 12 months and 13-28 months) according to age. Venous blood samples from these groups were collected and measured for the following : hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(Hct) , mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and sTfR. Anemia is defined as hemoglobin < 11g /dl , serum ferritin level < 10ng1m1 for iron deficiency , serum transferring receptor(sTfR) > 4.5mg / 1 for iron deficient erythropoiesis. Total daily calorie intake was 934.6 ${\pm}$ 284.5kcal (98.32% of RDA) on average. Average daily iron intake in infants aged 8 to 12 months was 8.92 ${\pm}$ 3.32mg. The mean daily iron intake in infants aged 13 to 28 months was 7.15 ${\pm}$ 3.35mg (90% of Recommended Dietary Allowance, RDA). Mean values for Hb, Hct sew ferritin and sTfR were 12.10 ${\pm}$ 0.77g141,36.02 ${\pm}$ 2.31%,20.91 ${\pm}$ 11.58ng/m1 and 3.78 ${\pm}$ 1.47mg /1, respectively. In the young children from 13 to 28 months of age, the prevalence of anemia was 5.6%. The prevalence of iron deficiency was 9.5% in those from 8 to 12 months of age, and 27.8% in those from 13 to 28 months of age. The prevalence of iron deficient erythropoiesis was 16.7% in infants aged 8 to 12 months and 44.4% in those aged 13 to 28 months. The prevalence of both serum ferritin level < 10ng/m1 sTfR > 4.5mg/1 was 22% in the young children aged 13 to 28 months. The measureand ment of sTfR may be a promising new tool in diagnosis of iron deficiency in early childhood when the iron deficiency is prevalent. It seems appropriate to emphasize nutritional education and evaluation to promote the iron nutritional status of infants and young children.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.85-106
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• 2016

With a purpose of investigating the current status of resource organization for infants and young children's resources, this study examined 8 municipal libraries in J city and suggested recommendations for improvements. To do that, interviews were conducted with 8 children's librarians and 25 users, who were parents visiting the libraries. All libraries examined were using KDC to classify young children's resources, but books were shelved by the alphabetic order of publishers' names. This arrangement strategy was regarded very convenient in re-shelving materials from the perspective of librarians, but users had difficulties in finding books because of the separation of the classification system and the arrangement system. Also, the online public cataloging system did not provide accurate and sufficient information to locate a book. Based on the results, this study suggested two ways for improvements: (1) classifying and arranging books by KDC, (2) developing a new classification system customized to infants and young children.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.47-56
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• 2009

This longitudinal study examined picture book reading practices with very young children and its influence on early intellectual development. The home picture book reading activities of 322 infants and their mothers were assessed by questionnaire every 6 months from 18 months till 42 months of age. Infants' IQ was measured with Korean-Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence(Park et al., 1996) at 42 months. Results showed that monthly book expense (r=.28, p<.01) and infants' asking for reading (r=.14, p<.05) at 18 months were positively correlated with IQ at 42 months. Reading time between 24 and 42 months correlated positively with IQ(r=.17~.34, p<.01). These results reveal the importance of early book environment and actual reading time in the intellectual development of very young children.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the dietary nutrient intake status and hair mineral content of Korean young children. Methods: Fifty-five children who visited Seoul National University Bundang Hospital were divided into three groups by age: infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. The 24-hour recall method was used to collect the food intake data of the subjects. Hair mineral analysis was conducted using a Mass Spectrometer. Serum iron, ferritin, and calcium were also measured. Results: The mean energy intakes of the subjects were 730.3 kcal, 994.3 kcal, and 1,482.9 kcal for each age group. The mean percentage of energy intake compared to recommendation was 101.4% and was not different by age group. Toddlers of 37.8% and preschoolers of 54.5% consumed less than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of calcium. Infants of 28.6%, toddlers of 10.8% and preschoolers of 9.1% consumed less than the EAR of iron. In the case of zinc, copper, and selenium, only 0% to 5% of toddlers and none of the preschoolers consumed less than the EAR of those minerals. The hair calcium, iron and copper concentrations were lower in toddlers and preschoolers than those in infants. Serum calcium levels of preschoolers were significantly lower than those of infants, whereas serum iron and ferritin levels were not. Conclusion: Hair calcium, iron, and copper concentrations were significantly lower in toddlers and preschoolers than in infants. Insufficient dietary intake of calcium and iron seems to be related with decreased hair mineral contents in young children.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.43-68
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• 1986

It is necessary that children's actual activities in the playgrounds should be analyzed for the study on the children's playgrounds. The purpose of this study is to establish the design principles for the improvement of the children\`s playgrounds in apartment complex by means of the various methods ; behavior mapping, questionaires and photo simulations. For the purpose of data collection, children are divided into three groups-infants(0 to 4 years), young children(pre ; 5 to 8 years, post ; 9 to 11 years), teenagers(7.2 to 14 years). The study results are as follows; 1) Analysis of behavior mapping : (a) Approximately 70 percent of the children observed stayed in the playground less than 20 minutes. (b) Playing time for each play apparatus was less than 5 minutes. (c) As a result of the observation, the duration time in the attic was 1 hour or more (d) The swing was the most frequently used apparatus as children's first and last choice. (e) Most of the users were young children(46.5%). 2) Analysis of questionaires : (a) Children considered that the existing playgrounds were lack of shadows and the play apparatuses are not interesting. (b) They felt danger and crowding at the multi-used wooden apparatus. 3) Suggestions for the playground design : It is necessary that the playgrounds are divided into the infants, the young children's and the teenagers'playground. (a) The infants'playground needs about 50 square meters and needs to be located in the apartment court. (b) The young children's playground needs about 330 to 660 square meters and needs to be located adjacent to the pedestrian road. (c) The teenagers'playground needs about 660 to 1000 square meters, which is needed for various ball games.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.403-412
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) status of breastfed infants less than six months old and their mothers, and factors affecting the status. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on breastfed, term, Filipino infants less than six months old who were seen at local health centers and clinics in an urban area. The serum 25(OH)D levels of these infants and their mothers were determined, and their demographic data, nutritional status, sun exposure behavior, and maternal vitamin D intake were analyzed for correlation using regression models. Results: Among the 131 infants, 101 (77%) had vitamin D deficiency (VDD), which was defined as having 25(OH)D levels <37.5 nmol/L, and 13 (10%) had vitamin D insufficiency (VDI), with levels >37.5-50 nmol/L. Conversely, maternal VDD with levels <50 nmol/L was seen in 31 (24%) mothers and maternal VDI with levels 50-75 nmol/L, in 63 (48%) mothers. Infant age and maternal 25(OH)D status were independent predictors of infant VDD. Infants less than three months old were found to have a six-time increased risk of infant VDD (p=0.004). Infants who had mothers with VDD had a six-time increased risk, whereas those with maternal VDI had a four-time increased risk of infant VDD (p=0.049 and p=0.020, respectively). Conclusion: Both infant and maternal VDD and VDI were seen to be highly prevalent in this tropical, urban community. Young infants and maternal VDD/VDI independently increased the risk of infant VDD, whereas lack of sun exposure of the mothers increased the risk for maternal VDI.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.111-116
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• 2021

In infants and young children, bedtime problems and night waking are common and the main presentations of insomnia. Poor sleep may critically impact the daytime functioning and mood of the child and their caregivers. A comprehensive sleep history, a sleep diary/log, and the BEARS (Bedtime problems, Excessive daytime sleepiness, Awakenings during the night, Regularity and duration of sleep, and Sleep-disordered breathing) sleep screen are useful for diagnosing sleep problems in young children. Behavioral therapies for this type of insomnia include extinction, bedtime fading with positive routines, and scheduled awakening. Previous studies of behavioral interventions for young children showed significant improvements in sleep-onset latency, night waking frequency, and night waking duration. Parent education about their child's sleep, bedtime routines, and sleep hygiene is essential for treatment.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.179-194
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• 2020

Objective: In this study, the author aimed to explore the meaning of fathers' parenting experience by interviewing and analyzing their experience qualitatively. Methods: Ten fathers who had infants or young children participated in this study. The data were collected from individual in-depth interviews of the fathers and were analyzed in accordance with the Colaizzi's phenomenology analysis procedure. Results: As a result of analysis, the parenting experience of the fathers could be summarized into 42 themes and the themes were categorized into 7 clusters. The clusters could be categorized again into two categories; 'the rebirth of the daddy' and 'the reality of the daddy'. And each of the 4 and 3 clusters were included into each category. Conclusion/Implications: The results of this study revealed the real features of fathers who had infants or young children, and are expected to be used as supporting materials or intervention for fathers who are trying to become good fathers.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.12 no.sup1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2009

The mainstay in the management of mild to moderately dehydrated children is fast rehydration by using hypotonic ORS (oral rehydration solution) and complete resumption of normal diet, including lactose-containing formula after 4 hours rehydration. Since the majority of young children with uncomplicated acute diarrhea will tolerate large amounts of undiluted non-human milk, withholding food and milk from children during diarrhea is not recommended anymore, regarding time to resolution and diarrhea control. In addition, routine dilution of milk and routine use of lactose-free formula are not necessary after fast ORS therapy. Breastfed infants and children fed with solid foods may safely continue receiving their usual diets during diarrhea instead of gradual reintroduction of feeding. However, young infants or children with severe diarrhea or malnutrition should be carefully treated under supervision if fed with lactose containing, non-human milk exclusively.