• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.3-17
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• 2017

This study ranks by developing an urban competitiveness index of major global cities, including seven cities in Korea using data from the Global Cities Forecast (2013) provided by Oxford Economics. The City competitiveness index is selected from 18 indicators including scale index, ratio index, growth rate index while Gini coefficient is used for distribution index. In order to analyze the relationship between the competitiveness index and the distribution index, we use the LOGIT panel regression model. As a result, the increase in income inequality (Gini coefficient) has a negative effect on the economic growth rate in 5-year time lag shown statistically significant. We have compiled global rankings of 770 city competitiveness based upon 19 indicators by combining the global competitiveness index and the distribution index. The trend of rank shows that 7 Metropolitan Korean Cities are expected to decline substantially over the period. In particular, Seoul ranked $59^{th}$ in 2010 and $74^{th}$ in 2015. Its ranking is expected to be decline to $185^{th}$ in 2030. The declining competitiveness of Korean cities is expected to lead to a weakening of Korea's national competitiveness in the long run. Accordingly, it is imperative to identify problems and seek strategic plans to secure global urban competitiveness.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.1283-1291
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• 2005

One of the problems in boosting Java performance using a Just-in-Time (JIT) compiler is removing redundant array bound checks. In conventional static compilers, many powerful algorithms have been developed, yet they are not directly applicable to JIT compilation where the compilation time is part of the whole running time. In the current JIT compilers, we tan use either a naive algorithm that is not powerful enough or an aggressive algorithm which requires the transformation into a static single assignment (SSA) form of programs (and back to the original form after optimization), thus causing too much overhead not appropriate for JIT compilation This paper proposes a new algorithm based on an inequality graph which can eliminate array bounds check codes aggressively without resorting to the SSA form. When we actually perform this type of optimization, there are many constraints in code motion caused by the precise exception rule in Java specification, which would cause the algorithm to miss many opportunities for eliminating away bound checks. We also propose a new method to overcome these constraints.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.75-96
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• 2013

This paper is to conceptualize the urban social circulation of water from the social constructivism and political ecology, and to analyze the history of development of social circulation of water, that is, the modernization process of water in Daegu. The development of social circulation system of water in Daegu can be divided into 4 stages, that is, the beginning stage of modernization of water mainly during the period of Japanese colonization, the take-off stage from the 1960s to the mid-1980s, the stage of reflexive modernization from the late 1980s to the 1990s, and that of neoliberalization of water since the 2000s. It can be seen that the development of social circulation system of water in Daegu has contributed the increasing urban population and economic development, especially supporting the spatial expansion of the city and the way of modern way of urban life. But the social circulation system of water in Daegu seems to meet with a lot of problems such as relocation of the water intake station, over-equipment of filtration plants, distrust on tap water, inequality of water use, readjustment of water charge, liquid waste from industrial complexes within the urban area, creative destruction of waterfront environment, and privatization of water.

• Journal of Information Management
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.48-67
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• 2007

The economic burden which our society has to take exceeds the benefit that it becomes by the free circulation of information. Problems such as inconvenience or inequality between people can also occur since the regulation task of spam e-mail or SMS is imposed on two organs; the Department of Information and Communication and Free Trade Commission. The dualization of regulation separates related laws, which makes exception according to the $\ulcorner$Law on Information Communication Usage and Information Protection$\lrcorner$ or poses double regulation toward the same case. The spam prevention activity at free hands of information communication network provider such as portal site or mobile communication has many limitations along with comparison and analysis of spam regulations abroad. Therefore, examinations on legal obligation such as service restriction, identification and technical measure to spam prevention is needed. This study focuses on making the scope of spam regulation clear by considering the domestic related laws and the general environment of industry, on enacting law which regulates spam including advertisement and on deducting essential facts in enacting or modifying related laws and thus, deducting the form and contents of spam regulation law which is most decent in our domestic environment.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• 제52호
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• pp.315-342
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• 2017

Language is an important medium for communication among the members of society and a mirror that reflects society as a whole. As society and culture change and develop over centuries, language follows suit. To keep up with the changes in the new era and express new concepts, countless new neologisms continue to appear. Recently, the use of neologisms is getting increasingly focused on social networking service and other Internet communication sites, which then spread rapidly through various media. If you look at the popular neologisms on the Internet, it implicitly reflects conflicts between the eras and the generations, people's psychology and ideology, and social phenomena such as culture. The function of neologisms is not solely for the entertainment element of communication but also for criticizing social problems and their vital use as a search keyword. This study focuses on the meaning and importance of gathering information and analyzing records about neologisms that reflect the social phenomenon in a certain period, and this will be labeled as "neologism archiving." This study proposes a direction for the construction of a neologism archive by comparing the currently existing neologism archiving system with the existing dictionary concept. In addition, this study serves as a reminder of the convenience and the contemporary social phenomena, such as smooth communication between generations, and the dissemination of inequality of information sharing. Lastly, this study aims to support experts with their research on neologisms for the social phenomenon.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.125-144
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• 2023

Recently, the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT has been increasing in various fields such as interactive commerce and mobile financial services. However, LMMs, which are mainly created by learning existing documents, can also learn various human biases inherent in documents. Nevertheless, there have been few comparative studies on the aspects of bias and discrimination in LLMs. The purpose of this study is to examine the existence and extent of nine types of discrimination (Age, Disability status, Gender identity, Nationality, Physical appearance, Race ethnicity, Religion, Socio-economic status, Sexual orientation) in LLMs and suggest ways to improve them. For this purpose, we utilized BBQ (Bias Benchmark for QA), a tool for identifying discrimination, to compare three large-scale language models including ChatGPT, GPT-3, and Bing Chat. As a result of the evaluation, a large number of discriminatory responses were observed in the mega-language models, and the patterns differed depending on the mega-language model. In particular, problems were exposed in elder discrimination and disability discrimination, which are not traditional AI ethics issues such as sexism, racism, and economic inequality, and a new perspective on AI ethics was found. Based on the results of the comparison, this paper describes how to improve and develop large-scale language models in the future.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• 제33집
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• pp.147-177
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• 2019

This article attempts to examine the fundamental perceptions and attitudes of human beings towards others utilizing the concept of 'precariat,' a new word recently created to designate people affected by the inequality and instability brought about by neoliberal globalization. Especially, the precariats within South Korean society noted in this article will be North Korean migrants. When leaving North Korea, they have entered into South Korean society with hurting bodies and minds as they made their way through China or third party countries. After arriving in South Korea, they face difficulties such as inadequate jobs and low-level welfare benefits. Also, considering the social discrimination, exclusion, and indifference towards North Korean migrants which are commonplace, they come to live their lives as precariats. Given their situation, I would like to seek wisdom for North Korean migrants to apply as they escape from insecure lives, and perhaps Sangsaeng (mutual beneficence) would allow them to do that within South Korean society. In this light, I think that the concept of hospitality and Haewon Sangsaeng (the resolution of grievances for mutual beneficence), a code of practical ethics within the Daesoon Thought, as a basis for discussion with other philosophies that are practical in enabling North Korean migrants and South Korean citizens to coexist within modern day South Korean society. This can be achieved because 'Haewon (grievance-resolution)' lowers the boundary between self and others through sharing, and consequently, daily mutual interactions can unfold as 'Sangsaeng', which stands as a new ethical and practical system of values available to all modern individuals. In fact, contrary to the religious implications of Daesoon Thought, the philosophical and existential significance of Daesoon Thought has not received much attention. However, if we pay attention to the question of why human subjects should be hospitable to others, we can grasp how Daesoon Thought presents values that are existential in nature and also consider the specific context that accompanies the religious aspects of this system of thought.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-24
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• 2022

This study was conducted to derive a new model for popular democracy in the modern society. The problem is exacerbated as the original model of democracy, isonomia, has faded and modern democracy is operated as a democracy in which the masses rule. Democracy is exposing a bigger problem due to the economic inequality caused by the majority rule and the capitalist economic system. Popular democracy, in which all the masses are equally qualified as sovereigns, is a structure in which cunning politicians can easily seize power if the voters are not wise. Isonomia is a system in which free people who solve economic problems on their own and have honesty, courage, dedication, sacrifice and sincerity set laws with the same qualifications, and keep the laws themselves, is a system that depends heavily on the conscience and virtue of free people. Modern popular democracy embodies the absolute equality of the sovereign regardless of economic power, but without the spirit of sacrifice and dedication to the community, those who can win popularity by wrapping themselves up as if they are sacrificial and capable people may seize power. This study presents a service-oriented democracy as a system that can maintain the merits of modern popular democracy while embodying the essence of isonomia. The system was implemented focusing on the qualifications for virtue, such as honesty, courage, sacrifice, integrity, etc., fair to all regardless of wealth. Human imperfections have been supplemented by the use of artificial intelligence. The assumption about the nature of the sovereign and public officials' agents was newly established, and the winner-take-allism problem was solved. This study proved that both the philosophy of Isonomia and the merits of Democracy can be realized through service-oriented democracy based on the common principle of humanity and the philosophy of service. Service-oriented democracy can be called revision democracy.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.97-115
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• 2023

In recent years, the structure of the population has been changing rapidly, with a declining birthrate and aging population, and the inequality of population distribution is expanding. At this point, changes in population estimation methods are required, and more accurate estimates are needed at the subregional level. This study aims to estimate the population in 2040 at the 500m grid level by applying an explainable machine learning to Busan in order to respond to this need for a change in population estimation method. Comparing the results of population estimation by applying the explainable machine learning and the cohort component method, we found that the machine learning produces lower errors and is more applicable to estimating areas with large population changes. This is because machine learning can account for a combination of variables that are likely to affect demographic change. Overestimated population values in a declining population period are likely to cause problems in urban planning, such as inefficiency of investment and overinvestment in certain sectors, resulting in a decrease in quality in other sectors. Underestimated population values can also accelerate the shrinkage of cities and reduce the quality of life, so there is a need to develop appropriate population estimation methods and alternatives.

• Korean Journal of Comparative Education
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.127-154
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• 2017

EIU has evolved diversely depending on the national environment and culture on the basis of the philosophy of individual human rights and world peace articulated in the "1974 Recommendation on EIU". However, the global environment surrounding EIU has been changed socially, economically, culturally and ecologically in the 21st century, and therefore it is necessary to raise the following questions: Is the concept of EIU initiated for international understanding and cooperation for world peace in the 20th century still valid in the 21st century? Which direction should we take in order for EIU to be efficient in the globalized world? To answer these questions, this study reviewed and analyzed the historical development and current trends of the EIU in the regions of Europe, North America, Asia Pacific area, and Africa. For the empirical study, thirty-four experts in EIU selected from the four regions were interviewed by the researchers. Based on the interviews and the related literature review, it was found that the diverse terms of EIU were used in the four regions and the focus on EIU was different depending on the geographical, historical and social environment of each region. But, despite of the diversity in terminology in EIU, human rights, peace, equity and social justice which are emphasized by UNESCO, were universally taught in EIU. The EIU in these regions is currently dealt with in school education, social education and lifelong education, and particularly global citizenship allowing multiple identities is importantly treated together with citizenship education. Another important aspect of EIU that was commonly found in these four regions was that global citizenship education for solving global problems was coexistent with the reinforcement of nationalism for the economic competency of each nation in a globalized world. The issue of global inequality was particularly dealt with in EIU, and the teaching of voluntary civic involvement and responsibility were particularly emphasized in EIU. Based on these research findings, the study proposes "glocalism", connecting global issues with local issues for solving global problems, as a new approach to the EIU of the 21st century.