• 보건행정학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.36-57
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• 2010

The degree of income inequality deepened by health care expenditure was useful in assessing the health security level. This exploratory study was conducted to provide a basic evidence to prove the necessity of reinforcement the benefit coverage of South Korea's health security systems. Data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey of Korea and Luxembourg Income Study were used. Income inequality indices before and after deduction of health care expenditure were computed, and the degree of the increase in the indices was compared among 13 countries. The degree of decrease against the effect of income inequality reduction policies by health care expenditure was determined. The relationships between the national characteristics and the increase in income inequality were examined. In South Korea, all income inequality indices increased after deducting health care expenditure, but the difference was not high compared to the mean of 13 countries. However, the degree of decrease against the effect of income inequality reduction policies by health care expenditure was high, compared to the mean of 13 countries. The proportion of public sector spending on health care proved to be statistically significant with the increase of income inequality indices (p<0.05). In the context of the continuous increase in health care expenditure, if benefit coverage of health security systems is not reinforced, income inequality will all the more increase due to health care expenditure. In the establishment of the policies for reinforcement of the benefit coverage, income inequality after deduction of health care expenditure should be continuously monitored.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.105-138
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• 2009

본 연구는 한강의 수질측정망에서 관측된 오염물질별 연평균 오염도를 이용하여 지난 15년 동안 수질오염도의 공간적 분포에 유의한 변화가 발생하였는지를 분석하였다. 구체적으로 각 오염물질별의 비모수적 커널확률밀도함수를 추정하였고, 연도간 유의한 변화가 있는지 검정하였다. 또한 일반화된 엔트로피 계열의 불평등지수를 구하고, 부트스트래핑 기법을 통해 불평등지수의 차이가 유의한지를 검정하였으며, 순위 상관을 이용하여 오염도 순위의 동태적인 측면을 분석하였다. 분석결과 최근 15년 동안 수질오염도의 불균등 정도는 전반적으로 완화되거나 일정한 수준을 유지하였고, 오염도 순위에 동태적인 변화는 거의 일어나지 않은 것으로 나타났다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.240-250
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• 2018

By the end of 2017, in a world of 7.6 billion people, there were inequalities in healthcare indices both within and between nations, and this gap continues to increase. Therefore, this study aims to understand the current status of regional inequalities in healthcare indices and to find an action plan to tackle regional health inequality through a geo-economic review in Korea. Since 2008, there was great inequality in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy by region in not only metropolitan cities but also districts in Korea. While the community health statistics from 2008-2017 show a continuous increase of inequality during the last 10 years in most healthcare indices related to noncommunicable diseases (except for some, like smoking), the inequality has doubled in 254 districts. Furthermore, health inequality intensified as the gap between urban (metropolitan cities) and rural regions (counties) for rates of obesity (self-reported), sufficient walking practices, and healthy lifestyle practices increased from twofold to fivefold. However, regionalism and uneven development are natural consequences of the spatial perspective caused by state-lead developmentalism as Korea has fixed the accumulation strategy as its model for growth with the background of export-led industrialization in the 1960s and heavy and chemical industrialization in the 1970s, although the Constitution of the Republic of Korea recognizes the legal value of balanced development within the regions by specifying "the balanced development of the state" or "ensuring the balanced development of all regions." In addition, the danger of a 30% decline or extinction of local government nationwide is expected by 2040 as we face not only a decline in general and ageing populations but also the era of the demographic cliff. Thus, the government should continuously operate the "Special Committee on Regional Balanced Development" with a government-wide effort until 2030 to prevent disparities in the health conditions of local residents, which is the responsibility of the nation in terms of strengthening governance. To address the regional inequalities of rural and urban regions, it is necessary to re-adjust the basic subsidy and cost-sharing rates with local governments of current national subsidies based mainly on population scale, financial independence of local government, or distribution of healthcare resources and healthcare indices (showing high inequalities) overall.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제64권2호
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• pp.55-83
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• 2012

우리나라 노동시장에서 자영업이 차지하는 비중이 크지만, 자영업내 소득격차도 크다. 그럼에도 아직까지 자영업 소득불평등에 초점을 맞춘 연구가 많지 않다. 이에 본 연구는 한국복지패널 1~4차 자료를 통해, 일반화된 엔트로피지수로 자영업 소득불평등을 측정하고 불평등 요인과 추세를 분해하였다. 분석결과, 첫째, 우리나라 자영업 근로소득 불평등은 매우 높으며, 자영업내 소득양극화가 심각해지고 있었다. 둘째, 자영업 근로소득 불평등의 주된 요인은 고용형태, 교육수준, 연령집단, 사업체규모 그리고 산업으로 나타났다. 셋째, 고용형태에 따른 고용주와 자영자 집단의 상대소득변화효과가 불평 등 증가에 기여하는 정도가 가장 크다. 교육수준과 연령집단, 사업체 규모에 따른 불평등 증가는 집단 내 불평등(순효과) 증가의 기여도가 가장 크고, 집단구성의 변화효과도 불평등 악화에 기여한 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.32-41
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• 2012

In recent times, multi-centralization and decentralization as well as large Capital area and suburbanization in the spatial structure of capital area. With rapid growth, urbanization and industrialization are unsystematic, and growth inequality between regions caused negative effects such as discordant centralization and decentralization, fluctuating land value, and gap between living conditions. Accordingly, this study analyzed urban spatial indexes by the self-governed body in the capital area such as Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi province for the analysis of the regional inequality phenomenon. We examined the characteristics of temporal and spatial changes in urban spatial structure in the capital area by utilizing the distribution pattern and density of city indexes such as population, employment, etc, and then drew the commonality of those factors through factor analysis. We evaluated the drawn results through the city standard index by each city, conducted factor score analysis, and identified the interaction between each factor and Housing Purchase Price Composite Indices index, housing rent price index(Housing Jeonse Price Composite Indices), land price fluctuation rate, diffusion ratio of house, and financial independence.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권12호
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• pp.19-29
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• 2021

This study aims to measure financial inclusion and examine its impact on income inequality in a panel of 18 Asian countries over the period 1997-2017. Two alternative approaches for developing financial inclusion index are used: one approach following the methodology of Sarma (2008), while the other is the Dynamic Factor Model (DFM)-based index. The impact of individual indicators and index of financial inclusion on inequality in income is analyzed. The Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) approach is used for empirical analysis. The results indicate that micro-level financial inclusion has a weak negative and statistically significant impact on income inequality. Macro-level index and all individual indicators of financial inclusion do not affect income inequality in the selected sample of economies. The income inequality issues have different natures and cannot be fixed by financial inclusion only. It needs holistic structural reforms to enable fair distribution of income and make an equitable financial system. Financial inclusion is a relatively less important intervention tool regarding fixing the issue of income inequality. This is one of the first studies that used the DFM method for financial inclusion indices construction.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제95권4호
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• pp.476-483
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• 2006

본 연구는 산악형 국립공원의 탐방집중도를 분석하기 위하여 지니계수와 로렌츠곡선을 적용하여 실증분석 하였다. 탐방집중도는 크게 시간적 변화(1997-2005)와 개별 국립공원 탐방객의 여행출발지 분포 변화에 따른 공간적 집중도를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 2004년과 2005년의 지니계수는 .453괴 .446으로 다른 해에 비하여 불균등 정도가 심한 것으로 나타났다. 개별 산악형 국립공원을 탐방하는 여행출발지 분포에 따른 결과에서는 북한산과 계룡산이 각각 .916, .855로 불균등도가 극심하였으며, 반면에 덕유산과 변산반도가 .508, .628로 상대적으로 낮게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 북한산과 계룡산 같이 배후도시에 인접하여 소재하고 있는 국립공원의 지역 탐방객 집중이 심각한 것으로 나타난 반면, 덕유산, 변산반도, 소백산 등은 상대적으로 특정지역에 편중되어 있지 않다는 것을 의미한다. 본 연구에서 적출한 탐방집중정보는 지금까지 탐방분산정책이 개별 국립공원 범위에서 수행되던 한계를 벗어나 전체 산악형 국립공원을 대상으로 시계열 변화에 따른 탐방접중도와 자원유형이 유사한 국립공원간 탐방집중도를 서로 비교하여 전 국립공원 범위에서의 탐방분산정책 수립에 기본적인 정책자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.169-180
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• 2015

We study the braid indices of the Kanenobu knots. It is known that the Kanenobu knots have the same HOMFLYPT polynomial and the same Khovanov-Rozansky homology. The MFW inequality is known for giving a lower bound of the braid index of a link by applying the HOMFLYPT polynomial. Therefore, it is not easy to determine the braid indices of the Kanenobu knots. In our previous paper, we gave upper bounds and sharper lower bounds of the braid indices of the Kanenobu knots by applying the 2-cable version of the zeroth coefficient HOMFLYPT polynomial. In this paper, we give sharper upper bounds of the braid indices of the Kanenobu knots.

• 산업노동연구
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.47-77
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• 2017

이 글에서는 2000년대 중반 이후 한국의 임금불평등을 지니계수의 변화와 이를 초래한 요인들의 기여도를 분석하였다. 자료와 임금 지표에 따라 추세가 달라지지만, 주당 35시간 미만 일하는 파트타임의 증가로 전체근로자 임금총액의 지니계수는 증가하는 추세를 보여주는 반면, 시간당임금 지니계수와 풀타임근로자의 임금총액 지니계수는 하락하는 추세를 나타냈다. 파트타임 증가가 임금총액 기준의 불평등은 높였지만, 파트타임의 시간당임금 증가는 시간당임금 기준의 불평등을 낮추었다. 풀타임 노동자만을 대상으로, 지니계수 감소 요인을 분해한 결과, 불평등 감소에 절대적으로 기여가 큰 요인은 근속, 경력, 직종 등의 변수였고, 고용형태 변수는 불평등 감소에 미미하게 기여하는 것으로, 사업체 규모 변수는 불평등을 오히려 높이는 것으로 나타났다. 업종이나 연령, 교육 등의 변수는 불평등 변화에 유의미한 크기의 기여를 하지 못한 것으로 분석되었다. 여기에는 장기근속과 관리전문직종에 대한 임금프리미엄의 감소와 대규모사업체의 임금프리미엄 증가 등이 작용한 것으로 분석되었다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권12호
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• pp.647-655
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• 2020

This study introduced income mobility analysis using pseudo-longitudinal panel data from Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) to consider the dynamic process of individual's well-being through time. Since there is no comprehensive measurement of income mobility because of its dynamic process, various income mobility indices such as Chi-square, Average Jump Index, Atkinson et al. Mobility Ratio, and Shorrocks' Mobility Index were used. These indices revealed that Filipino households' income movements are more mobile than expected, and their income status improved from 2000 to 2015. As income mobility takes place, income inequality is reduced by 91.80 percent (91.80%). Furthermore, the growth effect is the main factor of income mobility. This indicates that households took the economic opportunities from economic growth to earn more. However, income mobility due to transfer effect (transfer of income from one household to another through lottery winning and borrowing) increased when the economy is not good. The higher income mobility due to growth effect compared to transfer effect, whether the economy is good or bad, means that households learned how to use their income in savings, investments, and entrepreneurship. This is the result of a successful financial literacy program of the government wherein households realized financial stability and security.