• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.4
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• pp.417-425
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• 2023

The aim of this study was to derive stem taper equations for Quercus acuta, one of main evergreen broad-leaved tree species found in warm temperate regions, and to prepare a stem volume table using those stem taper equations. A total of 688 individual trees were used in the analysis, which were collected from Jeonnam-do, Gyeongnam-do, and Jeju-do. The stem taper models applied to derive the stem curve pattern were the Max and Burkhart, Kozak, and Lee models. Among the three stem taper models, the best explanation of the stem curve shape of Q. acuta was found to be given by the Kozak model, which showed a fitness index of 0.9583, bias of 0.0352, percentage of estimated standard error of 1.1439, and mean absolute deviation of 0.6751. Thus, the stem taper of Q. acuta was estimated using the Kozak model. Moreover,thestemvolumecalculationwasperforme d by applying the Smalian formula to the diameter and height of each stem interval. In addition, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to compare the two existing Q. acuta stem volume tables (2007 and 2010) and the newly created stem volume table (2023). This analysis revealed that the stem volume table constructed in the Wando region in 2007 included about twice as much as the stem volume tables constructed in 2010 and 2023. The stem volume table (2023) developed in this study is not only based on the regional collection range and number of utilized trees but also on a sound scientific basis. Therefore, it can be used at the national level as an official stem volume table for Q. acuta.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.29-43
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• 2012

This study evaluated 23 botanic gardens and arboretums under two main categories including professional group and operational group. As for professional group, the main difference between the functions of botanic gardens and arboretums was analyzed. In the case of operational group compared professional group respectively, on categories including importance of function and implementation, seeking to provide fundamental data of botanic gardens and arboretums by enhancing the quality of visitors and examining functional differences. The result of a difference in arboretums' function between professional and operational groups, the study analyzed the importance of botanic gardens and arboretums in terms of detailed categories such as research, education, collection, display, retention, and service for visitors. As a result, professional group showed retention 4.32>education 4.11>research 4.09>service for visitors 4.05, and operational group showed retention 3.70>service 3.52>education 3.41>research 3.37, indicating that both groups had retention as the most selected answer. Looking closely at the functions of the currently implemented detailed categories of botanic gardens and arboretums, such as research, education, collection, display, retention, and service for visitors, the study showed that 91.3% selected rare species and individual multiplication for research function, 78.3% chose education of natural ecosystem for children for education, 73.9% answered space for experiencing nature for display, and 73.9% also replied managon, diof rare species, reproduction, and retention of native plants' species for retention category, and service for visitors showed 95.7% for implementation. The study could not clearly point out the influence between predictors due to absence of an established comprehensive evaluation model. Also, it analyzed and reviewed comparison of functions of professional group and operational group, but in the future, it should conduct study on a systemic and objective classification of botanic gardens and arboretums to clearly examine the difference in views between groups, which also requires, at the same time, study on management policy of botanic gardens and arboretums or suggesting guidelines that suit types of forms, and also study on facilities and program development that can be applied to each class.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.205-224
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• 1999

This is a study of strengthening the practice of environmental education in the primary and secondary school music program. Since the world war II, the environmental situation has been getting worse and worse. So it is now a global issue to conserve energy and solving the ecological problems we are confronting. Solving the environmental problem is not just a scientist's task nor a specific school education subject's either, but a responsibility of all human beings. In this sense, it is necessary for every school subject, including music, should include elements of environmental education in its education contents. in this paper the researcher has tried to point out some reasonable aspects of environmental education guidelines which would be pursued through school music programs. In the music subject the following eight environmental education strategies could be suggested: 1. An affective aspect of music should be used in educating students to aware of the importance of environmental problems. 2. The effectiveness of employing music for various educational purposes should be implemented to make students environmentally enlightened individual. 3. The main issue of environmental problem must be used in various musical activities such as singing, implementing, composing and appreciating music. 4. By employing an alternative materials for making musical instruments, students and musicians can participate in environmental education program actively. 5. Music is analogues to life and nature. Thus it is highly suggested for teachers to teach students music more sincerely In a way of studying music more seriously, students could achieve environmental education goals by discovering the similarities of the nature of the environment and music as a human environment. 6. By appreciating many musical works of dealing with environmental problems and ecological problems, one could achieve the necessary goals of environmental education. 7. By enlarging the boundary of music including the sounds of nature such as birds' singing, sounds of winds and various streams and tree's trembling, music could achieve the major goals of environmental education. 8. By recognizing sounds as an important human environment, school music program could attain the goals of environmental education. The researcher also has mentioned about the characteristics of music as a schooling subject. and has provided with some detailed curriculum guidelines for strengthening environmental education programs in music classes. Some model lesson plans implementing the environmental education for elementary, junior high school and 10th grade music classes are also suggested followed by six specific teaching ＆ learning methods for environmental education.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.11B no.2
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• pp.187-198
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• 2004

The World-Wide Web is the largest distributed Information space and has grown to encompass diverse information resources. However, although Web is growing exponentially, the individual's capacity to read and digest contents is essentially fixed. From the view point of Web users, they can be confused by explosion of Web information, by constantly changing Web environments, and by lack of understanding needs of Web users. In these Web environments, mining traversal patterns is an important problem in Web mining with a host of application domains including system design and Information services. Conventional traversal pattern mining systems use the inter-pages association in sessions with only a very restricted mechanism (based on vector or matrix) for generating frequent k-Pagesets. We develop a family of novel algorithms (termed WebPR - Web Page Recommend) for mining frequent traversal patterns and then pageset to recommend. Our algorithms provide Web users with new page views, which Include pagesets to recommend, so that users can effectively traverse its Web site. The main distinguishing factors are both a point consistently spanning schemes applying inter-pages association for mining frequent traversal patterns and a point proposing the most efficient tree model. Our experimentation with two real data sets, including Lady Asiana and KBS media server site, clearly validates that our method outperforms conventional methods.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.93-114
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• 2005

The prenatal care is the preventive medical service to help the pregnant mother deliver the healthy baby. It's regular examines give some chances to check-up the healthy conditions. This thesis concentrates on the CRM system to support an effective prenatal care system and prove the effectiveness of it. As CRM is the adapted management related to the customer's own information, it is important to develop the CRM model classified by the patients characteristics. A general hospital in Busan operated the CRM system to carry out the effective prenatal care and there is an analysis to ensure the effectiveness of CRM system for the pregnant women in our maternity ward. The results can be summarized as follows: 1) According to the comparisons with the CRM system, we can conclude the system is desirable. (1) Maternal Age : In the age distribution, the prenatal visit frequency, triple marker freqency, oral GTT and targeted ultrasonography in the experimental group in 30 to 34 years old is higher on the whole. For over 35 years old group, the higher frequency comes out in the oral GTT and targeted ultrasonography and for 25 to 29 years old group the different figure shows just in the targeted ultrasonography. (2) Area of residence: There is a clear difference in all the items in Busan and near area but no sign of difference in prenatal visits and oral GTT in other residencial area. Especially in the targeted ultrasonography the higher figure shows in the experimental group located in the both areas. The targeted ultrasonography is known as the specific examination which should be examined by the specialists, on the contrary the other examinations can be operated in the small clinic. So the public information and seminars related with ultrasonography increases the check-up frequency. The clinic requests some ultrasonographical examinations to the specialists in general hospital. (3) Parity: The clear difference shows that the CRM system causes the prenatal visit frequency to become higher in experimental group. The figure is 9.7 times and 8.6 times each. This is opposite that the past study said multiparity reduced the average prenatal visits. But the result of CRM is considered as the method to help the multiparity understand the importance of the prenatal care. (4) Obstetrical history: In the experimental group of the spontaneous delivery group, the figure is higher in the prenatal visit frequency, triple marker, oral GTT and targeted ultrasonography but the Caesarean section delivery group has higher figure in targeted ultrasonography. (5) In the first check-up, the rate of targeted ultrasonography in under 16 week pregnancy, in the 16 week pregnancy to 32 week pregnancy and the over 32 week pregnancy in the experimental group is upper than the compared one. For the oral GTT, there is a difference in under 16 week pregnancy but no difference in prenatal visits and triple marker. 2) The analysis of characteristics of prenatal care through the decision tree resulted in the fact that the most important variable is the residential area. After the delivery frequency is following, the obstetrical history and maternal age are in order. It is the same result in the triple marker and oral GTT. Consequently it is the same order of important variables in CRM system. The effectiveness of CRM system is proved in this study. The CRM system is a marketing method to control and lead the customers through the segmentation of customer data. It increases the new customer aquisition, maintenance of loyal customers, augmentation of customers value, activation of potential customers and creation of life time customers. So eventually it can enlarge the customers value. The medical institution should make efforts to establish the data base enforced by the customer's information on the underlying ordinary data system to carry out the CRM system effectively. In addition, it should develop the a variety of marketing strategy in order to set up one to one marketing satisfying the needs of individual patients.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2019

The flowering seasons can be advanced due to climate change that would cause an abnormally warm winter. Such warm winter would increase the frequency of crop damages resulted from sudden occurrences of low temperature before and after the vegetative growth stages, e.g., the period from germination to flowering. The degree and pattern of freezing damage would differ by the development stage of each individual fruit tree even in an orchard. A critical temperature, e.g., killing temperature, has been used to predict freeze damage by low-temperature conditions under the assumption that such damage would be associated with the development stage of a fruit flower bud. However, it would be challenging to apply the critical temperature to a region where spatial variation in temperature would be considerably high. In the present study, a phenological model was used to estimate major bud development stages, which would be useful for prediction of regional risks for the freeze damages. We also derived a linear function to calculate a probabilistic freeze risk in spring, which can quantitatively evaluate the risk level based solely on forecasted weather data. We calculated the dates of freeze damage occurrences and spatial risk distribution according to main production areas by applying the spring freeze risk function to apple, peach, and pear crops in 2018. It was predicted that the most extensive low-temperature associated freeze damage could have occurred on April 8. It was also found that the risk function was useful to identify the main production areas where the greatest damage to a given crop could occur. These results suggest that the freezing damage associated with the occurrence of low-temperature events could decrease providing early warning for growers to respond abnormal weather conditions for their farm.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.135-170
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the transition of academic libraries' jobs by developing a model based on a shift of library generations including Library 1.0, Library 2.0, and Library 3.0 corresponding to the shift of web generations and to explore generational characteristics of library duties as well. The research used three phases of procedure: literature review about different library generations; job analyses for academic libraries in South Korea and the U.S.A.; the Delphi technique in tree sequential order. The research findings were as follows. First of all, there were 170 duties that continued from Library 1.0 to Library 3.0. There were 58 duties which continued from Library 2.0 to Library 3.0 whereas three duties that continued from Library 1.0 to Library 2.0. In addition, three distinctive duties existed only in Library 1.0 whereas one unique duty was only in Library 2.0. Library 3.0 generated 25 new duties. Secondly, considering general characteristics which cover specific parts of individual duties, there was a significant increase in importance, difficulty, and frequency of library administration throughout the three generations. In terms of importance, difficulty, and frequency of collection development and management, there was a significant increase only from Library 2.0 to Library 3.0. Considering information organization, there was a significant decrease in importance from Library 1.0 to Library 2.0. In addition, there was a significant decrease in frequency and there was no significant difference in difficulty throughout the three generations. In the case of information service, while there was a significant increase in importance among three generations, there was a significant increase in difficulty only from Library 1.0 to Library 2.0. However, there was no generational difference in frequency. With the respect of information system development and management, there was a significant increase in importance and frequency throughout the three generations, but there was no significant difference in difficulty among three generations.