• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.484-494
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• 2000

Objective : To evaluate the relative benefits and the costs associated with the introduction of the new pharmaceutical provision called 'Mandatory Prescription System' which separates the role of physicians from that of pharmacists with respect to the prescription and dispensation of from the perspective of consumers (i.e., patients). Methods : The costs of the system were measured by considering both direct and indirect costs. Direct costs included additional payments for ambulatory care and dispensing fees that occurred under the new system. indirect costs consisted of transportation expenses and costs related to time spent for physician consultation, waiting for the prescriptions to be filled, and extra traveling. Benefits identified in this study were the reduction of drug misuse and overuse, and the overall decrease in drug consumption among the Korean population. Sensitivity analysis was peformed for the inclusion of benefits for outpatients of hospitals, price elasticity, and increased fees for established patients. Results : The net benefit was estimated to be about minus 1,862 billion won and the benefit-cost ratio was 0.478. This indicates that the costs of 'Mandatory Prescription' outweigh its benefits, relative to the previous system. The sensitivity analysis results for all the variables considered in this study consistently showed the benefit-cost ratio to be less than 1. Conclusion : The results of this study suggest that implementing Mandatory Prescription System in Korea might be inefficient from the consumer's perspective. The results of this study do not coincide with the results of previous studies, presumably because of the differences in study design and in which items of costs and benefits were considered.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제47권
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• pp.3-24
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• 2010

The contours of the definition of an indirect expropriation are not precisely drawn. In some recent ICSID decision, tribunals have interpreted the concept of indirect expropriation narrowly and have preferred to find a violation of the standard of fair and equitable treatment. Thus, I analyzed the three Requirements of Indirect Expropriation basis of ICSID Cases as below. First, the effect of measure upon the economic benefit value as well as upon the control over the investment will be the key question when it comes to deciding whether an indirect expropriation has taken place. Whenever this effect is substantial and lasts for a significant period of time, it will be assumed prima facie that a taking of the property has occurred. Second, legitimate play a key role in the interpretation of the fair and equitable treatment standard. But they also found entry into the law governing indirect expropriation. Finally, the duration of a government measure affecting the interests of a foreign investor is important for the assessment of whether an expropriation has occurred.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.111-116
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• 2001

This study is conducted to review the ratio of direct and indirect cost accompanied by industrial accident in construction sites. It is surveyed that how to use safety cost in construction work is most efficient in comparison with several items of safety cost through the regression analysis.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.67-85
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• 2003

This study was conducted to analyze Korean companie's perception in IT investment cost-benefit analysis(CBA), and to see if various user group's perception is different. Literature was reviewed to classify and define variables in IT CBA, and questionnaire was distributed to CEOs, CIOs, IT managers, and general managers in Korean companies. Respondent's priority ranking in IT CBA was shown to be tangible benefit, direct cost/intangible benefit, and indirect cost/risk. Data analysis showed that Korean companie's actual practice in CBA was generally aligned with their perception. User group's(Executives vs. mangers, and IT managers vs. general managers) perception was not shown to be statistically different. Survey result also showed that IT CBA was not well practiced in the companies although respondents perceive the analysis very important. These findings suggest that more education and practical experience is needed for Korean companies to perform IT CBA.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.265-290
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• 2022

본 연구는 한국과학기술정보연구원의 OA논문 통합서비스플랫폼(Discover)에 대한 비용편익분석을 통해 사업의 경제성 평가를 수행하였다. 학술연구자 1,313명, 바이오산업 연구개발자 49명, 일반 산업체 연구개발자 102명 등 서비스 수혜 집단별로 설문조사를 실시하여 편익측정에 필요한 기초자료를 수집하였다. 시스템 구축과 운영에 소요되는 비용, 직접편익과 간접편익을 추정한 후, 이를 토대로 비용편익분석과 민감도 분석을 실시하였다. 우선 직접 편익에 한정한 비용편익분석 결과, 총 8년간 사업에 투입된 사업투자비용(약 56.3억)의 약 14배인 820억 원의 편익이 발생할 것으로 추정되었다. 직간접편익을 합산한 비용편익분석 결과 역시 BCR이 최소 98.9, NPV는 5,388억 원 등으로 추정되어 사업의 경제적 타당성이 충분히 확보되었다. 본 분석 결과는 국가 차원의 OA논문 통합서비스플랫폼 개발 및 구축의 타당성 확보에 기여할 수 있으며, 본 연구에서 개발된 편익추정모형은 향후 사업 진행 과정에서 평가도구로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.179-193
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• 2002

This study aims to examine the forming procedure of consumer satisfaction from Internet shopping experience. Many studies on the satisfaction have primarily focused on the examination of the antecedents of satisfaction along with the expectation-disconfirmation paradigm dominating the former studies. This study has built an Internet shopping expectation-disconfirmation model as to apply the expectation-disconfirmation into the condition of the Internet shopping. The summary of study represented in following. l. The expectation of risk and performance of benefit had a significantly positive effect on the perceived disconfirmation. In addition, an expectation of benefit and performance of risk had a significantly negative effect on the perceived disconfirmation. 2. A performance of risk and performance of benefit not only had a significantly indirect effect, but also a significantly direct effect on the consumer satisfaction. But expectation of risk and expectation of benefit had no significant direct effect on satisfaction. 3. Not only the perceived disconfirmation had a significant positive effect on satisfaction, but also an effect of the perceived disconfirmation on satisfaction(0.472) is larger than that of the performance of risk or performance of benefit. Meaning that, it is desirable for one to apply the expectation-disconfirmation model into the Internet shopping circumstances as much as the off-line markets.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2015

This study first addresses the ineffectiveness of indirect regulation on industrial machines. Analysis of causes of industrial accidents associated with industrial machines further reveals the fact that technical causes need to be resolved at the manufacturing stage to reduce the frequency and strength of industrial accidents. Balanced safety certification on manufacturers and safety inspection on users of industrial machines are then suggested to effectively resolve such technical causes. The effectiveness of such safety certification and safety inspection can be justified by cost-benefit analysis. Particularly, balance in expected benefits of safety certification and safety inspection is a key issue for validity of such analysis. The accumulated benefit-costs for press brake and portable sawing machine confirm the effectiveness of such safety system.

• 태양에너지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.47-57
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• 1999

A building and the solar are related to the privilege of solar benefit. To make step, it is required to build up an object, chase the position of object and the solar, find the shadow occurrence. On the subject of direct illuminance, an intensive emission of irradiation is proposed to directly project to the benefit area. Simultaneously on the indirect illuminance, the integration of a finite element incident to the benefit area can be multiplied by the hemisphere luminance. A caution should be paid to eliminate the occupation area of the object around on the hemispherical sky, which can help run more accurate prediction.

• 한국의료질향상학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.168-179
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• 2000

Background : Economic evaluation of clinical pharmacokinetic consultation services for theophylline, which is being widely used recently, is considered in patients for both proper care and cost efficiency. Mathods : This is a cost-benefit analysis of clinical pharmacokinetic consultation service for theophylline. Trial groups were chosen from 2 general hospitals which was performing clinical pharmacokinetic consultation- services in 1998. Control group was chosen from another one general hospital. The analysis includes 25 patients (sample patients) for trial group and 17 patients for control group. Results : On the basis of incremental analysis, it is estimated that the total (direct and indirect) annual costs of the clinical, pharmacokinetic services of theophylline for the patients in the trial group was about \65 million, whereas total annual benefits from those services was estimated to be about \551 million. The net benefits incurred to the sample patients, thus calculated, was about \485 million per year. In the analysis, we assumed that indirect benefits accruing to those services were non-existent. If that amount was included, the estimated net benefits would be much greater than the calculated one. Conclusion : We found that clinical pharmacokinetic consultation services for theophylline could produce more marginal benefits than marginal costs by those services from the social point of view. More controlled prospective trial in the future would be helpful for affirmation of the results of this study.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제30권sup호
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• pp.6.1-6.4
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• 2015

Objectives This study is conducted to estimate the cost paid by the public suffering from disease possibly caused by chemical and to examine the effect on public health. Methods Cost-benefit analysis is an important factor in analysis and decision-making and is an important policy decision tool in many countries. Cost-of-illness (COI), a kind of scale-based analysis method, estimates the potential value lost as a result of illness as a monetary unit and calculates the cost in terms of direct, indirect and psychological costs. This study estimates direct medical costs, transportation fees for hospitalization and outpatient treatment, and nursing fees through a number of patients suffering from disease caused by chemicals in order to analyze COI, taking into account the cost of productivity loss as an indirect cost. Results The total yearly cost of the diseases studied in 2012 is calculated as 77 million Korean won (KRW) per person. The direct and indirect costs being 52 million KRW and 23 million KRW, respectively. Within the total cost of illness, mental and behavioral disability costs amounted to 16 million KRW, relevant blood immunological parameters costs were 7.4 million KRW, and disease of the nervous system costs were 6.7 million KRW. Conclusions This study reports on a survey conducted by experts regarding diseases possibly caused by chemicals and estimates the cost for the general public. The results can be used to formulate a basic report for a social-economic evaluation of the permitted use of chemicals and limits of usage.