• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2012

Establishing public kindergarten is very important in social welfare aspects. So far almost public kindergarten were built up as attached style in primary school. More independent style kindergarten is being requested for small land area, shorter commuting distance. But the standard design guideline of the independent public kindergarten is insufficient. The purpose of this study is to examine the architectural Planning direction for the standard design guideline of the independent public kindergarten. A result of this study can be suggested what kind of architectural Planning direction of independent public kindergarten is needed more acutely.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.175-198
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• 2007

Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) has been a basis model for testing technology use. Post researches of TAM have been conducted with the updating the TAM by adding new independent variables in order to increase the explanation power of the model. However, one problem is that different independent variables have to be introduced to keep the explanation power whenever applying to particular technology. This reduces the generality of the research model. Thus in order to increase the generality of the model, this study reviewed the previous researches and collected the independent variables used, and regrouped them into three basic independent constructs. New research model was designed with three basic independent constructs with four constructs selected for the mandatory IT environment and voluntary IT environment, and the structured equations analysis(AMOS) was applied to find the significant causal effect relationships between constructs in addition to the explanation power of the model. Finally, this study concluded that new TAM could be used to explain the users' adopting new technology without any adding new particular independent variables.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.13-24
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• 2009

Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) has been a basis model for testing technology use. Post researches of TAM have been conducted with the updating the TAM by adding new independent variables in order to increase the explanatory power of the model. However, the problem is that different independent variables have to be required to keep the explanatory power whenever adopting particular technology. This might reduce the generality of the research model. Thus in order to increase the generality of the model, this study reviewed the previous researches and collected the independent variables used, and regrouped them into three basic independent constructs. New research model was designed with three basic independent constructs with three constructs selected for the involuntary information technology usage environment. Finally, this study concluded that new technology acceptance model could be used to explain the use of new technology without any adding new particular independent variables.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.87-92
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• 2012

Independent study is a major ability of engineering students. In independent study training practice, we need to use different instructional strategies and responds to individual student needs and learning styles. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a four-step student independent study training mode we applied to teaching the Biomedical Engineering students in Dali University, China. We developed this teaching mode to fulfill the goals of the first years' undergraduates training and improve the students learning skills. The four-step teaching mode includes both in-class and out-of-class activities. The emphasis is on how to train students to get information from the reading materials, understand the concept, develop critical thinking and eventually become independent learner.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.139-156
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to identify the independent tendency of single women, certainly worthy of study in considering their size, their growth, and their purchasing power, and to examine their effects on consumption values and clothing benefits. The data were collected from self-administrated questionnaire with 537 single women in their 20�s and 30�s on May in 2005. Data were analyzed by factor analysis, reliability analysis, K-means cluster, one way ANOVA and chi-square. Factor analysis on independent tendency resulted in three dimensional structures: marriage-independent tendency, physical independence, social independence. Five dimensions of consumption values were identified by factor analysis: conspicuous, pro-environmental. economic, enjoyable, aesthetic values. Five dimensions of clothing benefits were identified by factor analysis: individuality, well-known brand, practicality, price, social recognition pursuit. The respondents were classified to three groups by three factors of independent tendency: high independent group, social-physical independent group, low independent group. There were significant differences among these groups in demographic characteristics, consumption values and clothing benefits.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.59-75
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• 2006

Independent innovation is the key factor to enhance competitiveness in China auto industry. This article is based on current status analysis of China auto industry independent innovation and it points out the problems and causes that exist in the independent innovation process. It also proposes policy and suggestions to accelerate cultivation of independent innovation in China auto industry.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computational and Applied Mathematics Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.16.1-16
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• 2003

A subset S of vertices of a graph G is independent if no two vertices of S are adjacent by an edge in G. Also we say that S is maximal independent if it is contained In no larger independent set in G. A planted plane tree is a tree that is embedded in the plane and rooted at an end-vertex. A (k＋1) -valent tree is a planted plane tree in which each vertex has degree one or (k＋1). We classify maximal independent sets of (k＋1) -valent trees into two groups, namely, type A and type B maximal independent sets and consider specific independent sets of these trees. We study relations among these three types of independent sets. Using the relations, we count the number of all maximal independent sets of (k＋1) -valent trees with n vertices of degree (k＋1).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.437-445
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to analysis on diaphragm thickness and lung function of stroke patients by walking ability. Methods : We recruited thirty-five adults after stroke(20 male, 15 female) for our study. The subjects were divided into two groups; independent walking group(11 male, 9 female) and non-independent walking group(9 male, 6 female). Assessment of diaphragm thickness was performed using ultrasound in B-mode with a 7.5 MHz linea probe. During the experiment, the subject was seated in the chair. All subjects performed maximal expiratory flow maneuvers using a spirometer in order to determine the forced expiratory volume in 1 second ($FEV_1$), forced vital capacity(FVC), peak expiratory flow(PEF) and $FEV_1$/FVC. Chest expansion was measured with a tape-measure placed circumferentially around the chest wall at the xiphoid process. The collected data analyzed by independent t-test. Results : The diaphragm thickness were significant differences between the independent walking and nonindependent walking group. Values of forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at one second, peak expiratory flow in pulmonary function tests were significant differences between the independent walking and non-independent walking group. However, chest expansion were not significant differences in both of the group. Conclusion : This study showed that walking ability of stroke patients have influenced on diaphragm thickness and pulmonary function.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.117-129
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• 2005

The purpose of this research was to study opinions on elderly housing and attitudes toward the problems related to elderly lives, which were due to dependence or independence in later life. The survey was conducted among middle-aged people in their fifties, living in Seoul. The final sample included 498 respondents. Since the statistical analysis was focused only on independent and dependent groups, total cases for the analysis were 373. The results of this study were as follows. Firstly, the group that was more independent in later life tended to be healthier, lived with a husband or wife, had no children, and had more monthly income and assets. Secondly, the group that was more independent in later life believed that they had the sole responsibility of resolving later life issues. The group that was more dependent believed that their family, not themselves, must resolve their later life problems. The independent group wanted to continue their work or enjoy leisure. Thirdly, the group that was more independent about elderly housing stated that they were responsible for it, while the other group stated that their family was. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of general idea, and social interest. However, the independent group answered that more development and management of elderly housing were needed. The expected living arrangement in their later lives was similar. Also, there were no differences between the two groups in living with family or the demand for service from elderly housing.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.197-207
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• 2018

This study analysis effect of social support and career maturity on readiness for independent living of run away youths using drop in center. This result peer support had more influence on preparing for independent living than in supporting the working class and career maturity had a huge impact on all the low-variables of preparing for independent living. Career maturity level for run away youths paly an important role in preparing for independent living just like general youths. On the base this study propose supporting system preparing for independent living, worker empowerment, drop in center's role establish for independent living.