• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.765-771
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• 2016

전통적인 저온숙성 당절임 방법을 이용한 오미자청의 제조과정에서 최적의 배양시간을 찾기 위하여 파일럿 규모(1톤)의 연구를 시행하였다. 생오미자와 동일한 량으로 투입된 설탕은 배양시간에 따라 과당과 포도당으로 전환되었으며 오미자청에 존재하는 유리당의 조성은 68일 이상의 배양기간에서는 일정하게 유지되었다. 배양기간에 따른 오미자청의 pH는 일정한 수준을 유지한 반면, 적정 산도와 유기산의 함량은 배양시간 37일까지 지속적으로 증가한 이후 68일 이후에는 일정한 조성을 유지하였다. 생오미자에 존재하는 주요 유기산은 숙신산으로 확인되었으며 오미자청에 존재하는 유기산의 조성 역시 생오미자와 유사하였다. 오미자에 존재하는 주요 생리활성물질인 총 플라보노이드와 폴리페놀화합물은 60일 이상 배양한 오미자청에서 높은 함량을 보이고 138일까지 일정한 수준을 유지하였다. 특히, 오미자청에 함유된 총 플라보노이드와 폴리페놀화합물의 함량은 생오미자 과육에 비하여 각각 9배와 5배 정도 높은 수준으로 증가하였다. 생오미자를 저온숙성 당절임 방법을 적용하여 오미자청으로 제조 가공하는 과정에서 유리당, 유기산 및 생리활성물질 등에 대한 일정한 품질을 확보를 위해서는 최소 60일 이상의 배양기간이 필요한 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 연구결과는 전통적인 저온숙성 당절임 방법으로 제조 가공되는 오미자청의 고품질화와 기능성 음료 개발을 위한 제조 가공공정의 표준화에 유용한 정보가 될 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1369-1373
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• 2004

The percentages of sperm motility and normal acrosome on the liquid boar semen diluted and preserved at $4^{\circ}C$ with lactose hydrate, egg yolk and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (LEN) diluent were significant differences according to preservation day and incubation time, respectively. The sperm motility steadily declined from 96.9% at 0.5 h incubation to 78.8% at 6 h incubation at 1 day of preservation. However, the sperm motility rapidly declined after 4 day of preservation during incubation. The normal acrosome steadily declined from 93.3% at 0.5 h incubation to 73.8% at 6 h incubation at 1 day of preservation. However, the normal acrosome rapidly declined after 3 day of preservation during incubation. The rates of sperm penetration and polyspermy were higher in 5 and $10{\times}10^6$ sperm/ml than in 0.2 and $1{\times}10^6$ sperm/ml. Mean numbers of sperm in penetrated oocyte were highest in $10{\times}10^6$ sperm/ml compared with other sperm concentrations. The rates of blastocysts from the cleaved oocytes (2-4 cell stage) were highest in $1{\times}10^6$sperm/ml compared with other sperm concentrations. In conclusion, we found out that liquid boar sperm stored at $4^{\circ}C$ could be used for in vitro fertilization of pig oocytes matured in vitro. Also, we recommend $1{\times}10^6$sperm/ml concentration for in vitro fertilization of pig oocytes.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.175-184
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Angelicae pubescentis Radix water extract (ACE) on immune properties in macrophage cells. Methods: The cells were divided into two groups: As a control, the first was not treated with ACE, and the other was treated with ACE. Together with the cell viability, productions of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ by treating of ACE were monitored. Results: 1. There was no decrease of the cell viability after 24 hr incubation, but a significant decrease after 48 hr incubation with all four concentrations (25, 100, 200, and $400\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) of ACE. 2. A significant increase in the production of NO was observed in the concentrations above $50\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of ACE after 24 hr incubation. 3. Further, after 48 hr incubation, the critical concentration of ACE for the increase was reduced to $25\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. 4. The production of (IL)-$1{\beta}$ significantly increased with the ACE concentrations of 100 and $200\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ after 24 hr incubation. 5. The production of IL-6 significantly increased with the ACE concentration of $200\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ after 24 hr incubation. 6. A significant increase in the production of (TNF)-${\alpha}$ was detected with ACE concentrations of 50, 100, and $200\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ after 24 hr incubation. Conclusions: These show that ACE increases mouse macrophage NO production at concentrations above $50\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, and the cytokines ((IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and (TNF)-${\alpha}$) at concentrations above $200\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. These results suggest that ACE improves macrophage immune property.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.819-826
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• 2009

An in vitro study was conducted to investigate the effect of malate or fumarate on fermentation characteristics, and production of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and methane ($CH_4$) by rumen microbes when incubated with linolenic acid (${\alpha}-C_{18:3}$). Sixty milligrams of ${\alpha}-C_{18:3}$ alone (LNA), or ${\alpha}-C_{18:3}$ with 24 mM malic acid (M-LNA) or ${\alpha}-C_{18:3}$ with 24 mM fumaric acid (F-LNA) were added to the 150 ml culture solution consisting of 75 ml strained rumen fluid and 75ml McDougall's artificial saliva. Culture solution for incubation was also made without malate, fumarate and ${\alpha}-C_{18:3}$ (Control). Two grams of feed consisting of 70% concentrate and 30% ground alfalfa (DM basis) were also added to the culture solution of each treatment. In vitro incubation was made anaerobically in a shaking incubator up to 12 h at $39^{\circ}C$. Supplementation of malate (M-LNA) or fumarate (F-LNA) increased pH at 6 h (p<0.01) and 12 h (p<0.001) incubation times compared to control and linolenic acid (LNA) treatments. Both malate and fumarate did not influence the ammonia-N concentration. Concentration of total VFA in culture solution was higher for M-LNA and F-LNA supplementation than for control and LNA treatments from 6 h (p<0.040) to 12 h (p<0.027) incubation times, but was not different between malate and fumarate for all incubation times. Molar proportion of $C_3$ was increased by F-LNA and M-LNA supplementation from 6 h (p<0.0001) to 12 h (p<0.004) incubation times compared to control and LNA treatments. No differences in $C_{3}$ proportion, however, were observed between M-LNA and F-LNA treatments. Accumulated total gas production for 12h incubation was increased (p<0.0002) by M-LNA or F-LNA compared to control or LNA treatment. Accumulated $CH_4$ production for 12 h incubation, however, was greatly reduced (p<0.0002) by supplementing malate or fumarate compared to the control, and its production from M-LNA or F-LNA treatment was smaller than that from LNA treatment. Methane production from LNA, M-LNA or F-LNA treatment was steadily lower (p<0.01 - p<0.001) from 3 h incubation time than that from the control, and was also lower for M-LNA or F-LNA treatment at incubation times of 6 h (p<0.01) and 9 h (p<0.001) than for LNA treatment. Methane production from LNA, however, was reduced (p<0.01 - p<0.001) from 3 h to 9 h incubation times compared to the control. Both malate and fumarate increased concentration of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ from 3 h to 12 h incubation (p<0.01), cis9,trans11-CLA up to 6 h incubation (p<0.01 - p<0.01), trans10,cis12-CLA at 3 h (p<0.05) and 12 h (p<0.01), and total CLA for all incubation times (p<0.05) compared to corresponding values for the ${\alpha}-C_{18:3}$ supplemented treatment (LNA). In conclusion, malate and fumarate rechanneled the metabolic $H_2 pathway to production of propionate and CLA, and depressed the process of biohydrogenation and methane generation. Linolenic acid alone would also be one of the optimistic alternatives to suppress the $CH_4$ generation.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.153-161
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• 2003

본 연구는 돼지 동결-융해 정자의 배양에 의한 체외수정능력과 glycosidase activity를 평가하기 위하여 chlortetracycfine fluorescence분석법을 이용하여, glycosidase가 체외수정능력과 정자침입에 미치는 영향에 대하여 검토하였다. 또한 돼지난자의 투명대내에서 발견된 당잔기에 대한 정자의 glyco-sidase 특이성을 확인하기 위하여 $\alpha$-L-fucosidase, $\alpha$-D-mannosidase, $\beta$-D-galactosidase 및 N-acetyl-$\beta$-D-glucosaminidase ($\beta$-GlcNAc'ase)의 activity를 분석하였다. 그 결과 glycosidase activity는 동결정자의 응해 후 배양하지 않았을 때보다 2시간 배양했을 때 더 높게 나타났다. $\beta$-GlcNAc'ase의 activity 는 정자 배양 유무에 관계없이 다른 glycosidase 처리시보다 최소한 2배 이상 높게 나타났다. 또한 첨체반응이 유기된 정자의 비율은 glycosidase ($\alpha$-D-mannosidase; P<0.05)에 의해 영향을 받았으며 자를 배양하지 않은 경우보다는 배양된 정자에서 높게 나타났다. 그러나 배양시간에 따른 정자의 존성에 대해 glycosidase의 종류에 따른 유의차는 인정되지 않았다. 한편 투명대내 정자의 접착과 입에 대한 또 다른 실험에서, 서로 다른 glyco-sidase가 첨가된 배양액내에서 수정된 정자가 배양시간이 길어짐에 따라 정자의 침입율은 낮아졌다 $\beta$-GlcNAc'ase; P<0.05). 투명대내의 정자접착정도는 glycosidase의 첨가시에 무첨가시보다 접착정도가 더 높았으며, 가장 높은 접착율은 $\beta$-GlcNAc'ase 첨가시 나타났다. 또한 모든 glycosidase 처리시 2시간 배양한 정자보다는 배양하지 않은 정자에서 투명대에 대한 접착정도가 높게 나타났으며, $\alpha$-D-mannosidase의 처리시 유의적인 차이를 보였다 (P<0.05). 본 연구의 결과, $\beta$-GlcNAc'ase가 주로 돼지정자의 원형질막내에 존재하는 것으로 추측되며, 배양된 정자에 의한 투명대 접착정도와 침입율이 낮았음에도 불구하고 glycosidase activity가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1161-1170
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• 2000

Objective : The transverse hippocampal slice is one of the most commonly studied in vitro models of mammalian brain physiology. However, despite its broad usage, there has been no standardization of slice preparation techniques or recording condition. It is well known that variations in recording conditions can result in profound different effects to neuronal responses. Evoked field potentials, recorded extracellularly, were used to investigate the effects of variations in hippocampal slice preparation protocol on hypoxia responses of CA1 neurones. Material & Methods : Before hypoxic injury, hippocampal slices were incubated for 4 hours. During incubation period, the slices were placed in a incubation chamber($21^{\circ}C$) for recovery from preparation injury and then transferred to recording chamber($34^{\circ}C$) for more recovery and baseline electric recording with current stimulation(0.1Hz). Various time periods in incubation chamber and recording chamber were applied to each experimental group(group 1=60min : 180min, group 2=90min : 150min, group 3=180min : 60min, time in incubation chamber : time in recording chamber) before 10 min hypoxia produced by replacing 95% $O_2$+5% $CO_2$ mixed gas to 95% $N_2$+5% $CO_2$ gas. Calcium, Magnesium ions and several drugs effecting on glutamate receptor also were studied. Recoveries from hypoxic injury of hippocampal slices were estimated by percent recovery of population spike(PS). Statistic analysis of study were performed using paired t-test. Results : The percent recovery of PS after 10min hypoxia was considerably enhanced by increasing the period of current stimulation during incubation period before hypoxic injury. Temperature effect on the result of this experiment was also studied(group 4) but the result from this showed no statistic significance. Low magnesium ion concentration of artificial CSF(Mg-free aCSF) during incubation period enhanced the recovery of PS but low calcium (calcium-free) and high magnesium ion concentration(2mM) reduced it after hypoxic injury. L-glutamate($100{\mu}M$) and AP-5($50{\mu}M$) had no effect on the recovery of PS but CNQX($10{\mu}M$) in artificial CSF during incubation period markedly enhanced the recovery of PS. Co-treatment of AP-5($50{\mu}M$), CNQX($10{\mu}M$) and high magnesium concentration(2mM) enhanced recovery of PS in immediate following period of hypoxic injury but the effect of cotreatment after then decayed rapidly and lost statistic significance. Conclusions : Judging from above results, the condition of baseline recording is important in observing the recovery of population spike after hypoxia, and the time and the condition should be controled more strictly to obtain reliable results.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1562-1568
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• 2016

Monochromatic green light-emitting diodes (LED) light stimuli influences the posthatch growth performance of chicks. This study was undertaken with the following objectives: i) to examine whether the green LED light stimuli induces an overheating effect by determining weight loss rate of fertile eggs during incubation period; ii) to look for the development of eyes and other primary organs at different ages of embryos and newly hatched chicks. Arbor Acres fertile broiler eggs (n = 480) were randomly assigned to 3 incubation groups and exposed to continuous white light, green light, or a dark environment (control) from the first day to 19 d of incubation. The light sourced from LED lamps with the intensity of 30 lx at eggshell level. The results showed that either green or white light stimuli during incubation did not significantly affect the weight loss rate of fertile eggs, hatching time, hatchability, chick embryo, or body weight (BW), the weight percentage of heart, liver, and eyes, as well as obvious systematic abnormalities in eye weight, side-to-side, back-to-front, or corneal diameter from 15 d of embryogenesis to 6 d of posthatch (p>0.05). Compared with the dark condition, green light stimuli during incubation tended to increase feed intake (p = 0.080), improved the BW gain of chicks during 0 to 6 day posthatch (p<0.05), and increased the percentage of pectoral muscle to the BW on 3- and 6-day-old chicks. In addition, embryos or chicks in green light had lower weight percentage of yolk retention on 19 d of embryogenesis and 1 d of posthatch in comparison to those in dark or white group (p<0.05). These results suggest that providing 30 lx green LED light stimuli during incubation has no detrimental effect on the development of eyes, heart and liver of embryos and hatchlings, but does have potential benefits in terms of enhancement of the chick growth during the early posthatch stages. In addition, the fertile broiler eggs stimulated with 30 lx green LED light during incubation does not cause an overheating effect.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.288-293
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• 2001

콩물의 ${\alpha}-amylase$ 활성은 콩물 농도에 따른 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, ${\beta}-amylase$와 glucoamylase의 활성은 7% 콩물보다 14% 콩물의 활성이 유의적으로 높았으며, 각각의 효소는 온도 변화 및 기질에 따른 차이를 나타내었고, 생전분보다 호화전분 기질에 대한 활성이 높게 나타났다. 유과 반죽의 pH는 콩물 농도 증가에 따라 증가하였고 incubation 시간 증가에 따라서 감소하였으며, 점도는 콩물 농도가 증가할수록 incubation 시간이 길어질수록 감소하였다. 반죽의 환원당 함량은 생반죽, 호화 반죽 모두 콩물 농도가 증가할수록, incubation 시간이 길어질수록 높게 나타났으며, 특히 호화 반죽에서는 0% 콩물 첨가군보다 7%, 14% 콩물 첨가군의 환원당 함량이 $3{\sim}4$배 이상 높게 나타났다. 반죽의 ${\alpha},{\beta}-amylase$, glucoamylase 역시 콩물 농도가 증가할수록 활성이 증가하였고 생전분보다 호화전분에 대한 활성이 매우 높게 나타났다. 유과 반죽을 동결 건조시켜 미세구조를 관찰한 결과 콩물 무첨가군에 비해 콩물 첨가군에서 incubation 시간이 증가함에 따라 입자의 크기가 작아지고, 입자 표면에 구멍이 관찰되어 콩물 첨가시 전분 분해 효소 작용이 일어났음을 알 수 있었다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.175-179
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• 2002

A study on comparative efficacy and in vitro activity of fresh cow urine and cow dung for controlling Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum of cucumber was carried out following mycelial growth inhibition test, treated and untreated sclerotia with these organic matters at different days of incubation. Results showed that cow urine suppressed more effectively the mycelial growth even after 5 days of incubation in comparison to cow dung. The highest inhibition 75.9% of mycelial growth was recorded in cow dung potato dextrose agar(CUPDA) after 3 days of incubation and least 22.7% was in cow dung potato dextrose agar(CUPDA) after same days of incubation. Mycelial growth from sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum was also influenced by PDA medium mixed with cow urine and cow dung. After 6 days of incubation in CUPDA mycelial growth was only 12.9 mm whereas in CDPDA and PDA the corresponding growth at the same time were 65.8 mm and 80.0 mm. Treated sclerotia of the selected fungus with cow urine had a very effective role on suppression of mycelial growth than that of untreated one. No mycelial growth was observed up to 4 days in treated sclerotia with cow urine. After 5 days only 0.9 mm mycelial growth was measured in treated sclerotia, while in case of untreated sclerotia the growth was 42.6 mm. Application of cow urine and cow dung on growing plants inoculated with the pathogen at different concentrations also proved their inhibitive effects.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.330-341
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• 2014

An instrument which practitioners have acknowledged as an essential mechanism used in supporting greenhorn companies is the business incubation system. Several countries of the world have implemented the business incubation concept ever since it was conceived and developed in the United States in 1959. It is a model that has typically given itself much more readily within industrialized countries with identical environments to the United States. Nigeria also adapted it in 1993 where the resulting process and practice failed to live up to anticipations. To determine the significant role of government policy on the incubation dimensions and its success is the purpose of this research. Data collection process involved the surveying of stakeholders in Nigeria with some direct involvement in the national programme. The Partial Least Squares (PLS) was employed for the analysis. The findings showed that all exogenous variables collectively explained 52.4% of the variance in success. Meanwhile, when a moderation effect is present; the variable increased to 62.3%. Consequently, it is recommended that for a business incubation scheme to be successful and effective, government needs to implement efficient policies since results showed that these policies influenced all the relationships. The results' implications as well as limitations of the study are discussed.