• World Technopolis Review
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.11-22
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• 2015

Globalization, increasing technological advancements and dynamic knowledge diffusion are moving our world closer together at a unique scale and pace. At the same time, our rapidly changing society is confronted with major challenges ranging from demographic to economic ones; challenges that necessitate highly innovative solutions, forcing us to reconsider the way that we actually innovate and create shared value. As such the linear, centralized innovation models of the past need to be replaced with new approaches; approaches that are based upon an open and collaborative, global network perspective where all innovation actors strategically network and collaborate, openly distribute their ideas and co-innovate/co-create in a global context utilizing our society's full innovation potential (Innovation 4.0 - Open Innovation 2.0). These emerging innovation paradigms create "an opportunity for a new entrepreneurial renaissance which can drive a Cambrian like explosion of sustainable wealth creation" (Curley 2013). Thus, in order to materialize this entrepreneurial renaissance, it is critical not only to value but also to actively employ this new innovation paradigms so as to derive community-driven shared value that stems from global innovation networks. This paper argues that there is a gap in existing business incubation model that needs to be filled, in that the innovation and entrepreneurship community cannot afford to ignore the emerging innovation paradigms and rely upon closed incubation models but has to adopt an "open incubation" (Ziouvelou 2013). The open incubation model is based on the principles of open innovation, crowdsourcing and co-creation of shared value and enables individual users and innovation stakeholders to strategically network, find collaborators and partners, co-create ideas and prototypes, share their ideas/prototypes and utilize the wisdom of the crowd to assess the value of these project ideas/prototypes, while at the same time find connections/partners, business and technical information, knowledge on start-up related topics, online tools, online content, open data and open educational material and most importantly access to capital and crowd-funding. By introducing a new incubation phase, namely the "interest phase", open incubation bridges the gap between entrepreneurial need and action and addresses the wantpreneurial needs during the innovation conception phase. In this context one such ecosystem that aligns fully with the open incubation model and theoretical approach, is the VOICE ecosystem. VOICE is an international, community-driven innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem based on open innovation, crowdsourcing and co-creation principles that has no physical location as opposed to traditional business incubators. VOICE aims to tap into the collective intelligence of the crowd and turn their entrepreneurial interest or need into a collaborative project that will result into a prototype and to a successful "crowd-venture".

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.702-710
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• 2017

Recently, in many reptiles (14 genera of turtles in five families), common characteristics of incubation temperatures are known to determine the sexes of hatchlings in many species of turtles, including the map turtles, painted turtles and snapping turtles, emys turtle, etc. According to many researcher's reports, in general, incubation at $25^{\circ}C$ (cooler temperatures) produces all or mostly males, however, incubation at $31^{\circ}C$ (higher temperatures) or higher produces all or mostly females. Exceptionally, even cooler temperature ($20^{\circ}C$) produce females, they produced all or mostly females. Accordingly, it is well-known that incubation temperature is the sex determining agent in these turtles. However, this paper presents study of the sex ratio and nest ecology in natural spawning nest: Observations on hatching sex ratios of eggs collected from natural nests of T. sinensis are similar to a previous report of the same genus Trionyx in the soft-shelled turtles. However, this genus (or species) showed some different phenomena to other kinds of turtles such as various kinds turtles mentioned above. After collection of naturally spawned eggs (17 eggs of T. sisnensis) on the natural nests, a laboratory experiment by the constant incubation temperatures was conducted with natural fluctuating soil temperatures in the natural nest with the soft-shelled turtle, T. sinensis. And also laboratory experiments were conducted using constant incubation temperatures of $25^{\circ}C$ (cooler temp.) and $30^{\circ}C$ (higher temp.) with the turtle, T. sinensis. Exceptionally, it was confirmed that the first and second incubation temperatures can't control sex-determination in the freshwater soft-shelled turtle, T. sinensis. The sex ratio approximated 1:1 (${\chi}^2=0.06$, P>0.05 (the Ist experiment). And the sex ratio approximated 1:1 independently of incubation temperature (${\chi}^2=0.33$, P>0.05 (the 2nd experiment). Consequently, temperature has no effect on sex determination in the genus Trionyx in a soft-shelled turtle.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.104-111
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• 2000

본 연구는 제지슬러지퇴비의 농업적 이용을 위하여 퇴비를 사질양토에 일정 비율로 혼합한 후 인산의 가용화와 토양중의 무기 인산의 변화를 구명하기 위하여 수행하였다. 온도와 수분에 관한 영향을 찾고자 incubation 실험을 실시하였다. Incubation 실험의 처리내용은 제지슬러지퇴비의 혼합율을 0, 2, 8및 16%의 비율로 혼합하였고, 수분조건은10과 15%로 하였으며, 온도는 4와 $30^{\circ}C$로 하였다. Incubation 실험에서 제지슬러지퇴비의 혼합비율이 증가할수록 pH값은 상승하였으며, 처리조건중 온도조건에서는 뚜렷한 경향이 없었고, 수분의 조건에서 pH변화는 없었다. Incubation 실험에서 무기인산의 분획물중 Saloid-P와 Fe-P는 혼합량이 증가할수록 감소하였으며, 처리량이 많았던 8과 16% 처리구에서는 존재하지 않거나 미량 존재 하였다. 시간에 따른 변화량은 낮게 나타났다. Al-P에서는 혼합량이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향이었다. Ca-P의 함량은 혼합량이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향이었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.294-300
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• 2001

저장 방법의 차이에 따른 유과의 과산화물가는 대바구니 포장이 가장 높았으며, 질소 치환 포장, 냉동 저장 순으로 나타났고, 저장 기간 증가에 따라 현저히 증가하였다. 콩물 농도가 증가함에 따라 과산화물가도 증가하였으나 incubation 시간 증가에 따른 차이는 유의적이지 않았다. 유과의 hardness는 콩물 농도, incubation 시간과 저장 기간의 증가에 따라 현저한 감소를 나타냈으나 저장 방법간에는 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. Peak number는 저장 기간 10주까지는 냉동 저장군이 다른 군보다 높게 나타났으나, 12주에는 이러한 차이가 나타나지 않았고, 저장 기간 증가에 따라서 증가하였다. 저장 3개월 후 관능 검사 결과, 유과의 색은 저장 방법과 콩물의 농도에 따라서 용적 증가율은 콩물 농도와 incubation 시간에 따라 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 산패취는 저장 방법에 따라서만 유의적인 차이가 있었으며, 부드러운 정도, 맛, 종합적 기호도는 콩물의 농도에 따라서만 유의적 차이가 있었다.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.489-510
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• 2018

Institution-based Technology Business Incubators are on the rise in India, as a means of promoting innovation-based tech start-up ecosystems, due to increased policy initiatives. Against this background, we have traced the origin and process of building a start-up ecosystem in IIT Madras, Chennai of India, based on semistructured interviews held with the stakeholders of the ecosystem. Subsequently, we have ascertained the key components of IIT Madras start-up ecosystem, and the process of incubation comprising pre-incubation, incubation and post-incubation phases. Finally, we have derived the key lessons from the ecosystem development experience and incubation process which enable generation of start-ups from both students and faculty, apart from alumni and ex-industry executives. Though this ecosystem model has emerged over a period of time through learning and experience, the ecosystem is able to generate more than 100 start-ups, majority of them being from students and faculty. Thus, the evolved start-up ecosystem of IIT Madras is able to generate faculty-supported and student-led entrepreneurship successfully.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제50권
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• pp.267-274
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• 2023

All studies on date palm somatic embryogenesis have focused on germination in the presence of light while neglecting germination in darkness, which mimics the germination process of zygotic embryos within seeds. To improve the date palm micropropagation protocol, we investigated the effects of light and darkness incubation on the germination of indirect date palm somatic embryos and their subsequent conversion into plantlets. Darkness incubation emerged as a pivotal factor in the germination of indirect date palm somatic embryos and their successful conversion into plantlets. Darkness incubation significantly decreased the time required for the conversion of indirect somatic embryos into plantlets, halving the duration from 24 weeks to only 12 weeks. The micropropagation protocol was modified, consolidating the previous two distinct stages of germination and elongation under light incubation into a single stage under darkness incubation. These findings modified the protocol and significantly reduced the overall duration of the date palm micropropagation protocol.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.1702-1707
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• 2002

The effects of dark-control (D) and continuous green light (GL) exposure of incubated meat-type breeder eggs (Hybro) on embryonic growth from 5 to 15 days of age, hatching time, hatchability per cent and chick hatching weight were investigated in three consecutive experiments at 33, 38, and 41 weeks of age. A total of 798 eggs were used in this study. Eggs were set in an incubator on trays either in the D or under two tubes of 20-watt green fluorescent light during the first 18 days of incubation. Eggs from both treatments were transferred to the dark hatching compartment at 19 days of incubation. The light intensity was in the range of 1,340 to 1,730 lux at the surface of the eggs. GL incubation of eggs significantly (p<0.01) increased weight (expressed as an absolute value) and daily weight gain of embryos at 11 and continued to 15 days of age, hatchability per cent by 4.8%, reduced dead embryos per cent and chick weight at hatch by 37 and 2%, respectively and accelerated hatching time by about 24 h when compared with the D-control incubation. Chicks hatched at 504 h of incubation had significantly (p<0.01) higher body weight, expressed as an absolute value or as a percentage of egg weight, than those hatched earlier at 456 h of incubation. It was concluded that the GL incubation of meat breeder eggs reduced incubation period and chick weight at hatch and increased embryonic growth and hatchability per cent.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.1-14
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• 1984

Chick embryos received a single injection of actinomycin D($0.1{\mu}g,\;0.05{\mu}g\;or\;0.1{\mu}g$) or puromycin($10.0{\mu}g,\;30.0{\mu}g\;or\;50.0{\mu}g$) into the yolk sac of Arbor acres chick embryos either prior to incubation or at certain periods of time (48, 96 and 144 hours) after incubation. After 10days of incubation, surviving embryos were investigated morphologically and biochemically. Embryos treated with actinomycin D or puromycin showed a high mortality when they were exposed prior to incubation and at 48 hours after incubation. Electron micrographs of chondrocytes in tarso-metatarsal of antibiotics (actinomycin D or puromycin) treated embryos showed the destruction of cytoplasm and nuclei when they were exposed prior to incubation. Endoplasmic reticulum was expanded and mitochondria were damaged in chondrocytes of surving embryos treated with low doses at 48 hours, 96 hours or 144 hours after incubation. The activities of enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase in embryos treated with actinomycin D or puromycin were much less than those of the saline treated group. Also, the amounts of DNA, RNA and protein were greatly decreased.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.265-270
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• 1993

Ammonia and/or sulphur dioxide treated and untreated wheat leaf sheaths were compared for cell wall digestion by incubation with rumen liquor for 24 and 48 hours. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the relative rate and extent of cell wall digestion. Treated wheat straw leaf sheaths were distorted, with more distortion observed in ammonia and sulphur dioxide combined treatment than any other treatment. Rumen liquor digestion for 24 hours of untreated leaf sheath showed disrupted phloem, partially ruptured parenchyma and vascular tissues and further partially distorted inner bundle sheaths and vascular bundle after 48 hours incubation. Sulphurated leaf sheaths showed extensive degraded parenchyma and sclerenchyma material in 24 hours incubation, however, all tissues were irregulary shaped in 48 hours incubation. In ammoniation, epidermal cell walls and small vascular bundles began to disintegrate by 24 hours incubation, extensively changed structure and degraded epidermal tissue by 48 hours incubation. Combination treatment of leaf sheaths degraded all cell walls of parenchyma, phloem and vascular bundle by 24 hours incubation, however, structures only of inner bundles sheath with extended land, sclerenchyma and cutinized epidermal cell walls remained.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.417-424
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• 1999

Ontogeny, distributions and relative frequencies of somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were investigated in the proventriculus of the chicken embryos with incubation periods. Samples were taken from 10 groups(10 days of incubation to hatching) and studied by immunohistochemical methods. The findings were as follows. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were observed from 12 days of incubation in the proventricular glands and after that increased with incubation periods. The first observation time of these cells in the epithelium were at 15 days of incubation in the basal portion but in 16 and 17 days of incubation, no immunoreactive cells were observed in the epithelium but after that a few immunoreactive cells were observed in the basal portion and gastric gland regions. The shapes of these cells were spherical to spindle in the proventricular glands and spherical to round in the epithelium and gastric gland.