• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.765-771
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• 2016

Omija-cheong, concentrated extracts from sugar-treated Omija fruit (Schisandra chinensis Baillon), is produced by traditional manner in Korea. The quality characteristics of Omija-cheong processed at low temperature with a pilot-scale were investigated to optimize the incubation time. With increasing incubation time in processing Omija-cheong, the pH level of Omija-cheong remained constant, while titratable acidity and organic acids increased. Fresh Omija fruits contained citric, malic and succinic acids, most of which were extracted into concentrated extracts after 37 days of incubation and reached to the stable concentration after 47 days of incubation. Titratable acidity in Omija-cheong gradually increased from 1.18% to 2.71%, and also was correlated with total concentration of organic acids. About 80% of supplemented sucrose for manufacturing Omija-cheong was converted into glucose and fructose until 68 days of incubation, and the composition of free sugars was maintained to be stable up to 138 days of incubation. The contents of total flavonoids and phenolic compounds in Omija-cheong were 24.1 mg-GAE/L and 1,635 mg-QE/L at 57 days of incubation, which were more than 9 and 5 times higher than those in Omija fruits, respectively. From the quality characteristics in processing Omija-cheong by low-temperature incubation, more than 60 days of incubation is required for the constant quality and value-added beverage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1369-1373
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• 2004

The percentages of sperm motility and normal acrosome on the liquid boar semen diluted and preserved at $4^{\circ}C$ with lactose hydrate, egg yolk and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (LEN) diluent were significant differences according to preservation day and incubation time, respectively. The sperm motility steadily declined from 96.9% at 0.5 h incubation to 78.8% at 6 h incubation at 1 day of preservation. However, the sperm motility rapidly declined after 4 day of preservation during incubation. The normal acrosome steadily declined from 93.3% at 0.5 h incubation to 73.8% at 6 h incubation at 1 day of preservation. However, the normal acrosome rapidly declined after 3 day of preservation during incubation. The rates of sperm penetration and polyspermy were higher in 5 and $10{\times}10^6$ sperm/ml than in 0.2 and $1{\times}10^6$ sperm/ml. Mean numbers of sperm in penetrated oocyte were highest in $10{\times}10^6$ sperm/ml compared with other sperm concentrations. The rates of blastocysts from the cleaved oocytes (2-4 cell stage) were highest in $1{\times}10^6$sperm/ml compared with other sperm concentrations. In conclusion, we found out that liquid boar sperm stored at $4^{\circ}C$ could be used for in vitro fertilization of pig oocytes matured in vitro. Also, we recommend $1{\times}10^6$sperm/ml concentration for in vitro fertilization of pig oocytes.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.175-184
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Angelicae pubescentis Radix water extract (ACE) on immune properties in macrophage cells. Methods: The cells were divided into two groups: As a control, the first was not treated with ACE, and the other was treated with ACE. Together with the cell viability, productions of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ by treating of ACE were monitored. Results: 1. There was no decrease of the cell viability after 24 hr incubation, but a significant decrease after 48 hr incubation with all four concentrations (25, 100, 200, and $400\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) of ACE. 2. A significant increase in the production of NO was observed in the concentrations above $50\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of ACE after 24 hr incubation. 3. Further, after 48 hr incubation, the critical concentration of ACE for the increase was reduced to $25\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. 4. The production of (IL)-$1{\beta}$ significantly increased with the ACE concentrations of 100 and $200\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ after 24 hr incubation. 5. The production of IL-6 significantly increased with the ACE concentration of $200\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ after 24 hr incubation. 6. A significant increase in the production of (TNF)-${\alpha}$ was detected with ACE concentrations of 50, 100, and $200\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ after 24 hr incubation. Conclusions: These show that ACE increases mouse macrophage NO production at concentrations above $50\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, and the cytokines ((IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and (TNF)-${\alpha}$) at concentrations above $200\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. These results suggest that ACE improves macrophage immune property.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.819-826
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• 2009

An in vitro study was conducted to investigate the effect of malate or fumarate on fermentation characteristics, and production of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and methane ($CH_4$) by rumen microbes when incubated with linolenic acid (${\alpha}-C_{18:3}$). Sixty milligrams of ${\alpha}-C_{18:3}$ alone (LNA), or ${\alpha}-C_{18:3}$ with 24 mM malic acid (M-LNA) or ${\alpha}-C_{18:3}$ with 24 mM fumaric acid (F-LNA) were added to the 150 ml culture solution consisting of 75 ml strained rumen fluid and 75ml McDougall's artificial saliva. Culture solution for incubation was also made without malate, fumarate and ${\alpha}-C_{18:3}$ (Control). Two grams of feed consisting of 70% concentrate and 30% ground alfalfa (DM basis) were also added to the culture solution of each treatment. In vitro incubation was made anaerobically in a shaking incubator up to 12 h at $39^{\circ}C$. Supplementation of malate (M-LNA) or fumarate (F-LNA) increased pH at 6 h (p<0.01) and 12 h (p<0.001) incubation times compared to control and linolenic acid (LNA) treatments. Both malate and fumarate did not influence the ammonia-N concentration. Concentration of total VFA in culture solution was higher for M-LNA and F-LNA supplementation than for control and LNA treatments from 6 h (p<0.040) to 12 h (p<0.027) incubation times, but was not different between malate and fumarate for all incubation times. Molar proportion of $C_3$ was increased by F-LNA and M-LNA supplementation from 6 h (p<0.0001) to 12 h (p<0.004) incubation times compared to control and LNA treatments. No differences in $C_{3}$ proportion, however, were observed between M-LNA and F-LNA treatments. Accumulated total gas production for 12h incubation was increased (p<0.0002) by M-LNA or F-LNA compared to control or LNA treatment. Accumulated $CH_4$ production for 12 h incubation, however, was greatly reduced (p<0.0002) by supplementing malate or fumarate compared to the control, and its production from M-LNA or F-LNA treatment was smaller than that from LNA treatment. Methane production from LNA, M-LNA or F-LNA treatment was steadily lower (p<0.01 - p<0.001) from 3 h incubation time than that from the control, and was also lower for M-LNA or F-LNA treatment at incubation times of 6 h (p<0.01) and 9 h (p<0.001) than for LNA treatment. Methane production from LNA, however, was reduced (p<0.01 - p<0.001) from 3 h to 9 h incubation times compared to the control. Both malate and fumarate increased concentration of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ from 3 h to 12 h incubation (p<0.01), cis9,trans11-CLA up to 6 h incubation (p<0.01 - p<0.01), trans10,cis12-CLA at 3 h (p<0.05) and 12 h (p<0.01), and total CLA for all incubation times (p<0.05) compared to corresponding values for the ${\alpha}-C_{18:3}$ supplemented treatment (LNA). In conclusion, malate and fumarate rechanneled the metabolic $H_2 pathway to production of propionate and CLA, and depressed the process of biohydrogenation and methane generation. Linolenic acid alone would also be one of the optimistic alternatives to suppress the $CH_4$ generation.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2003

This study has evaluated effect of the spermatozoa incubation on the glycosidase activity and fertilizing ability in vitro in the pig. To identify sperm glycosidases specific for sugar residues found in the zona pellucida of pig oocytes, the spermatozoa were treated experimentally and assayed for activities of $\alpha$-L-fucosidase, $\alpha$-D-mannosidase, $\beta$-D-galactosidase and N-acetyl-$\beta$-D-glucosaminidase ($\beta$-GlcNAc'ase). The glycosidases activity were higher in spermatozoa incubated for 2h than without incubation. The $\beta$-GlcNAc'ase activity was at least two-fold higher than other glycosidase regardless of spermatozoa incubation. In the same glycosidases, the activity had a tendency to increase as time of spermatozoa incubation was prolonged, but there were no differences in spermatozoa incubated during the various periods (4~24h). The percentages of spermatozoa that reached acrosome reaction were affected by glycosidases in the medium (P<0.05, for mannosidase), and were higher in spermatozoa with that than without incubation. On the other hand, the spermatozoa motility were decreased with incubation periods, but no effects by different glycosidases on the change of sperm motility during the various periods of incubation. In other experiment, the binding and penetration of pig spermatozoa were tested with oocytes matured in vitro in the presence of various glycosidase. The penetration rates were decreased with incubation of spermatozoa when oocytes were inseminated in medium with different glycosidases. These rates were higher in spermatozoa non-incubated than with incubation for 2h (P<0.05 for GlcNAc'ase; P<0.01 for control group). The sperm-zona binding rate in control group were higherthan in medium with glycosidases. In addition, the highest binding rate were obtained in medium with GlcNAc'ase. In all glycosidases, the sperm-zona binding rate in spermatozoa without incubation were higher than incubation for 2h. The significant differences were obtained in spermatozoa treated with $\alpha$-D-mannosidase (P<0.05). These results suggest that $\beta$-GlcNAc'ase is present mainly in the plasma membrane of pig spermatozoa. It was also shown that the glycosidase activity were increased in all glycosidases in spite of low sperm-zona binding rate and penetration rates by spermatozoa incubation.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1161-1170
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• 2000

Objective : The transverse hippocampal slice is one of the most commonly studied in vitro models of mammalian brain physiology. However, despite its broad usage, there has been no standardization of slice preparation techniques or recording condition. It is well known that variations in recording conditions can result in profound different effects to neuronal responses. Evoked field potentials, recorded extracellularly, were used to investigate the effects of variations in hippocampal slice preparation protocol on hypoxia responses of CA1 neurones. Material & Methods : Before hypoxic injury, hippocampal slices were incubated for 4 hours. During incubation period, the slices were placed in a incubation chamber($21^{\circ}C$) for recovery from preparation injury and then transferred to recording chamber($34^{\circ}C$) for more recovery and baseline electric recording with current stimulation(0.1Hz). Various time periods in incubation chamber and recording chamber were applied to each experimental group(group 1=60min : 180min, group 2=90min : 150min, group 3=180min : 60min, time in incubation chamber : time in recording chamber) before 10 min hypoxia produced by replacing 95% $O_2$+5% $CO_2$ mixed gas to 95% $N_2$+5% $CO_2$ gas. Calcium, Magnesium ions and several drugs effecting on glutamate receptor also were studied. Recoveries from hypoxic injury of hippocampal slices were estimated by percent recovery of population spike(PS). Statistic analysis of study were performed using paired t-test. Results : The percent recovery of PS after 10min hypoxia was considerably enhanced by increasing the period of current stimulation during incubation period before hypoxic injury. Temperature effect on the result of this experiment was also studied(group 4) but the result from this showed no statistic significance. Low magnesium ion concentration of artificial CSF(Mg-free aCSF) during incubation period enhanced the recovery of PS but low calcium (calcium-free) and high magnesium ion concentration(2mM) reduced it after hypoxic injury. L-glutamate($100{\mu}M$) and AP-5($50{\mu}M$) had no effect on the recovery of PS but CNQX($10{\mu}M$) in artificial CSF during incubation period markedly enhanced the recovery of PS. Co-treatment of AP-5($50{\mu}M$), CNQX($10{\mu}M$) and high magnesium concentration(2mM) enhanced recovery of PS in immediate following period of hypoxic injury but the effect of cotreatment after then decayed rapidly and lost statistic significance. Conclusions : Judging from above results, the condition of baseline recording is important in observing the recovery of population spike after hypoxia, and the time and the condition should be controled more strictly to obtain reliable results.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1562-1568
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• 2016

Monochromatic green light-emitting diodes (LED) light stimuli influences the posthatch growth performance of chicks. This study was undertaken with the following objectives: i) to examine whether the green LED light stimuli induces an overheating effect by determining weight loss rate of fertile eggs during incubation period; ii) to look for the development of eyes and other primary organs at different ages of embryos and newly hatched chicks. Arbor Acres fertile broiler eggs (n = 480) were randomly assigned to 3 incubation groups and exposed to continuous white light, green light, or a dark environment (control) from the first day to 19 d of incubation. The light sourced from LED lamps with the intensity of 30 lx at eggshell level. The results showed that either green or white light stimuli during incubation did not significantly affect the weight loss rate of fertile eggs, hatching time, hatchability, chick embryo, or body weight (BW), the weight percentage of heart, liver, and eyes, as well as obvious systematic abnormalities in eye weight, side-to-side, back-to-front, or corneal diameter from 15 d of embryogenesis to 6 d of posthatch (p>0.05). Compared with the dark condition, green light stimuli during incubation tended to increase feed intake (p = 0.080), improved the BW gain of chicks during 0 to 6 day posthatch (p<0.05), and increased the percentage of pectoral muscle to the BW on 3- and 6-day-old chicks. In addition, embryos or chicks in green light had lower weight percentage of yolk retention on 19 d of embryogenesis and 1 d of posthatch in comparison to those in dark or white group (p<0.05). These results suggest that providing 30 lx green LED light stimuli during incubation has no detrimental effect on the development of eyes, heart and liver of embryos and hatchlings, but does have potential benefits in terms of enhancement of the chick growth during the early posthatch stages. In addition, the fertile broiler eggs stimulated with 30 lx green LED light during incubation does not cause an overheating effect.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.288-293
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• 2001

${\alpha}-amylase$ activities of bean water was not significantly influenced by bean water concentrations but they were remarkably influenced by different temperatures and substrates. ${\alpha}-amylase$ activities of bean water on cooked starch were significantly higher than those on raw starch. ${\beta}-amylase$ and glucoamylase activities in 14% bean water were significantly higher than those in 7% bean water. Yukwa paste is glutinous rice flour paste. Bean water was added to Yukwa paste by 0, 7, 14% and incubated 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 hours at $60^{\circ}C$. The pH of Yukwa paste increased with bean water concentration and decreased with the incubation time. The viscosity decreased with bean water concentration and incubation time. The ruducing sugar content of Yukwa paste increased with bean water concentration and incubation time. The changes of reducing sugar content in cooked Yukwa paste were much higher than those in the raw one. ${\alpha},\;{\beta}-amylase$glucoamylase activities of Yukwa paste also increased with bean water concentration, and their activities were much higher on the cooked glutinous rice flour than those on the raw one. The SEM observation on the freeze-dried flour of Yukwa paste showed breakdown of amylopectin structure by addition of bean water in the paste.

• Mycobiology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.175-179
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• 2002

A study on comparative efficacy and in vitro activity of fresh cow urine and cow dung for controlling Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum of cucumber was carried out following mycelial growth inhibition test, treated and untreated sclerotia with these organic matters at different days of incubation. Results showed that cow urine suppressed more effectively the mycelial growth even after 5 days of incubation in comparison to cow dung. The highest inhibition 75.9% of mycelial growth was recorded in cow dung potato dextrose agar(CUPDA) after 3 days of incubation and least 22.7% was in cow dung potato dextrose agar(CUPDA) after same days of incubation. Mycelial growth from sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum was also influenced by PDA medium mixed with cow urine and cow dung. After 6 days of incubation in CUPDA mycelial growth was only 12.9 mm whereas in CDPDA and PDA the corresponding growth at the same time were 65.8 mm and 80.0 mm. Treated sclerotia of the selected fungus with cow urine had a very effective role on suppression of mycelial growth than that of untreated one. No mycelial growth was observed up to 4 days in treated sclerotia with cow urine. After 5 days only 0.9 mm mycelial growth was measured in treated sclerotia, while in case of untreated sclerotia the growth was 42.6 mm. Application of cow urine and cow dung on growing plants inoculated with the pathogen at different concentrations also proved their inhibitive effects.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.330-341
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• 2014

An instrument which practitioners have acknowledged as an essential mechanism used in supporting greenhorn companies is the business incubation system. Several countries of the world have implemented the business incubation concept ever since it was conceived and developed in the United States in 1959. It is a model that has typically given itself much more readily within industrialized countries with identical environments to the United States. Nigeria also adapted it in 1993 where the resulting process and practice failed to live up to anticipations. To determine the significant role of government policy on the incubation dimensions and its success is the purpose of this research. Data collection process involved the surveying of stakeholders in Nigeria with some direct involvement in the national programme. The Partial Least Squares (PLS) was employed for the analysis. The findings showed that all exogenous variables collectively explained 52.4% of the variance in success. Meanwhile, when a moderation effect is present; the variable increased to 62.3%. Consequently, it is recommended that for a business incubation scheme to be successful and effective, government needs to implement efficient policies since results showed that these policies influenced all the relationships. The results' implications as well as limitations of the study are discussed.