• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.157-167
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• 2023

The purpose of this research was to determine the degree to which Small-to-Medium Enterprise (SME) owners and operators in Mountain Province were willing to take on financial risk to invest in the capital markets as a potential additional source of income, as well as the extent to which these five indicator variables-particularly their income, expenses, financial goals, liquid cash, and insurance coverage-were influenced by demographic factors. The study used a quantitative approach and employed a descriptive survey research method. The results show that the SME Owners and Operators in Mountain Province have minimal knowledge of capital market investments which makes them moderate investors with a neutral level of financial risk tolerance toward capital market investment. Their marital status, net income, and educational attainment significantly influence their financial risk tolerance level. The respondents also believe that engaging in the capital markets will grow their businesses. Further, the extent of influence of Income, Expenses, Liquid Cash, and Insurance Cover on the financial risk tolerance of the SME owners and operators in Mountain Province a great extent; thus, making them careful in investing in the capital markets, and it is primarily affected by their Net Income. Consequently, the financial goals of SME owners and operators in Mountain Province have a vital role in their financial risk tolerance level.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.42-55
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to classify the contents of department stores and large-scale discount stores of consumer on information source, shopping orientation and store image in an effort to determine which variable gave a crucial impact on cosmetics department stores and large-scale discount stores selection behavior. The subjects of this study were 557 adult women visited department store and large-scale discount store in Busan. The data were analyzed by using Factor analysis, Frequency analysis, Correlation analysis, Cronabach $\alpha$ and Regression analysis. The results were as follows; 1. There was a difference in the demographical characteristics on department stores and large-scale discount stores of consumers. 2. Shopping Orientation of consumers were categorized into 5 types, and information source of consumers did 3 types, and store image of consumers did 5 types. 3. Leisure utilization, store & brand loyalty, store information, personal information, massmedia information, product & operate on, store atmosphere & salesperson and shopping convenience had positive correlations with cosmetics department stores selection beavior. but convenient location, rationality & economy and sales promotion had negative correlations with cosmetics department stores selection beavior. 4. Rationality & economy and sales promotion had positive correlations with cosmetics large-scale discount stores selection beavior. but convenient location, leisure utilization, store & brand loyalty, massmedia information, product & operate on, store atmosphere & salesperson and shopping convenience had negative correlations with cosmetics large-scale discount stores selection beavior. 5. Age, income, business(-), convenient location(-), rationality & economy(-), leisure utilization, store & brand loyalty, store information, personal information, massmedia information, store atmosphere & salesperson, shopping convenience and sales promotion(-) had a direct effect on cosmetics department stores selection beavior. Age, income, marriage, education had an indirect effect on department stores selection beavior through information source and store image, and information source did through store image, and shopping orientation did through store image. 6. Rationality & economy, convenient location(-), leisure utilization(-), store & brand loyalty(-), buying independence(-), personal information, massmedia information(-), product & operate on(-), shopping convenience(-) and sales promotion had a direct effect on cosmetics large-scale discount stores selection beavior. Age, income, marriage, education had an indirect effect on large-scale discount stores selection beavior through information source, shopping orientation and store image, and information source did through store image, and shopping orientation did through store image.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.65-79
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• 1997

This research is intended for 418 elderly women who reside in Seoul and the National Capital region. the survey and analysis are on the practical behavior related to purchasing decision making of brassieres for elderly women. The purpose of the survey and analysis is to induce contented and rational purchase activity for elderly women; also, to supply the fundamental sources which can support accomplishing scientific and systematic marketing activity to foundation manufacturing business. The main results of this study are as follows; 1. The elderly women tend to decide on purchase of the brassiere subjectively alone than rely on the informants and to listen to sales women's advice more. The younger, more educated and higher income of family, the elderly women tend more to depend on their own subjective sense than others' recommendations and rely on such mass media as TV and magazines for information source. 2) The elderly women tend to purchase their brassieres personally. In particular, the younger, more educated and higher income they tend more to choose their brassieres alone rather than with others. 3) The companions for elderly women's purchase were their daughter, daughter-in-law and friends. The younger, more educated and higher income, they tend more to accompany friends. The older, less educated and lower income, they tend more to be accompanied by their daughter or daughter-in-lay. 4) The elderly women are aware of the trademarks for brassieres. Although most of them know about their brassiere size, the majority of them tend to purchase their brassieres without trying on them. the older, less educated and lower income, they are less aware of trademarks and their brassiere size, and thus are less influential in their purchasing decision making. 5) The places of purchasing on which elderly women rely most for their brassiere are department stores, agent and markets. Other places are private haberdashery's, discount and pension shop. The department stores are most used by the less younger, more educated and higher income, while the markets are most often visited by those older, less educated and lower income, while the markets are most often visited by those older, less educated and lower income. The agent are favored by the medium class old people between two extremes.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.93-106
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• 2000

The Purpose of this study was to examine the adolescents'stress and social supports and the relationships of there two factors. Specifically, this study investigated the adolescents'stress and social supports depending on their sex, family status, socio-economic status. The subjects of this study were 467 middle school students in Pusan. Questionnaires were used consisting of adolescents'perceived stress and social supports for data analysis, Cronbach's $\alpha$-coefficient, frequency distribution, percentage, Oneway-ANOVA, t-test and Pearson's γ-coefficient were used. Major findings were as follows: Adolescents'stress were significantly different depending on their sex, father's educational level, family income and family intimacy The source of the adolescents'social support sources were different depending on their sex, family status, father's educational level, mother's educational level, family income and family intimacy. Adolescents'social support types were different depending on family status, lather educational level, mother educational level, father\`s job, family income and family intimacy. There were negative correlation between stress and social supports.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.10
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• pp.117-133
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• 2002

In December 1999, the AICPA introduced WebTrust, a electronic commerce assurance service of ensuring safe trading on the web, in order to effect consumer confidence into electronic commerce. Shortly afterwards, CPA associations of other advanced nations, such as Canada, Australia, also adopted this service. This study focuses on introduction of electronic commerce assurance service of ensuring safe trading on the web. WebTrust assurance service expected to be the international standard in electronic commerce in the near future and not only as a source of income for domestic accounting firms, which have simpler income structure than the international counterparts, but also as catalyst for stimulating electronic commerce. The findings of the study are expected to contribute to accounting practice, academy of accounting and electronic commerce firms in the following ways. Domestically, as Korea is considering using the electronic commerce assurance service, this study will help promote adoption of WebTrust assurance service. This study has shown, in the midst of declining income of accounting firms by audit, a way to increase their audit boundary.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.85-103
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to figure out the urban low-income consumers' present possesion condition of electric appliances, the way of purchasing, shopping scope of groceries and electric appliances, and the shopping scope and information seeking behavior of groceries and electric appliances according to the socioeconomic variables, and the shopping scope of electric appliances according to the way of paying price. For this purpose 129 low-income consumers living in Inchon were interviewed through questionnares. Finally 100 questionnares were analyzed. The first major of this study is that the possesion rates of color television set and refrigerator are comparativelyl high, while those of washing machine, record player and camera are low. In case of electric appliances, consumers usually purchase things on credit and as a shopping place, they usually go to a commercial agent. In case of groceries, they usually buy things for cash, and in case of one price labeled groceries they usually buy things at a supermarket. Second, according to the way of paying price, the shopping scope of some electric appliances is broader in case of purchase for cach than in case of purchase on credit. Third, the shopping scope and information seeking behavior classified by the socioeconomic variables according to the income, age and education. That is as the income and education become higher and the age becomes lower, the shopping scope becomes broader, mass media information source is much more uaed and the frequency of seeking becomes higher. Through this study, I would like to suggest the followings. (1) The problem of low-income consumers is closely connected with the low education level, so it can be solved a bit through consumer education. (2) Especially the consumers' problem is more serious in case of those who are aged and get very low income and education. Therefore special attention is needed to those consumers.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.17-33
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• 2004

The present study attempts to examine the progressivity of health care financial sources based on the income approach, for which it decomposes redistributive effects into vertical, horizontal, and re-ranking components. The study data include Korean Household Expenditure Survey (2000) conducted every 5 year by Korea National Statistical Office. The data were sampled from the national population by the multistage probabilistic sampling method, and amounts to 23,270 households. For the better application of the income approach, the study employs household total expenditure in Korea instead of total income, because the former data source is more reliable and less fluctuated over time. Progressivity of health care financing was measured by Kakwani index. Aronson's decomposition equation was used in case of the analysis where differential treatment of health care expenditure needs to be considered. Despite the progressivity of Korea's governmental contributions, total expenditure of health care showed regressive pattern, which may largely be attributable to the higher regressivity in out-of-pocket money. With the result of negative Kakwani index, differential treatment increased income redistribution biased for better-off. It is worth to note that social insurance displays not only negative Kakwani index, but also horizontal inequality, suggesting that the first step of health care financing reform should be the revision of social insurance premium rates toward effective and equable way.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.241-263
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• 2013

Time pressure and financial burden have been reported as the main constraints on leisure participation. The purpose of this study was to explore a typology of leisure constraints, investigate the characteristics of leisure constraint types, and analyze the differences in leisure participation by the types of leisure constraints for married employees. The data source for this research was the 2009 Time Use Survey conducted by the Korea National Statistical Office (KNSO). Married employees aged 20 to 59 years completed 13,476 time diaries (7,984 for male, 5,492 for female), which were analyzed using chi-square, cluster analysis, and ANOVA analysis. Leisure constraints were classified into five types in two categories, working time per week and personal income for both males and females respectively. The three types for both males and females were time-income constraints, income constraints, and general constraints, with an additional type for men, $time^+$-income constraints, and an additional type for women, time constraint. The most common type was general constraints, for both males and females. Each type was further differentiated by the following socio-economic variables: age, educational level, job type, and weekly day-off. The study found that participation in study, sports, and religious activities varied with the types of leisure constraints.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.119-130
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• 2020

The study seeks to evaluate the impacts of three types of credit - formal, semi-formal, and informal credits - on the well-being of households in Vietnam's rural areas. Based on data from the Vietnam Household Living Standard Surveys in 2014 and 2016, the research uses the instrumental variable fixed-effect models to estimate the effects of three kinds of credit on household's per capita income and expenditure. There are some significant findings. First, in rural areas, formal credit is the most popular source with stable and cheap borrowing costs. Informal credit is a complement to formal credit to meet urgent needs. Funding agriculture activities is the most commonly cited purpose of borrowing, followed by purchasing assets. The highest misuse rate belongs to the group of loans for agriculture production. Second, the results show that credit helps smoothen consumption rather than generate income for rural households. Three types of credit have insignificant or negative effects on household's per capita income. Formal loans significantly improve total expenditure and spending on healthcare and education. Informal and semi-formal credits show a little influence on consumption. Informal loans have a significantly positive effect on healthcare expenditure. In contrast, having semi-formal loans tends to decrease spending on foods.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.953-975
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• 1999

The purpose of this document is to provide the direction of the policy for welfare of the elderly, by identifying the problems and status of the welfare service for the elderly. The primary source of degrading the living standard of the elderly is the increase of the elderly population and life longevity. The Welfare service for the elderly to enhance the poor living level of the elderly population should be established, to compensate their former economic and social contribution in the society and also to promote the basic human right. The agenda to achieve this goal sums up like these : First, the basic living of the unhealthy elderly belonging to the low-income group, such as government-provided income and medical service should be provided. Second, for those with working ability, more opportunity for working and social activities should be given, focusing on expanding the employment rather than adding income. Third, for those with middle and high income, silver industry and pastime activities should be nurtured. Lastly, rather than institutional protection for the elderly, the welfare service for those staying home should be enforced, thus naturally leading to the family support for the elderly. There cannot be a sound policy for welfare and improvement of living standard ignoring the Well-being of the elderly population. The effort to better the welfare for the minority groups who compose the base of the social base will, eventually, result in the progress of the entire society.