• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.337-343
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this report is to describe the proton therapy system at Samsung Medical Center (SMC-PTS) including the proton beam generator, irradiation system, patient positioning system, patient position verification system, respiratory gating system, and operating and safety control system, and review the current status of the SMC-PTS. Materials and Methods: The SMC-PTS has a cyclotron (230 MeV) and two treatment rooms: one treatment room is equipped with a multi-purpose nozzle and the other treatment room is equipped with a dedicated pencil beam scanning nozzle. The proton beam generator including the cyclotron and the energy selection system can lower the energy of protons down to 70 MeV from the maximum 230 MeV. Results: The multi-purpose nozzle can deliver both wobbling proton beam and active scanning proton beam, and a multi-leaf collimator has been installed in the downstream of the nozzle. The dedicated scanning nozzle can deliver active scanning proton beam with a helium gas filled pipe minimizing unnecessary interactions with the air in the beam path. The equipment was provided by Sumitomo Heavy Industries Ltd., RayStation from RaySearch Laboratories AB is the selected treatment planning system, and data management will be handled by the MOSAIQ system from Elekta AB. Conclusion: The SMC-PTS located in Seoul, Korea, is scheduled to begin treating cancer patients in 2015.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.5 s.76
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• pp.627-635
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• 1999

Soft tissue changes that occurred between presurgery to 5-years post-surgery in 49 orthognathic surgery patients whose maxillae were moved upward by Le Fort I osteotomy were examined by lateral cephalometric film. The objective of this paper was to document soft tissue changes at long-term follow-up after superior repositioning of the maxilla and to relate soft tissue and hard tissue changes in this group. The results were as follows. 1. On average, soft tissue landmarks in the nose and the upper lip were not changed statistically significantly except superior movement of superior labial sulcus and forward movement of pronasale between presurgery and 5 years postsurgery. 2. Upward and forward movement of the lower lip were found at 5 years postsurgery in comparison with presurgery and genioplasty added this effects. 3. Upper lip length and vertical dimension of upper vermilion didn't show any significant changes, but increase of lower lip length and decrease of vertical dimension of lower vermilion were statistically significant between presurgery and 5 years post-surgery. 4. The decrease of upper incisor exposure and interlabial distance from presurgery to 1 year were continued from 1 year to 5 years and the amount of the decrease was more than that of vertical movement of the maxilla by surgery. 5. Long term changes in soft tissue landmarks from 1 to 5 years postsurgery exceeded hard tissue changes, meaning soft tissue moved down more than skeletal changes.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.33 no.6 s.101
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• pp.485-497
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• 2003

The form and function of the craniofacial structure critically depend on genetic information. With recent advances in the molecular technology, genes that are important for normal growth and morphogenesis of the craniofacial skeleton are being rapidly uncovered, shaping up modem craniofacial biology. One of them is fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). Specific point mutations in the. FGFR2 gene have been linked to Apert syndrome, which is characterized by premature closure of cranial sutures and craniofacial anomalies as well as limb deformities. To study pathogenic mechanisms underlying craniosynostosis phenotype of Apert syndrome, we used a transgenic approach; an FGFR2 minigene construct containing an Apert mutation (a point mutation that substitute proline at the position 253 to arginine; P253R) was introduced into fertilized mouse germ cells by DNA microinjection. The injected cells were then allowed to develop into transgenic mice. We used a bone-specific promoter (a DNA fragment from the type I collagen gene) to confine the expression of mutant FGFR2 gene to the bone tissue, and asked whether expression of mutant FGFR2 in bone is sufficient to cause the craniosynostosis phenotype in mice. Initial characterization of these mice shows prematurely closed cranial sutures with facial deformities expected from Apert patients. We also demonstrate that the transgene produces mutant FGFR2 protein with increased functional activities. Having this useful mouse model, we now can ask questions regarding the role of FGFR2 in normal and abnormal development of cranial bones and sutures.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2000

Purpose : Spine is one of the most common sites of the metastatic bone tumors. Conservative management such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy has been preferred in most cases. However, the neurologic deficit has not been usually improved, and the quality of life was poor. The purpose of this study was to show the efficacy of the surgical treatments for metastatic spinal tumors in terms of postoperative improvements of neurologic deficit and survival time. Materials and Methods : Authors have reviewed the literatures and analyzed 14 patients of metastatic spinal tumors who were received operative treatments between August 1991 and June 1999 at the our department of orthopaedic surgery. Results : The most frequent primary tumor was breast cancer in women and lung cancer in men. The thoracic region was the most common site. There was a preponderance of females over males, and the age ranged between 4th and 8th decade. The indications of surgical treatment comprised instability, progressive neurologic findings, resistance to radiotherapy, pathological fracture, long life expectancy( >6weeks), isolated metastasis and need for pathological diagnosis. The degree of preoperative neurological deficit might influence on the improvement of clinical symptoms after surgery. Conclusion : The surgical treatment reduced the neurological deficit and pain regardless of the operative methods. In the early stage of neurological deficit, the surgical treatment was important for better prognosis. Recently early active operative treatment was performed for metastatic spinal tumor to minimize the intractable pain and to prevent the progression of the neurologic deficit. Early intervention can improve the quality of life and long term survival.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.62-73
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• 2000

Purpose: Esophageal cancer patients have a difficulty in the intake of meals through the blocked esophageal lumen, which is caused by an ingrowth of cancer cells and largely influences on the prognosis. It is reported that esophageal cancer has a very low survival rate due to the lack of nourishment and immunity as the result of this. In this study a new radioactive stent, which prevents tumor ingrowth and restenosis by additional radiation treatment, has been developed. Materials and Methods: Using ${\ulcorner}HANARO{\lrcorner}$ research reactor, the radioactive stent assembly ($^{166}Ho$-SA) was prepared by covering the metallic stent with a radioactive sleeve by means of a post-irradiation and pre-irradiation methods. Results: Scanning electron microscopy and autoradiography exhibited that the distribution of $^{165/166}Ho\;(NO_3)$ compounds in polyurethane matrix was homogeneous. A geometrical model of the esophagus considering its structural properties, was developed for the computer simulation of energy deposition to the esophageal wall. The dose distributions of $^{166}Ho$-stent were calculated by means of the EGS4 code system. The sources are considered to be distributed uniformly on the surface in the form of a cylinder with a diameter of 20 mm and length of 40 mm. As an animal experiment, when radioactive stent developed in this study was inserted into the esophagus of a Mongrel dog, tissue destruction and widening of the esophageal lumen were observed. Conclusion: We have developed a new radioactive stent comprising of a radioactive tubular sleeve covering the metallic stent, which emits homogeneous radiation. If it is inserted into the blocked or narrowed lumen, it can lead to local destruction of the tumor due to irradiation effect with dilatation resulting from self-expansion of the metallic property. Accordingly, it is expected that restenosis esophageal lumen by the continuous ingrowth and infiltration of cancer after insertion of our radioactive stent will be decreased remarkably.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2002

Serotonin transporter(5-HTT) is one of the major action site of antidepressants in neuronal cells. According to the recent studies, it is known that the functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the 5-HTT gene(5-HTT linked polymorphism repetitive element in promoter region, 5-HTTLPR) is associated with antidepressant responsiveness, and the distributions of 5-HTTLPR is various among the different populations. Our preliminary study suggested that it is possible to measure the endophenotype of 5-HTTLPR genotype by examining the pharmacodynamic research of the 5-HTT in platelet membranes. However, there are limitations to predicting the antidepressant responsiveness only from the endophenotypic characteristics of 5-HTT gene promoter polymorphism, and therefore we propose to use the pharmacogenomic methods for overcoming these limitations. We found that the significant correlations existed among the genetic polymorphisms of biogenic amine transporters whose structure and characteristics are similar to the 5-HTT, and the predictable odds ratio of antidepressant responsiveness are increased significantly by combining the effect with other associated polymorphisms, compared to the effect of 5-HTT promoter polymorphism only. These results support the hypothesis that antidepressant treatment has to be individualized according to the genetic and ethnic background of depressed patients. It would be possible to develope the evaluation tools to predict the antidepressant responsiveness and its side effect profile, if scientists reveal the genes related to the action mechanism as well as the metabolism of antidepressants so as to discover the interaction of those genes and contribution of endogenotypes toward antidepressant responsiveness.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.166-171
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• 2010

Purpose: The SPECT/CT is able to acquire diagnostic information resolved the difficult problems that discriminate regions of focals by intergrating functional images and anatomical images. We introduce the usefulness of "Volumetrix Suite" which can describe 3D images by the convergence of the SPECT/CT images and reference CT images. Materials and Methods: We applied Volumetrix Suite program (Volumetrix IR, Volumetrix 3D) to patients, Bone, Venography, Parathyroid, WBC, taken diagnostic CT examination which have same regions of focal in Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center. After acquiring SPECT/CT images and reference CT images, we fused a couple of scans applying for this programs. The CT scan of Infinia Hawkeye 4 shows limitation of anatomical information. For this reason, we tried to transfer CT images that have lots of diagnostic informations as the form of Dicom file in PACS, and changed from 2D images to 3D images after image registering in Xeleris Workstaion of Hawkeye 4. Results & Conclusion: By using Volumetrix Suite program, we're able to acquire more accurate anatomical informations with 3D rendering which can distinguish both location and range of focals in Infinia Hawkeye 4. Thus, the result of utilizing this program indicate that nuclear medicine anatomical images can be improved by providing more diagnostic imformations produced by its program.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.90-94
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• 2014

This study was performed to investigate on the frequent chief complaints and the causes of dogs and cats visiting to an emergency department, and to suggest the minimum requirements for veterinary emergency clinics in South Korea. The medical records were reviewed for 2,368 dogs and 347 cats visiting the emergency department of Haemaru Referral Animal Hospital from March 2012 to August 2013. Among them, 255 dogs and 35 cats visited more than one time and each visit was considered as an individual case. Therefore, 2,784 cases of dogs and 396 cases of cats were reviewed. The medical records were analyzed according to the criteria such as signalment, chief complaints, diagnoses, hospital admission, and outcome. In dogs, vomiting, diarrhea, or both were the most common chief complaints, followed by dyspnea, trauma, seizure, and lethargy. The most common causes of emergency visits were gastrointestinal disorders, followed by neurologic, cardiovascular, respiratory, urologic, and hematologic disorders. In cats, dyspnea was the most common chief complaint, followed by vomiting, diarrhea, or both, trauma, dysuria, and lethargy. The most common causes of emergency visits were urologic disorders followed by gastrointestinal, respiratory, infectious, and cardiovascular disorders. According to the results, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspnea, and trauma were the most frequently encountered chief complaints, which accounted for approximately 48.6% of all cases in both dogs and cats. However common causes were differed between the dogs and the cats. In order to provide proper emergency service, it is required to prepare the clinicians and facilities to diagnose and stabilize these emergency patients.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.461-464
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• 1999

Background: Thoracoscopic T2 sympathicotomy is an effective method for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. Not only are the symptoms of hyperhidrosis abolished but also the temperature of the ipsilateral palm is elevated due to the sympatholytic vasodilation after the completion of the sympathicotomy on the first side. However little is known about the temperature changes in the contralateral palm. This study was performed to evaluate the changes in both palmar temperatures during the thoracoscopic T2 sympathicotomy for palmar hyperhidrosis. Material and Method: Thoracoscopic T2 sympathicotomy was performed in 15 patients with primary palmar hyperhidrosis. Surface temperatures of both palms were monitored continuously and were recorded simultaneously during the 7 different stages of the operation. Result: When T2 sympathicotomy was performed on the first(left) side, an ipsilateral increase with a contralateral decrease of temperature was observed. The difference in the temperature of both palms was greatest just before the sympathicotomy on the contralateral(right) side(Lt. 34.6$\pm$0.9$^{\circ}C$ vs. Rt. 31.6$\pm$1.3$^{\circ}C$, P<0.0001). After the sympathicotomy on the second(right) side, temperature of the right palm was elevated. The difference in the temperature of both palms was abolished at the end of the operation(Lt.34.7$\pm$0.9$^{\circ}C$ vs. Rt.34.4$\pm$1.$0^{\circ}C$, P=0.415). Conclusion: When T2 sympathicotomy was performed on the first side, an ipsilateral palmar temperature increased due to the sympatholytic vasodilation. However contralateral palmar temperature decreased due to a vasoconstriction. Although the mechanism of vasoconstriction is still unknown, it is postulated that there may be a cross- inhibitory effect by the post-ganglionic neurons innervating blood vessels of the palm.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2002

Background: Ischemia-reperfusion myocardial injury is an important factor to determine the early and the late mortality of transplanted patients. Recently, modulation of the cytosolic NADH/NAD+ ratio by Pyruvate and aspartate was tested to Protect the heart from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Material and Method: We added pyruvate and aspartate to the University of Wisconsin solution, and evaluated their effect on myocardial protection. We used 16 piglet(age 1 to 3 days) hearts. Eight hearts were arrested with and stored in the University of Wisconsin solution(UW solution) for 24 hours(control group), and the other eight hearts were arrested with and stored in the modified UW solution added pyruvate(3mmol/L) and aspartate(2 mmol/L)(test group). All hearts underwent modified reperfusion with blood cardioplegic solution followed by conversion to a left-sided working model with perfusion from a support pig. And then, we measured stroke work index(SWI), high-energy phosphate stores, and myocardial water content of the hearts. SWI was calculated at left ventricular end-diastolic pressures of 3, 6, 9, and 12 mmHg after 60 and 120 minutes reperfusion, respectively, Result: At 60 minutes and 120 minutes after reperfusion, SWI was higher in the test group than in the control group significantly. The levels of AMP, ADP, ATP of the test group were also higher. But, the creatine phosphate level and myocardial water content were similar in the two groups. Conclusion: From these results, we could Prove that pyruvate and aspartate enhance cardiac contractility and high-energy phosphate stores after ischemia.