• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.407-412
• /
• 1998

우육, 돈육 및 계육으로부터 단백질을 추출하고 실온에서 100 kGy까지의 감마선을 조사하여 비조사군과 감마선 조사군간의 in vitro 소화율, 아미노산 조성 및 SDS-PAGE 패턴변화를 비교분석하였다. 100 kGy까지의 감마선 조사는 이들 육단백질의 소화율 및 아미노산 조성에 있어서 비조사군과 거의 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. SDS-PAGE 패턴에서 10 kGy조사는 거의 변화가 없었으나 30 kGy에서는 약 20%, 100 kGy 에서는 약 60%의 단백질이 분해되는 것으로 나타나 감마선 조사선량의 증가에 따라 단백질의 저분자량화가 일어났음이 시사되었다. 한편 육류에 감마선을 직접 조사한 후 단백질을 추출한 시험군에서는 40 kGy 조사선량까지 큰 변화가 없는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.255-261
• /
• 1993

두부 제조공정 중의 부산물인 비지의 효율적인 이용을 위하여, 원료 대두 중량의 10%에 해당하는 건조비지를 첨가시킨 두부를 제조하여 이의 영양적 품질을 검토하였다. 일반성분은 수분의 경우 건조비지 첨가 두부가 80.6%, 일반 두부가 77.5%로써 비지 첨가 두부가 다소 높았으며 단백질의 함량은 건조비지 첨가 두부와 일반 두부 각각 38.5%, 45.8%였으며, 지질의 함량은 각각 34.3%, 26.9%로써, 단백질과 지질 함량이 낮은 건조비지 첨가로 인해 일반 두부에 비해 건조비지 첨가두부가 낮은 함량을 보였다. Trypsin inhibitor (TI) 함량은 비지의 경우 잔존량이 6.9 (mg/g시료)정도였고, 건조비지의 경우에도 거의 비슷하였다. 건조비지 첨가두부에는 원료 대두에 있었던 TI의 12% 정도만 남아있었다. 단백질의 효소소화율 (enzyme digestibility)은 비지, 건조비지 각각 87%, 86% 정도로 높았고 건조비지 첨가 두부도 일반 두부와 거의 동일한 91% 정도였다. 효소소화율은 TI함량이 저하함에 따라 역상관관계를 가지면서 상승하였다. 구성 아미노산 조성은 일반 두부와 건조비지 첨가 두부는 거의 차이가 없었으며, 총아미노산에 대한 필수 아미노산의 비율은 일반 두부가 40.4%, 비지첨가 두부가 40.6%였으며, lysine 함량이 높은 건조비지로 인하여 건조비지 첨가 두부는 lysine의 보충 효과가 있었다. 단백품질을 Computed Protein Efficiency Ratio (C-PER)로 계산할 때 일반 두부는 1.95, 비지 첨가 두부는 1.4였으나 Discriminant Computed Protein Efficiency Ratio (DC-PER)로 계산할 때는 오히려 비지 첨가 두부경우가 높았다. 여러 연구자들의 대두가공품에 대한 생체실험 결과와 비교할 때 일반 두부를 제외하고는 두유, 비지 및 비지첨가두부의 영양평가는 DC-PER 방법이 유리한 것으로 생각되었다.

• 아시안잔디학회지
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.77-82
• /
• 1989

This experiment was carried out to determine the value of turfgrass clippings as a source of protein for animal feed. Levels of crude protein(CP) and in vitro dry matter digestibility(JVDMD) were determined for Korean lawngrass (Zoysia Japonica Steud.) under three levels of nitrogen fertilizer ( 0 , 350 and 700kg ha year and three levels of mowing interval between cuts (lO, 20, and 30 days). Sampling was done on the three-year old turffield on which nitrogen and mowing treatments were Imposed. Clippings were collected after mowing, and CP levels were calculated from a measurement of total N(CP = N >< 6.25) l)y Auto-analyser system-2 procedure and IVDMD by Maeng's method which was partly modified with Tilley and Terry's procedure. With the increased nitrogen legime the CP content of leaf clippings varied from 6.6 to 13.6% and that Of stem clippings from 4 to 10.3%. The CP levels of clippings were directly proportional to the N fertilization rate. The highest CP content was recorded in early July when it was 14.1% at 35OkgN ha -and I 18.l%kgN ha-1 with 10-wcek mowing interval. Mowing interval had little effect on the CP content in both leaf and stem clippings. The level of IVDMD in the Korean lawngrass clippings varied with mowing interval. The highest level measured was 47%, hut this varied during the growing season and occurred in the following order : early summer > summer > fall. This experiment has shown that Korean lawngrass clippings can he helpful source of protein for use in some animal feeds and that a high concentration of CP can occur depending upon N fertllizer and that of I VDM I) upon mowing practices.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.45-55
• /
• 1986

우리나라에서 건제품(乾製品)으로 많이 이용되고 있는 갈치와 가자미의 건조(乾燥) 및 저장시(貯藏時) 일어나는 지질(脂質) 및 산화지질(酸化脂質)과 단백질(蛋白質)과의 반응(反應)이 이들 어육(魚肉)의 in vitro protein digestibility저하(低下)에 미치는 영향과 이에 수반되는 available lysine의 불용화(不溶化) 및 효소(酵素) 불소화성(不消化性) 물질(物質) 생성(生成) 정도의 변화를 실험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 가자미 및 갈치 생시료(生試料)의 소화율(消化率)은 87.63, 86.08%이었고, 일건(日乾), 열건시료(熱乾試料)는 건조(乾燥) 중 $1{\sim}2%$정도 저하(低下)되었으나 탈지시료(脫脂試料)는 각각 89.15, 87.15%로 증가하였다. 저장(貯藏) 중의 소화율(消化率)은 모든 시료(試料)에서 저하(低下)되었고 특히 갈치 열건시료(熱乾試料)는 78.00%로 심한 감소를 나타내었다. TIS함량은 생시료(生試料)에서 가자미, 갈치가 각각 0.88, 0.96mg/g solid이었으며, 탈지시료(脫脂試料)는 건조(乾燥) 및 저장(貯藏) 중 TIS함량의 증가가 적었고 소화율(消化率)은 높게 나타났다. VBN 및 PoV는 저장 10일에 저장초기의 2배(倍)정도로 증가하였고, 저장 30일에는 급격히 감소되었다. 갈변물질(褐變物質)의 형성은 저장기간이 증가함에 따라 증가되었다. 가자미 및 갈치 지질(脂質)의 주요(主要) 구성지방산(構成脂肪酸)은 $C_{18:1},\;C_{16:0},\;C_{22:6}\;C_{16:1}$등이었으며 총불포화지방산(總不飽和脂肪酸)함량은 가자미 79.2%, 갈치 67.8%이었고 저장 중 포화지방산(飽和脂肪酸)이 증가하고 불포화지방산(不飽和脂肪酸)이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. Available lysine은 갈치가 가자미보다 많았으며 저장 30일에는 저장초기량의 8.23%가 각각 손실되었다. 이상에서 수산단백식품(水産蛋白食品)은 건조(乾燥) 저장(貯藏) 중 산화지질(酸化脂質)과의 반응(反應)으로 단백질(蛋白質)의 양적(量的) 손실(損失)을 초래하였고, 비효소(非酵素)적 갈변(褐變), 지질일단백질(脂質一蛋白質)의 불용성(不溶性) 복합체(複合體) 형성(形成), available lysine의 불용화(不溶化), TIS의 생성(生成), 어육(魚肉)내의 구성지방산(構成脂肪酸)과 아미노산의 변화(變化)로 in vitro protein digestibility 저하(低下)를 비롯하여 어육(魚肉)의 갈변(褐變), 풍미손상(風味損傷) 및 영양가손실(營養價損失)등의 어육(魚肉)의 품질저하(品質低下)를 초래하는 주요인(主要因)으로 분석되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제16권5호
• /
• pp.693-701
• /
• 2003

In order to evaluate the nutritive value of the forage plants in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, 266 samples (61 grasses and 65 legumes grown in the dry season, 60 grasses and 80 legumes grown in the rainy season) were collected from the highland and lowland in 1998 to 2000, and were subjected to the determination of chemical composition and digestibility. The least-squares analysis of variance demonstrated that the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of grasses was not significantly affected by season or altitude. On the other hand, the some proximate components and cell wall components were significantly affected by season and altitude including the season${\times}$altitude interaction. For the legumes, the in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) and cellulose content were significantly affected by season. On the other hand, the ether extract (EE) content was significantly affected by season and altitude. The interaction of the season${\times}$altitude for IVDMD, of the year${\times}$season for some proximate components and of the year${\times}$season and the season${\times}$altitude for some cell wall components were significant. These results indicate that the forages grown at highland in dry season have a relatively high quality. The means of the total digestible nutrient (TDN) content estimated from IVDMD in grasses and in legumes were 50.3% and 57.4%, respectively, and the crude protein contents were 7.7% and 17.6%, respectively. The correlation coefficients between IVDMD and the contents of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were relatively high in all of forage plants, suggesting that these components would provide an accurate prediction of digestibility or TDN content. A close relationship between IVNDFD and lignin content indicates that the lignin would be the most accurate predictor of cell wall digestibility.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.496-501
• /
• 2012

Thirty-five available feeds were fermented in vitro in order to investigate their soluble total organic carbon (TOCs) and methane ($CH_4$) production rate. A fermentation reactor was designed to capture the $CH_4$ gas emitted and to collect liquor from the reactor during in vitro fermentation. The results showed that $CH_4$ production rate greatly varied among feeds with different ingredients. The lowest $CH_4$-producing feeds were corn gluten feed, brewer's grain, and orchard grass among the energy, protein, and forage feed groups, respectively. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found in digestibility, soluble total organic carbon (TOCs), and $CH_4$ emissions among feeds, during 48 h of in vitro fermentation. Digestibility and TOCs was not found to be related due to different fermentation pattern of each but TOCs production was directly proportional to $CH_4$ production (y = 0.0076x, $r^2$ = 0.83). From this in vitro study, TOCs production could be used as an indirect index for estimation of $CH_4$ emission from feed ingredients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제23권5호
• /
• pp.598-606
• /
• 2010

This study investigated the nutritional quality of soybean meal (SBM) fermented by Aspergillus ($FSBM_A$) and/or followed by Lactobacillus fermentation ($FSBM_{A+L}$). Both fermented products significantly improved protein utilization of SBM with higher trichloroacetic acid (TCA) soluble true protein content, in vitro protein digestibility and available lysine content, especially in $FSBM_{A+L}$. Moreover, $FSBM_{A+L}$ produced a huge amount of lactic acid resulting in lower pH as compared to the unfermented SBM or soybean protein concentrate (SPC) (p<0.05). $FSBM_A$ and $FSBM_{A+L}$ raised 4.14% and 9.04% of essential amino acids and 5.38% and 9.37% of non-essential amino acids content, respectively. The ${\alpha}$-galactoside linkage oligosaccharides such as raffinose and stachyose content in $FSBM_A$ and $FSBM_{A+L}$ decreased significantly. The results of soluble protein fractions and distribution showed that the ratio of small protein fractions (<16 kDa) were 42.6% and 63.5% for $FSBM_A$ and $FSBM_{A+L}$, respectively, as compared to 7.2% for SBM, where the ratio of large size fractions (>55 kDa, mainly ${\beta}$-conglycinin) decreased to 9.4%, 5.4% and increased to 38.8%, respectively. There were no significant differences in ileal protein digestibility regardless of treatment groups. SPC inclusion in the diet showed a better protein digestibility than the SBM diet. In summary, soybean meal fermented by Aspergillus, especially through the consequent Lactobacillus fermentation, could increase the nutritional value as compared with unfermented SBM and is compatible with SPC.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.70-74
• /
• 1974

한우(韓牛)의 round muscle과 오징어 근육(筋肉)을 여러 가지 조리조건(調理條件)으로 처리(處理)하여 pepsin에 의한 in vitro 소화율(消化率)과 소화과정중(消化過程中)의 amino태(態) N, 유기용매(有機溶媒) 처리(處理)가 소화율(消化率)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 AOAC에 의한 semi-micro Kjeldahl법(法)으로 실험(實驗)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 소화율(消化率)은 우육(牛肉)에서 autoclaving, frying, raw, freezing, roasting, boiling, dry heating의 순서이며 오징어육(肉)에서는 raw, autoclaving, boiling, freezing, frying, dry heating, roasting의 순서로 높았다. 2. Amino태(態) N는 우육(牛肉), 오징어육(肉) 공(共)히 소화율(消化率)이 높은 순서로 비례해서 증가(增加)한다. 3. 우육(牛肉)과 오징어육(肉)의 raw condition에서 ether처리(處理)가 소화율(消化率)에 거의 영향을 미치지 않는다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제28권10호
• /
• pp.1454-1464
• /
• 2015

Four methods were adopted, including the mobile nylon bag (MNB) method, modified three-step in vitro (MTS) method, original three-step in vitro (OTS) method, and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) estimating method, to evaluate the intestinal digestibility of rumen undegradable protein (DRUP) of 10 types of concentrates and 7 types of roughages. After correlation analysis to determine the DRUP values using the MNB, MTS, OTS, and ADIN methods, the study aimed to find out appropriate methods to replace the MNB method due to its disadvantages such as high price, long time period, and use of a duodenal T-fistula. Three dairy cows with a permanent ruminal fistula and duodenal T-fistula were used in a single-factor experimental design. The results showed that the determined DRUP values using the MNB method for soybean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, corn germ meal, corn, rice bran, barley, wheat bran, corn fiber feed, Alfalfa (Zhao dong), Alfalfa (Long mu 801), Alfalfa (Long mu 803), grass (North), Grass (Inner Mongolia), corn silage and corn straw were 98.13%, 87.37%, 88.47%, 82.60%, 75.40%, 93.23%, 69.27%, 91.27%, 72.37%, 79.03%, 66.72%, 68.64%, 73.57%, 50.47%, 51.52%, 54.05%, and 43.84%, respectively. The coefficient of determination ($R^2=0.964$) of the results between the MTS method and the MNB method was higher than that ($R^2=0.942$) between the OTS method and the MNB method. The coefficient of determination of the DRUP values of the concentrates among the in vitro method (including the MTS and OTS methods) and the MNB method was higher than that of the roughage. There was a weak correlation between the determined DRUP values in concentrates obtained from the ADIN method and those from the MNB method, and there was a significant correlation (p<0.01) between the determined DRUP values of the roughage obtained from the MNB method and those obtained from ADIN method. The DRUP values were significantly correlated with the nutritional ingredients of the feeds. The regression equation was DRUP =100.5566+0.4169CP - 0.4344SP - 0.7102NDF - 0.7950EE ($R^2=0.8668$, p<0.01; CP, crude protein; SP, soluble protein; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; EE, ether extract). It was concluded that both the MTS method and the OTS may suitable to replace the MNB method for determining the DRUP values and the former method was more effective. Only the ADIN method could be used to predict the values of the roughages but conventional nutritional ingredients were available for all of the samples' DRUP.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.188-199
• /
• 2015

Nineteen tanniferous browse plants were collected from South Africa to investigate their digestibility, gas production (GP) characteristics and methane production. Fresh samples were collected, dried in forced oven, and ground and analyzed for nutrient composition. In vitro GP and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were determined using rumen fluid collected, strained and anaerobically prepared. A semi-automated system was used to measure GP by incubating the sample in a shaking incubator at $39^{\circ}C$. There was significant (p<0.05) variation in chemical composition of studied browses. Crude protein (CP) content of the species ranged from 86.9 to 305.0 g/kg dry matter (DM). The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ranged from 292.8 to 517.5 g/kg DM while acid detergent fiber (ADF) ranged from 273.3 to 495.1 g/kg DM. The ash, ether extract, non-fibrous carbohydrate, neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen, and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen and CP were negatively correlated with methane production. Methane production was positively correlated with NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemi-cellulose. Tannin decreased GP, IVOMD, total volatile fatty acid and methane production. The observed low methanogenic potential and substantial ammonia generation of some of the browses might be potentially useful as rumen manipulating agents. However, a systematic evaluation is needed to determine optimum levels of supplementation in a mixed diet in order to attain a maximal depressing effect on enteric $CH_4$ production with a minimal detrimental effect on rumen fermentation of poor quality roughage based diet.