• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.339-346
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• 1999

본 시험은 수확시기 및 품종이 추파 인맥(Avena sativa L.)의 생육특성, 사초수량 및 사료가치에 어떤 영향을 미치는가를 알아보기 위하여 1993년 8월 26일부터 11월 1일까지 서울대학교 농업생명과학대학 부속실험목장의 사초시험포장에서 실시되었으며, 수확시기로서 조기(10월 11일), 중기(10월 21일) 및 만기(11월 1일)를 주구로 하고, 품종('west', 'Cayuse' 및 'Magnum')을 세구로 하는 분할구 시험법으로 3반복 설계배치 하였다. West 품종만이 10월 10일에 첫 출수를 하였으며, 만기수확시기에는 30%의 출수율을 보였다. 건물 함량은 수확시기가 늦어짐에 따라서 12,8%에서 15.9%로 증가하였으며(p<0.01), West, Cayuse 및 Magnum 품종이 각각 15.4, 13.4 및 13.5%의 건물률을 나타내었다. 조단백질 함량은 수확시기가 늦어짐에 따라서 20.1%에서 13.3%로 감소하였으며(P<0.01), 중생종과 만생종인 Cayuse와 Magnum이 조생종인 West보다 2% 더 높은 조단백질 함량을 나타내었다(p<0.01). ADF와 NDF 함량은 중기수확기에 가장 높았으며, 조생종인 West가 중생종과 만생종인 Cayuse나 Magnum에 비해서 더 높은 ADF, NDF 함량을 나타내었다. West의 in vitro 건물소화율은 수확시기가 늦어짐에 따라서 감소하였으며, Cayuse와 Magnum은 중기수확기까지만 감소하였다. Cayue와 Magnum 품종이 West에 비해서 3~4% 더 높은 in vitro 건물소화율을 나타내었다. in vitro 소화율과 ADF 함량간에는 -0.86의 높은 부(負)의 상관관계를 보여주었다. 매수확시기별 ha당 평균 건물수량은 2,901kg에서 5,901kg로 증가하였으며(p<0.01), 품종간의 유의성은 없었다(p<0.05). 건물수량과 유효적산온도(GDD)간의 상관관계는 +0.86으로 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다. 이상의 연구 결과를 종합할 때 추파연맥을 재배시 건물수량의 증수를 위해서 수확시기를 늦추는 것이 바람직하다고 생각된다. 특히 중생종과 만생종인 Cayuse와 Magnum은 수확시기를 늦추어도 사료가치의 큰 변화없이 건물수량 증수가 가능할 것이다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.41-60
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• 1983

사료작물(飼料作物)의 생육시기(生育時期)가 사일리지 품질(品質)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)하기 위하여 시험작물(試驗作物)로 보리, 호밀, 밀, 귀리, 오차드그라스, 이탈리안라이그라스, 옥수수 및 오차드그라스와 이탈리안라이그라스의 혼합목초(混合牧草)를 사용(使用)하여 각(各) 작물(作物)의 생육시기별(生育時期別) 수량(收量), 조성분(粗成分), 사일리지품질(品質) 및 면양과 in vitro소화율(消化率)을 측정(測定)하였다. 사일리지제조(製造)는 소형 원통형콘크리트사일로를 이용(利用)하였다. 1. 건물수량(乾物收量)은 생육시기(生育時期)가 진행(進行)됨에 따라 증가(增加)하였으며, 보리는 출수기(出穗期), 유숙기(乳熟期) 및 호숙기(糊熟期)에 10a당 각각(各各) 404, 635 및 900kg였고, 호밀은 수잉기(穗孕期), 출수직전(出穗直前), 출수초(出穗初), 출수말(出穗末), 개화기(開花期), 개화말(開花末) 및 개화후(開花後)에 각각(各各) 279, 589, 708, 1,000, 1,265, 1,376 및 1,492kg였고, 이탈리리안라이그라스는 영양생장기(營養生長期) 수잉기(穗孕期), 출수기(出穗期), 개화기(開花期)에 각각(各各) 355, 613, 844 및 1,109kg였고, 오차드그라스와 이탈리안라이그라스 혼합목초(混合牧草)는 출수전,(出穗前) 출수기(出穗期), 개화기(開花期) 및 개화후기(開花後期)가 각각(各各) 477, 696, 891 및 1,027kg였고, 옥수수는 출수전(出穗前), 유숙초(乳熟初), 유숙기(乳熟期), 황숙기(黃熟期) 및 완숙기(完熟期)에 각각(各各) 458, 1,252, 1,534, 1,986 및 2,053kg였다. 2 건물함량(乾物含量)은 숙기(熟期)가 진행(進行)됨에 따라 증가(增加)하였으나 조단백질(粗蛋白質)은 감소(減少)하였고 NFE는 다른 작물(作物)은 감소(減少)하였으나 옥수수는 증가(增加)하였다. 조섬유함량은 생육시기(生育時期)가 진행(進行)됨에 따라 옥수수를 제외하고는 증가(增加)하였고 조회분(粗灰分)은 감소(減少)하였다. 호밀의 NDF, ADF의 함량(含量)도 생육시기(生育時期)가 진행(進行)됨에 따라 증가(增加)하였다. 3 호밀의 in vitro 건물소화율(乾物消化率)은 수잉기(穗孕期), 출수기전(出穗期前), 출수초(出穗初), 출수말(出穗末), 개화기(開花期), 개화말(開花末) 및 개화후(開花後)에 각각(各各) 53.6, 54.1, 50.7, 47.1, 44.9, 40.1 및 38.9%였고, 그 방정식은 Y=56.22-0,74X+$0.009X^2$(Y=건물소화율(乾物消化率), X=첫 예취후의 지연일자)였다. 3. 호밀의 in vitro 가소화건물수량(可消化乾物收量)은 생육(生育) 시기(時期)가 진행(進行)됨에 다라 증가(增加)하였으나 개화기(開花期)부터는 감소(減少)하였고 그 방정식은 Y=168.88+26.09X-$0.41X^2$(Y=가소화건물수량(可消化乾物收量, X=첫 예취후의 지연일자)였다. 5. 옥수수의 in vitro 건물소화율(乾物消化率)은 출수전(出穗前), 유숙초(乳熟初), 유숙기(乳熟期), 황숙기(黃熟期) 및 완숙기(完熟期)에 각각(各各) 89.2, 71.5, 69.8 및 69.9%였다. 6. 사일리지의 조단백질(粗蛋白質)과 조섬유의 소화율(消化率)은 생육시기(生育時期)가 진행(進行)됨에 따라 감소(減少)하였으나 보리와 옥수수의 NFE는 일반적으로 증가(增加)하였다. 7. 사일리지의 TDN함량(含量)(건물기준(乾物基準))은 생육시기(生育時期)가 진행(進行)됨에 따라 감소(減少)하였으나 보리와 옥수수는 차(差)가 없었으며 보리는 출수기(出穗期), 유숙기(乳熟期) 및 호숙기(糊熟期)에 각각(各各) 57.8, 57.1 및 57.9%였고, 호밀은 개화초(開花草), 개화후(開花後) 및 유숙기(乳熟期)에 각각(各各) 50.0. 47.2 및 43.7%였고, 이탈리안라이그라스는 출수전(出穗前), 출수초(出穗初) 및 출추수(出穗後)에 각각(各各) 67.9, 63.7 및 54.9%였고 오차드그라스는 출수후(出穗後), 개화후(開花後) 및 유숙기(乳熟期)에 각각(各各) 548, 52.9 및 46.1%였고, 옥수수는 유숙기(乳熟期), 황숙기(黃熟期) 및 완숙기(完熟期)에 59.5, 62.8 및 61.6%였다. 8. pH는 생육(生育)이 진행(進行)됨에 따라 약간씩 증가(增加)하였다. 9 유기산함량(有機酸含量)은 생육(生育)이 진행(進行)되어 건물함량(乾物含量)이 증가(增加)됨에 따라 감소(減少)하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.1663-1668
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• 2004

This study was carried out to evaluate the potential nutritive value of commonly found grasses collected at native pasture in West Sumatra, Indonesia during dry and rainy seasons. Variables measured included chemical composition, in vitro digestibility, concentration of Ca, P and Mg, gas production and metabolizable energy (ME) content of the grasses. The results showed that species and season had significant effect on chemical composition and mineral concentration. Crude protein content in the dry season ranged from 6.5% (B. decumbens) to 14.4% (P. maximum) and increased slightly from 7.8% (B. decumbens) to 14. 8% (A. compressus) in the rainy season. Data on fiber fraction showed that grass contained more NDF, ADF and ADL in dry season than in rainy season. Data on mineral concentration showed that C. plectostachyus and P. maximum in dry season had higher Ca than those of other species, while in rainy season P. maximum had highest Ca concentration. In dry season, the DMD varied from 50. 4% (P.purpuphoides) to 59.1% (P. purpureum), while in rainy season ranged from 50.3% (A. gayanus) to 61.8% (P. purpureum). The potential and rate of gas production were significantly (p<0.05) affected by species and season. During dry season, potential of gas production ranged from 21.8 ml/200 mg (A. compressus) to 45.1 ml/200 mg (C. plectostachyus), while in rainy season it varied from 35.6 ml/200 mg (A. gayanus) to 47.5 ml/200 mg (P. purpureum). ME content of grasses varied from 6.0 to 8.3 MJ/kg in dry season and increased slightly from 6.4 to 8.6 MJ/kg in rainy season. Both in dry and rainy seasons, the highest ME content was occurred in P. purpureum and C. plectostachyus. In conclusion, nutritive value of the observed grasses in West Sumatra, Indonesia was relatively higher during rainy season compared with dry season. Pennisetum purpureum and Cynodon plectostachyus had the best nutritive value in both dry and rainy seasons.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.637-647
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• 2019

Objective: The study aimed at quantifying seasonal and spatial variations in availability and nutritive value of herbaceous vegetation on native pastures and supplement feedstuffs for domestic ruminants in Western Kenya. Methods: Samples of herbaceous pasture vegetation (n = 75) and local supplement feedstuffs (n = 46) for cattle, sheep, and goats were collected in 20 villages of three geographic zones (Highlands, Mid-slopes, Lowlands) in Lower Nyando, Western Kenya, over four seasons of one year. Concentrations of dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), gross energy (GE), and minerals were determined. Apparent total tract organic matter digestibility (dOM) was estimated from in vitro gas production and proximate nutrient concentrations or chemical composition alone using published prediction equations. Results: Nutrient, energy, and mineral concentrations were 52 to 168 g CA, 367 to 741 g NDF, 32 to 140 g CP, 6 to 45 g EE, 14.5 to 18.8 MJ GE, 7.0 to 54.2 g potassium, 0.01 to 0.47 g sodium, 136 to 1825 mg iron, and 0.07 to 0.52 mg selenium/kg DM. The dOM was 416 to 650 g/kg organic matter but differed depending on the estimation method. Nutritive value of pasture herbage was superior to most supplement feedstuffs, but its value strongly declined in the driest season. Biomass yields and concentrations of CP and potassium in pasture herbage were highest in the Highlands amongst the three zones. Conclusion: Availability and nutritive value of pasture herbage and supplement feedstuffs greatly vary between seasons and geographical zones, suggesting need for season- and region-specific feeding strategies. Local supplement feedstuffs partly compensate for nutritional deficiencies. However, equations to accurately predict dOM and improved knowledge on nutritional characteristics of tropical ruminant feedstuffs are needed to enhance livestock production in this and similar environments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.977-983
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• 2009

The survival and effect of three new probiotic inoculants (Lactobacillus plantarum CCM 4000, L. fermentum LF2, and Enterococcus faecium CCM 4231) on the nutritive value and fermentation parameters of corn silage was studied under laboratory conditions. Whole corn plants (288.3 g/kg DM) were cut and ensiled at $21^{\circ}C$ for 105 days. The inoculants were applied at a concentration of $1.0{\times}10^{9}$ cfu/ml. Uninoculated silage was used as the control. The chopped corn was ensiled in 40 plastic jars (1 L) divided into four groups (4${\times}$10 per treatment). All corn silages had a low pH (below 3.55) and 83-85% of total silage acids comprised lactic acid after 105 days of ensiling. The probiotic inoculants in the corn silages affected corn silage characteristics in terms of significantly (p<0.05-0.001) higher pH, numerically lower crude protein content and ratio of lactic to acetic acid compared to control silage. However, the inoculants did not affect the concentration of total silage acids (acetic, propionic, lactic acids) as well as dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of corn silages in vitro. In the corn silages with three probiotic inoculants, significantly (CCM 4231, CCM 4000) lower n-6/n-3 ratio of fatty acids was detected than in control silage. Significant decrease in the concentration of $C_{18:1}$, and significant increase in the concentration of $C_{18:2}$ and $C_{18:3}$ was mainly found in the corn silages inoculated with the strains E. faecium CCM 4231 and L. plantarum CCM 4000. At the end of ensiling, the inoculants were found at counts of less than 1.0 log10 cfu/g in corn silages.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.129-137
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• 2023

Corn silage is extensively utilized in ruminant feeding on a global scale, with substantial research efforts directed towards enhancing its nutritional worth and managing moisture content. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of normal cutting height and elevated cutting height on whole-crop corn silage. Corn was harvested at heights of 15 cm and 45 cm above the ground, respectively, 45 days after heading. The harvested corn was cut into 2-3 cm lengths and packed into 20-liter plastic silos in triplicate. The results showed that dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of C45 were significantly higher than those of the control, while the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was significantly lower in C45 (p<0.05). The C15 had higher yields than C45 (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield of whole-crop corn silage. The increase in cutting height resulted in a larger change in moisture content and NDF per centimeter. After 60 days-ensiling, C45 showed significantly lower NH₃-N concentrations. Moreover, C45 had significantly higher lactic acid concentration, lactic acid/acetic acid ratio, and lactic acid bacteria count compared to the control. Mold was not detected and the yeast count was less than 2 log10 cfu/g fresh matter in both control and C45. In summary, C45 improved the feeding value and fermentation quality of whole-crop corn silage at the expense of forage productivity.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.283-283
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• 2017

The objective of the present study is to analyze the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) effects on rye silage fermentation at different stages. Different stages (Booting, Heading, Flowering, and Late flowering stage) of rye were collected from the National livestock farm, National Institute of Animal Science, South Korea. Rye sample was inculcated with lactic acid bacteria and incubated at the anaerobic condition for three months. The nutrient profile such as crude protein (CP), Acid detergent fibre, Neutral detergent fibre and total digestibility nutrients were increased in both control and LAB inculcated samples at all the stages of rye forage. The pH of rye silage was reduced at both stages by LAB inoculation as compared with control. The lactate content was increased in all stages of rye sample by LAB. The acetate concentration and butyrate was reduced in LAB inoculated rye sample. However, acetate concentration was slightly high in LAB inculcated rye at heading and late flowering stage. The LAB population was greater in LAB inoculated rye sample as compared with control sample. However, the massive population was noted in booting stage of rye than the other stages. It indicates the inoculated LAB is the main reason for increasing fermentation quality in the sample through pH reduction by lactate production. Overall results suggest that the isolated lactic acid bacterium is the potent strain that could be suitable for rye forage fermentation at different stages.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.201-206
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• 2015

An experiment was carried out to determine the homofermentative activity of Lactobacillus plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 on the ensiling of whole crop barley (WCB). The crude protein in the silages was slightly higher in the KCC-10 and KCC-19 treatments compared to the control, but there was no significant difference between the two inoculant-treated silages. Nutrient parameters such as acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and in vitro dry matter digestibility in L. plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 treated silages did not differ from those in the control silage. The lactic acid content increased in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treated silage when compared with the control silage but the contents of acetic acid and butyric acid produced in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treated silages were similar with the control silage. Further, the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in KCC-10 treated silage demonstrated a significant increase when compared to the control. Especially, KCC-19 treated silage showed greater lactic acid bacterial growth potential. Other microbes such as yeast and fungi were not detected in KCC-10 and KCC-19 treated WCB silages. Hence, this study suggests that the addition of L. Plantarum KCC-10 and KCC-19 to the WCB silage can improve fermentation quality for the production of high-quality silage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.844-850
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• 2002

The potential nutritive value was studied on leaves of seven fodder trees in Central Sudan during dry season at two distinct periods, the early dry and the late. The chemical composition, mineral concentration, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), in situ OM or nitrogen degradability and estimated metabolizable energy showed a wide variation among fodder tree species and between different periods of the dry season. Crude protein (CP) ranged from 285 to 197 g/kg DM at early dry season, with a significant reduction in late dry season. Ziziphus spina-christi and Balanites aegyptiaca showed the least reduction in CP content. The NDF, ADF and lignin were about 200, 160 and 19 g/kg DM, respectively at the early period, and significantly increased at the late period of the dry season, except for lignin of Z. spina-christi. For mineral concentration, all fodder tree leaves were rich in calcium but poor in phosphorus. In situ OM degradability significantly decreased at the late period of dry season, but values remained as high as over 600 g/kg OM. At both periods, Z. spina-christi showed the highest value, while the lowest was recorded in Acacia seyal. The IVOMD showed a similar trend to those of in situ OM degradability, except for A. seyal. The nitrogen degradability was highest in B. aegyptiaca and lowest in Z. spina-christi at both periods. A significant and positive correlation had existed between CP and IVOMD or in situ OM degradability (r=0.68, p<0.05; r=0.77, p<0.05, respectively). Also, a significant but negative correlation was found between condensed tannins and nitrogen degradability (r=-0.87, p<0.01). Results demonstrated that Z. spina-christi potentially has a good nutritive value as dry season feed or supplement, while A. seyal tends to be less promising. A. nubica and B. aegyptiaca may be a useful source for degradable protein, even though it may have a limited supply of energy to animals. A. tortilis, A. mellifera and A. ehrenbergiana may have potential value for a supplementation of energy or protein, if they were harvested in the early dry season or in wet season as preserved feed. It is highly recommended to supplement with an appropriate amount of phosphorus when these fodder trees were used.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.511-517
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• 2014

This study examined the effects of bacterial inoculants on chemical composition and fermentation indices of barley silage. Barley forage (Youngyang) was harvested at 24% dry matter (DM) and wilted to 47.9% DM. The wilted barley forage was chopped to 3-5 cm length and applied with no inoculant (CON), L. plantarum ($1{\times}10^{10}cfu/g$, LP) or Effective Microorganisms ($0.5{\times}10^9cfu/g$, EM). Then the forages were ensiled in four replications for each treatment in 20 L mini silos and stored for 100 days. The contents of crude protein and ether extract were higher in CON silage ensiled for 100-d, while the contents of DM and crude ash were higher in EM silage (p<0.05). The contents of ADF, NDF and hemicellulose as well as the in vitro DM digestibility were not affected by microbial inoculation (p>0.05). The pH, ammonia-N concentration and lactate to acetate ratio were higher (p<0.05) in CON silage, while lactate concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in CON and LP silage. Acetate concentration and lactic acid bacteria was increased (p<0.05) by both inoculants (LP and EM), but propionate concentration and yeast was increased (p<0.05) by EM and LP, respectively. These results indicated that the fermentation quality of barley silage was improved by the application of bacterial inoculants.