• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.483-494
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of nutritional status on the cell-mediated and humoral immunity in female college students. The nutritional status of twenty subjects was determined by six-days food records, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical assessments of serum nutrients. Cell-mediated and humoral immunity of the subjects was analyzed by in vivo and in vitro assessments. The results were summerized as follows : First, The average daily energy intake was 1437Kcal(CHO : PRO : FAT = 61:13:26), which corresponds to 71.9% of RDA. Anthropometric measurements showed that 50% of the subjects was under-weight(BMI<20), only 5% was over-weight(25

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.210-215
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• 2011

It is already known that high concentration of vitamin C induces apoptosis on tumor cells. However, there is no report regarding the function of vitamin C on the modulation of immune susceptibility of cancer. Therefore, we investigated whether vitamin C can modulate immune susceptibility of tumor cells, especially on the induction of Fas-mediated apoptosis. First, the optimal concentration of vitamin C, which cannot induce damages on tumor cells for 36 hrs. We found that 2 mM of vitamin C did not show harmful effect. In addition, the optimal concentration of agonistic anti-Fas Abs for 18 hrs was examined. As a result, 400 ng/ml of agonistic anti-Fas Abs did not induce apoptosis on tumor cells. Next, we tried to find the effect of 2 mM of vitamin C on the modulation of the susceptibility to agonistic anti-Fas Abs. When tumor cells were cultured with 400 ng/ml of agonistic anti-Fas Abs for 18 hrs, after pre-treatment with 2 mM of vitamin C for 24 hrs, viability of cells was decreased. Interestingly, we found that the expression of Fas (CD95) and MHC class I was increased by the treatment of vitamin C. Taken together, vitamin C increases the susceptibility of tumor cells to anti-Fas Abs and the expression of Fas (CD95) and MHC class I on tumor cells.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2017년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.633-636
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• 2017

본 논문에서는 차량용 전장품의 복사내성 시험에 적합한 균일장 측정방법에 대해 연구하였다. 복사내성 평가는 전자파 방해원에 대해 시험품이 충분한 내성을 가지고 정상적인 동작을 하는지 확인하는 평가이다. 복사내성 평가 중 시험품과 하네스의 균일한 전계형성을 위해 균일장 검증은 필수적이나 차량용 전장품의 복사내성 평가규격인 ISO 11452-2에는 균일장 측정에 대한 명시가 없다. 이에 균일장 측정 방법이 명시된 타 국제 규격과의 비교/분석을 하였고, 그 결과 시험 방법과 차량 전장품에 적용되는 평가 환경의 상이함으로 인해 편차가 발생함을 확인 하였다. 본 논문에서는 차량 전장품의 복사내성 평가 환경이 고려된 균일장 측정방법을 제안하고 실제 측정을 통한 검증을 통해 타당성을 확인하고자 한다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.283-290
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• 2017

The host immune system is the first line of host defense, consisting mainly of innate and adaptive immunity. Immunity must be maintained, orchestrated, and harmonized, since overactivation of immune responses can lead to inflammation and autoimmune diseases, while immune deficiency can lead to infectious diseases. We investigated the regulation of innate and adaptive immune cell activation by Artemisia capillaris and its components (ursolic acid, hyperoside, scopoletin, and scopolin). Macrophage phagocytic activity was determined using fluorescently labeled Escherichia coli, as an indicator of innate immune activation. Concanavalin A (ConA)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced splenocyte proliferation was analyzed as surrogate markers for cellular and humoral adaptive immunity, respectively. Neither A. capillaris water extract (WAC) nor ethanol extract (EAC) greatly inhibited macrophage phagocytic activity. In contrast, WAC suppressed ConA- and LPS-induced proliferation of primary mouse splenocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, EAC inhibited ConA- and LPS-induced splenocyte proliferation. Oral administration of WAC in mice decreased ConA- and LPS-induced splenocyte proliferation, while that of EAC suppressed LPS-induced splenocyte proliferation. Repeated administration of WAC in mice inhibited ConA- and LPS-induced splenocyte proliferation. Ursolic acid, scopoletin, and scopolin reduced ConA- and LPS-induced primary mouse splenocyte proliferation, while hyperoside did not show such activity. These results indicate that A. capillaris and its components, ursolic acid, scopoletin, and scopolin, suppress ConA- and LPS-induced adaptive immune cell activation. The results suggest that A. capillaris is useful as a regulator of adaptive immunity for diseases involving excessive immune response activation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.591-599
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• 2008

A murine model immunized by systemic and mucosal delivery of plasmid DNA vaccine expressing glycoprotein B (pCIgB) of pseudorabies virus (PrV) was used to evaluate both the nature of the induced immunity and protection against a virulent virus. With regard to systemic delivery, the intramuscular (i.m.) immunization with pCIgB induced strong PrV-specific IgG responses in serum but was inefficient in generating a mucosal IgA response. Mucosal delivery through intranasal (i.n.) immunization of pCIgB induced both systemic and mucosal immunity at the distal mucosal site. However, the levels of systemic immunity induced by i.n. immunization were less than those induced by i.m. immunization. Moreover, i.n. genetic transfer of pCIgB appeared to induce Th2-biased immunity compared with systemic delivery, as judged by the ratio of PrV-specific IgG isotypes and Th1- and Th2-type cytokines produced by stimulated T cells. Moreover, the immunity induced by i.n. immunization did not provide effective protection against i.n. challenge of a virulent PrV strain, whereas i.m. immunization produced resistance to viral infection. Therefore, although i.n. immunization was a useful route for inducing mucosal immunity at the virus entry site, i.n. immunization did not provide effective protection against the lethal infection of PrV.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.8-11
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• 2009

There is mounting evidence that autophagy is involved in diverse physiological and pathological processes that have immense relevance in human development, diseases and aging. Immunity and inflammation are not exceptions. Here, the role of autophagy in the control of immune processes particularly that related to cell death and inflammation is discussed.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.156-162
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• 2020

20세기 초부터 비상업용 정부선박의 법적 지위에 대한 검토와 법제화가 이루어졌다. 특히 전통적 국제법상의 절대적 주권면제이론에 대한 비판이 발생하고, 이에 대한 대체 이론으로 제한적 주권면제이론이 등장하면서 주권면제이론은 더욱 구체화 되었다. 국제관습법 및 국제해양법에서는 군함과 함께 비상업용 정부선박에 대한 주권면제를 규정하고 있다. 이러한 주권면제와 관련하여 고려되어야 하는 것이 우리나라 국립대학의 실습선이다. 우리나라 국립대학은 고급해기사 양성 및 어업 실습 등의 교육목적으로 실습선 및 조사선을 건조하여 운용하고 있다. 이러한 실습선은 국내 관할수역 뿐만 아니라 타국의 관할수역 및 공해까지를 활동범위로 하고 있을 뿐만 아니라 타국의 항구에도 입항하고 있다. 따라서 국제법상 국립대학 실습선의 법적지위를 명확하게 하는 것은 국제 항행에 있어 중요한 요소 중에 하나라고 할 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 실습선이 어떠한 법적 지위를 누리느냐에 대해서는 단순히 답할 수 없는 요소들이 다수 존재한다. 이에 본 논문은 국제법상 비상업용 정부선박의 개념 및 의의에 대해 살펴보고, 국립대학 실습선이 이와 일치하는지에 대해 검토하였다. 또한 전통 국제법상의 주권면제 범위와 현행 국제협약상의 주권면제에 대한 규정을 살펴봄으로써 우리나라 국립대학 실습선이 해양에서 누릴 수 있는 주권면제의 범위에 대해 살펴보았다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.185-191
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• 2006

Background: Based on outstanding progresses in animal experiments, vaccines for some human tumors have been developed. However, clinical effects of these vaccines have been far below than expected. This discrepancy might come from differences between animal models and human patients with respect to immunocompetency. The immune status of mice after tumor inoculation has not been well studied, which make us cautious in interpreting and applying the results from mice to human. We evaluated cell-mediated immune responses in mice after tumor cell inoculation. Methods: Mice were inoculated with TA3Ha, CT26, or 4T1. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses were induced 2-4 weeks after inoculation using 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene as an antigen. The relationships between the severity of DTH responses and the duration of tumor inoculation or the size of tumor mass were analyzed. Results: In T A3Ha groups, DTH response was elevated 2 weeks after inoculation, but depressed after 4 weeks, compared to the control group. When analyzed based on the sizes of tumor masses elicited, DTH responses were inversely related to the mass size, especially in those greater than 10 mm in diameter. In CT26 groups, while the duration after inoculation did not affect the severity of DTH responses, those with large mass showed depressed responses regardless the duration of inoculation. 4T1 cells grew so slowly that the size of tumor mass was small even 4 weeks after inoculation, and this group showed much higher DTH responses compared to that of tumor-free group. Conclusion: At least in an experimental setting where tumor model was induced by inoculating tumor cell lines into immunologically competent mice, the host immune response was elevated in early stage, and then depressed in late stage when the mass grew over a critical size.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2006

Background: CM1 (Centrocyte/-blast Marker I) defined by a mAb developed against concanavalin-A activated PBMC, is expressed specifically on a subpopulation of centroblasts and centrocytes of human germinal center (GC) B cells. Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a tumor consisting of tumor cells with the characteristics of GC B cell. Previously we reported that CM1 ligation with anti-CM1 mAb induced apoptosis in Ramos $(IgM^{high})$ and Raji $(IgM^{low})$ cells. Methods & Results: In the present study, we observed that CM1 ligation with anti-CM1 mAb induced Fas ligand and Fas expression in Ramos cells, but not in Raji cells. Furthermore, anti-Fas blocking antibody, ZB4, blocked CM1-mediated apoptosis effectively in Ramos cells, but not in Raji cells. Increased mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, which was measured by $DiOC_6$, was observed only in Raji cells. In contrast to no significant change of Bax known as pro-apoptotic protein, anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was significantly decreased in Raji cells. In addition, we observed that CM1 ligation increased release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and upregulated caspase-9 activity in Raji cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that apoptosis induced by CM1-ligation is mediated by Fas-Fas ligand interaction in Ramos cells, whereas apoptosis is mediated by down-regulation of Bcl-2 and subsequent decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential in Raji cells.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.805-814
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• 2012

무선기기의 간헐적인 신호 또는 높고 낮은 진폭의 주기적인 신호 전송은 오디오 주파수에 간섭 신호를 발생시켜 근접 거리에 설치된 음향 기기에 잡음을 발생시킨다. 최근 이와 관련하여 Global system for Mobile Communication(GSM) 폰과 유사하게 간헐적인 신호 전송을 하는 Long Term Evolution(LTE) 폰에 의한 오디오 잡음현상이 보고되었다. 현재 국내 KN20 규격에서는 잡음에 대한 내성 능력을 확보하기 위하여 음향 및 TV 방송수신기의 내성 시험 기준 신호로 변조 주파수 1 kHz Amplitude Modulation(AM) 80 %와 Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA) 신호를 이용하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 LTE 폰의 출시에 따라 기존의 내성 기준 신호 AM과 CDMA를 GSM과 LTE 폰이 발생시키는 오디오 잡음의 수준과 비교한 후, 국내 음향 기기에 대한 내성 기준 신호의 개선을 제안한다. CDMA 신호는 음향 기기에 간섭을 거의 일으키지 않는 것으로 여겨지므로 시험 항목에서 삭제해도 무방할 것으로 판단된다. 반면, LTE는 많은 사용자가 이용하고 있으며, 음향 기기 등에 무시할 수 없는 간섭을 발생시킬 것으로 분석되므로 CDMA 신호를 대신하여 음향 기기 및 TV 방송 수신기의 내성 시험을 위한 시험 기준 신호로 규정하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 사료된다.