• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.53-68
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• 2012

This study investigated the speech intelligibility of Korean-accented and native English focus speech for Korean and native English listeners. Three different types of focus in English, broad, narrow and contrastive, were naturally induced in semantically optimal dialogues. Seven high and seven low proficiency Korean speakers and seven native speakers participated in recording the stimuli with another native speaker. Fifteen listeners from each of Korean high & low proficiency and native groups judged audio signals of focus sentences. Results showed that Korean listeners were more accurate at identifying the focal prominence for Korean speakers' narrow focus speech than that of native speakers, and this suggests that the interlanguage speech intelligibility benefit-talker (ISIB-T) held true for narrow focus regardless of Korean speakers' and listeners' proficiency. However, Korean listeners did not outperform native listeners for Korean speakers' production of narrow focus, which did not support for the ISIB-listener (L). Broad and contrastive focus speech did not provide evidence for either the ISIB-T or ISIB-L. These findings are explained by the interlanguage shared by Korean speakers and listeners where they have established more L1-like common phonetic features and phonological representations. Once semantically and syntactically interpreted in a higher level processing in Korean narrow focus speech, the narrow focus was phonetically realized in a more intelligible way to Korean listeners due to the interlanguage. This may elicit ISIB. However, Korean speakers did not appear to make complete semantic/syntactic access to either broad or contrastive focus, which might lead to detrimental effects on lower level phonetic outputs in top-down processing. This is, therefore, attributed to the fact that Korean listeners did not take advantage over native listeners for Korean talkers and vice versa.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.976-982
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• 2010

Agricultural products are one of the major food, But in recent years, It's not easy for Consumers to buy them. Cause there are not sure about the quality of the cheap foreign agricultural product imported. There are not even sure where they have been produced, Some excessive use of domestic pesticides, And Environmental pollution caused by soil contamination of plantation, It's not only matter with the conscience of the Sellers and producers. The government recommends agricultural producers to attach the mark to identify where the products are made originally. However, if producers do not comply with the recommendation, it become useless. Recently, because of the increased interest to health and food, Consumers want accurate and reliable information about The agricultural products, They buy. In this paper, Based on the RFID technology, RFID tags attached to agricultural products when consumers buy, Through the RFID reader to read RFID tags, Which make Easy to accurately convey Production of agricultural information and safety information to consumers. These features have been implemented with the traceability system.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.180-188
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the relaxation effects and its mechanisms of Nelumbinis Semen(NS) extract in isolated rabbit corpus cavernous tissues. In order to examine the relaxation effects and its mechanisms of NS, we treated the ethanol extract of NS(0.01-3.0 mg/ml) and indomethacin(IM), tetraethylammonium chloride(TEA), Nω -nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), methylene blue(MB) were treated before NS extract to contracted strips induced by PE 1 μM. We also treated calcium chloride(Ca) 1 mM after pretreatment of NS extract in Ca²⁺-free krebs-ringer solution to contracted strips induced by PE. Cell viability and NO concentration on human umbilical vein endothelial cell(HUVEC) was measured by MTT assay, Griess reagent system. eNOS production was investigated by histochemical and immunohistochemical staining. NS extract was significantly affected on the relaxation of cavernous strips and NS extract-induced relaxation was not different by pretreatment of IM, TEA, MB, but inhibited by the pretreatment of L-NNA. And increase of contraction induced by Ca²⁺ addition, in a Ca²⁺-free solution, was decreased by pretreatment of NS. NO concentration on HUVEC was increased. When NS extract was applicated on corpus cavernosum of penis(CCP) in SHR, ratio of smooth muscles to collage fibers by PE was decreased and formation of eNOS around helicine artery was increased. These results suggest that CCP relaxation effects of NS extract are shown by suppressing influx of extracellular Ca²⁺ through the production of NO and eNOS.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.74-84
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• 2018

Purpose: For this study an examination was done of relationships between intensive care unit (ICU) nurses' knowledge related to sedation and their clinical competencies in sedation practice. Methods: Ninety one ICU nurses were recruited from two tertiary hospitals in South Korea. A self-report questionnaire was used to examine the levels of knowledge related to sedation and nursing practice competence based on Ajzen's theory of planned behavior. Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlations were performed using the IBM SPSS 21.0 Results: ICU nurses are more knowledgeable about general information on sedation rather than up-to-date information. Continuing education on sedation was related to difference in knowledge levels. However, the levels of knowledge were not related to competence in sedation practice. Instead, a positive attitude toward sedation practice was significantly related to the subjective norms; orders and goals, perceived behavioral control, practice of sedation, and intention to use. Conclusion: The results of this study provide fundamental information on levels of knowledge related to sedation practices of Korean ICU nurses. Continuing education should emphasize up-to-date information on sedation practice and need for positive attitudes which influence all other competencies towards sedation practices to achieve optical care of sedation in the ICU.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.527-536
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the needs for pediatric palliative care (PPC) among parents of children with complex chronic conditions (CCCs) and to investigate differences in the needs for PPC according to their general characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between March 28 and May 18, 2018. Parents (N=96) who had a child under 18 years with a CCC were recruited. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA. Results: The overall average need for PPC was $3.58{\pm}0.33$ out of 4.00. In terms of care for the subjects' children, the highest need was physical care, followed by psychosocial and spiritual care. In the sub-dimensions, preservation of physical function received the highest score. Of the items, the highest need was for seizure control. In terms of care for the subjects themselves, the highest need was for psychosocial care, followed by bereavement and spiritual care. In the sub-dimensions, communication received the highest score. Of the items, the highest need was for smooth communication with medical staff. Differences in needs for PPC according to participants' general characteristics were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Medical staff should provide PPC according to the priorities of parents' perceived needs.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.319-326
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• 2018

Although scaling is the primary method for improving oral health, it is also associated with dental fear. The objective of this study was to empirically verify whether the use of gel anesthetic within the gingival sulcus during scaling relieves pain and improves other factors. A total of 128 patients scheduled to undergo scaling at a dental clinic of a general hospital located in the Gyeonggi Province, between July 2014 and July 2015, were enrolled in the study. The participants underwent scaling following the application of 20% benzocaine gel or placebo gel anesthetic within the gingival sulcus, and the data was collected using a questionnaire. There was a significant difference in the severity of pain, participant satisfaction, perceived sensitivity, overall discomfort, and fear of scaling between the two groups. The two groups were compared in terms of perceived need for gel anesthesia, willingness to pay for anesthesia costs, and willingness to receive scaling in the future. There were significant differences in all the three parameters depending on whether gel anesthesia was used or not. There were significant differences between the two groups in perceived sensitivity immediately after scaling and one day after scaling, with no difference seen one week after scaling. With regards to overall discomfort over time, there were significant differences between the two groups immediately after scaling. Based on these findings, we expect that application of gel anesthetic within the gingival sulcus during scaling will reduce pain, perceived sensitivity, overall discomfort, and fear of scaling with increased satisfaction.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.229-233
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• 1992

Recently a non-electronic, disposable and portable infusor, Baxter $Infusor^{(R)}$, has developed for delivering not only a continuous drug infusion but also extradoses of medication on a demand basis. The present study examined the impact of two methods of pain management on recovery in 20 patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery for stomach cancer. One group, 10 patients, received IV meperidine in the recovery room and IM meperidine on the ward on a PRN basis(PRN group). In the other group, 10 patients, a loading dose of nalbuphine 0.1mg/kg was given when the patient first complained of pain in the recovery room and patient controlled analgesia with IV nalbuphine, 0.5mg/kg day for continuous infusion, was initiated and continued for 72 hours(PCA group). The devices for PCA group was Baxter Infusor with patient control module which had flow rate 0.5ml/hr and lockout time was 15 min. As results of this study, the patients of PCA group get less pain than PRN group on operation day, the first and second days after surgery. VAPS values are $6.47{\pm}1.64$ vs $4.44{\pm}1.38$, $5.02{\pm}1.22$ vs $2.62{\pm}0.93$ and $3.22{\pm}1.47$ vs $2.02{\pm}0.71$ respectively pertaining to PRN and PCA groups(p<0.05). In conclusion, PCA group with IV nalbuphine provided more effective postoperative analgesia than PRN group with conventional meperidine IM.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.473-477
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• 2020

Superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flaps represent a useful option in autologous breast reconstruction. However, the short-fixed pedicle can limit flap inset options. We present a challenging flap inset successfully addressed by de-epithelialization, turnover, and counterintuitive rotation. A 47-year-old woman underwent left tertiary breast reconstruction with stacked free flaps using right deep inferior epigastric perforator and left SIEA vessels. Antegrade and retrograde anastomoses to the internal mammary (IM) vessels were preferred; additionally, the thoracodorsal vessels were unavailable due to previous latissimus dorsi breast reconstruction. Optimal shaping required repositioning of the lateral ends of the flaps superiorly, which would position the ipsilateral SIEA hemi-flap pedicle lateral to and out of reach of the IM vessels. This problem was overcome by turning the SIEA flap on its long axis, allowing the pedicle to sit medially with the lateral end of the flap positioned superiorly. The de-epithelialized SIEA flap dermis was in direct contact with the chest wall, enabling its fixation. This method of flap inset provides a valuable solution for medializing the SIEA pedicle while maintaining an aesthetically satisfactory orientation. This technique could be used in ipsilateral SIEA flap breast reconstructions that do not require a skin paddle, as with stacked flaps or following nipple-sparing mastectomy.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.485-494
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• 2016

In this work, we conducted a study of fuel consumption characteristics and regenerative braking recovery rate by conducting an experiment using a TMED type parallel hybrid electric vehicle. As regenerative braking technology is considered essential to improve the energy efficiency of the hybrid vehicle, it is necessary to conduct research on the regenerative braking system. Therefore, the electrical characteristics, current balance, and fuel consumption were investigated using an EC type chassis dynamometer with experimental conditions as per IM240 mode. From the results, it was observed that when the initial SOC condition was lower, the engine operating time of the hybrid vehicle increased, and the energy efficiency decreased. While operating in the driving mode characteristics condition and the driving characteristics condition, the difference in the average fuel consumption was not significant. However, after completion of the experiment, there was a difference in the engine operation.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.437-445
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• 2013

This study was investigated to evaluate the vasorelaxant effect of Rubus coreanus(RC) extract on contracted rabbit carotid artery and its mechanism. To study the effect of RC extract on contracted rabbit carotid arterial strips, arterial strips with intact or damaged endothelium were used for experiment using organ bath. The pre-contracted arterial strips with norepinephrine(NE) or potassium chloride(KCl) was treated with various concentrations of an extract of RC(0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 $mg/m{\ell}$). To determine the mechanisms of RC-induced vasorelaxant, RC extract was infused into contracted arterial rings which had been pretreated by indomethacin(IM), tetraethylammonium chloride(TEA), $N{\omega}$-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), methylene blue(MB). And calcium chloride(Ca) 1 mM was infused into precontracted arterial ring induced by NE or KCl after treatment of RC extract in $Ca^{2+}$-free krebs solution. Cytotoxic activity of RC extract on human umbilical vein endothelial cell(HUVEC) was measured by MTT assay, and nitric oxide(NO) prodution was measured by Griess reagent. RC extract revealed significant relaxation on NE-induced arterial contraction, but didn't relax on KCl-induced arterial contraction. RC extract also had an effective relaxation to the intact endothelium arterial ring, but not the damaged endothelium arterial ring. Treatment of IM, TEA, L-NNA, MB reduced the relaxation of RC extract. Pretreatment of RC extract inhibited the contraction by influx of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ in contracted arterial ring induced by NE, but it didn't work the contraction by influx of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ in contracted arterial ring induced by KCl in $Ca^{2+}$-free krebs solution. RC extract increased nitric oxide production on HUVEC. This study indicated that the relaxation effect of RC extract on contracted rabbit carotid artery is related with NO-cGMP pathway, EDHF, prostacyclin.