• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.217-221
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• 2000

Objective : Brainstem hemorrhages usually result in much higher mortality and morbidty than any other intracranial vascular lesions. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the relationship of the radiological classification of the lesions and the clinical outcomes, and to evaluate the value of such classification on the choice of management modality. Method : Thirty seven patients with primary brainstem hemorrhage were managed medically or surgically between Oct. 1995 and Mar. 1998. The lesions were classified as two groups based on radiological findings as follows : Focal subependymal hematoma(group I, n＝7) and diffuse tegmentobasilar hemorrhage(group II, n＝30). The outcomes at discharge were retrospectively reviewed according to such classification. Result : The most common clinical pictures and radiological findings in each group were as followings : 1) Group I : focal compressive lesion which displaces rather than destroys brain tissue. It occurs in a younger age group and causes neurological deficits which are often partially reversible. Operative hematoma evacuation was performed in 43.3%. Their mean improved Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS) score was 4.7. 2) Group II : hypertensive brain stem hemorrhage. It usually causes a diffuse lesion occurring in an older age group and most often associated with profound irreversible neurological deficits which are often fatal. Operative hematoma evacuation was performed in 16.7%. Their mean improved GCS score was 1.4. In both conservatively treated group I and II has no siginificant clinical improvement. Conclusion : Although there is an overlap among them and the size of the group is small, the pathophysiologic classification of this lesion based on clinical features and radiological findings may be useful for decision of treatment method.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.310-315
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• 2010

The amount of salt intake of Korean people is 11.4 grams per a day, which is 2.3 times of the recommended daily salt intake by WHO - 5 grams of salt a day. The relationship between high salt consumption and increased risk of high blood pressure, observed not only in hypertensive but also in normotensive patients. High salt intake is also associated with an increased risk of heart attack, cerebral ischemia and osteoporosis. Therefore, this research is for developing a salt taste sensor to reduce sodium consumption and improve meal habits for the perception of a more bland taste of most foods. When the sensor was put into food sample, current intensity achieved with distribution cables. Current intensity was correlate with a simple equivalent of salt taste stimulus intensity. The salt taste sensor consists of salinity & temperature measuring probe, signal processing circuit and LCD display & LED warning light. When salinity is going over a set point, LCD displayer indicate salt taste on LCD panel by percent value (%), and at the same time, blue LED light change to red LED light. So we could know the grade of salt taste in soup before meals conveniently and objectively. The results show that operating range of 10 to $80^{\circ}C$ and accuracy of ${\pm}0.1%$ were achieved with an analysis time of about 2 or 3 sec. Moderate reductions in salt intake can help to avert adult diseases and lead a healthy life.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.19-24
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• 2003

Background and Purposes : Smoking is a well-known risk factor for ischemic stroke. It may contribute to s1Toke by inducing the aggregation of platelets and formation of atheroma, reducing cerebral blood flow, and increasing fibrinogen. However, the relative risk varies according to different ethnicity and area. Therefore, we performed this study to assess the risk of smoking for ischemic s1Toke in Korea. Methods : Cigarette smoking habit was studied in 308 patients with ischemic s1Toke and in 348 age- and sex-matched control subjects who had no history of stroke using case control methods. In multiple logistic regression analysis, smoking had a significant value of odds ratio adjusted for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. Results : The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95％ confidence interval (CI) was significant in the medium smokers (AOR, 1.92; 95％ CI, 1.11 to 3.33: p< 0.05) and heavy smokers (AOR, 2.80; 95％ CI, 1.64 to 4.78: p< 0.05). Furthermore, the OR was higher in hypertensive subjects than in normotensive subjects compared to non-smokers (AOR, 1.98; 95％ CI, 1.01 to 3.85: p< 0.05). Conclusions : Our findings suggest that smoking is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke in Korea.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.18-28
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• 2001

The present study investigates flow dynamics between two dimensional compliant plates under sinusoidal flow conditions in order to understand influence of wall motion, impedance phase angle (time delay between pressure and flow waveforms), and non-Newtonian fluid on wall shear stress using computational fluid dynamics. The results showed that wall motion induced additional terms in the streamwise velocity profile and the pressure gradient. These additional terms due to wall motion reduced the amplitude of wall shear stress and also changed the mean wall shear stress. The trend of the changes was very different depending on the impedance phase angle. As the impedance phase angle was changed to more negative values, the mean wall shear stress decreased while the amplitude of wall shear stress increased. As the phase angle was reduced from 0°to -90°under $\pm$4% wall motion, the mean wall shear stress decreased by 12% and the amplitude of wall shear stress increased by 9%. Therefore, for hypertensive patients who have large negative phase angles, the ratio of amplitude and mean of the wall shear stress is raised resulting in a more vulnerable state to atherosclerosis according to the low and oscillatory shear stress theory. We also found that non-Newtonian characteristics of the blood protect atherosclerosis by decreasing the oscillatory shear index.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1022-1029
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• 2016

Objectives: This study surveyed doctors of Korean medicine on how they treat hypertension in their Korean clinical practices. Methods: An invitation to take an Internet-based questionnaire was sent to doctors who were registered in the Association of Korean Medicine in September 2016. Participants were first asked general profile questions, which included age, gender, work experience as a practitioner, and specialties. Second, they were asked whether they had experience with hypertension treatment and additional questions related to hypertension. Results: A total of 991 replies were received to the questionnaire. Most of the Korean medical doctors (95%) had blood pressure units and had monitored blood pressure. A majority of the Korean medicine doctors (55%) had provided hypertension treatment. Acupuncture and herbal medicine were commonly used for the treatment of hypertensive patients. In addition, bloodletting, moxibustion, pharmacopuncture, cupping, Chuna, Qigong exercise, meditation, and Tai Chi were used. Many doctors also recommended lifestyle modification. The respondents said that Korean medicine improves general health conditions (42.6%) and has low adverse effects (29.9%). One of the most common opinions about the revitalization measures of Korean medicine was expanding health insurance benefits (20.8%). Conclusions: Through this survey, we found out information about the present situation of hypertension treatment in Korean medicine. In the future, it is possible that hypertension treatment using Korean medicine will be demanded and used by practitioners if it is covered by public health insurance.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 1995

The author performed radionuclide esophageal transit studies(RETS) with liquid and solid boluses using the same day protocol in 90 normal controls and 164 patients with various primary esophageal motility disorders who were diagnosed by manometric criteria and clinical courses. The authors calculated mean esophageal transit time(MTT) and mean residual retention(MRR) in each of the liquid and solid studies, and classified time-activity curve(TAC) patterns. The normal criteria of RETS with liquid bolus were MTT<24 sec, MRR<9%, and the TAC pattern that showed rapid declining slope and flat low residual(Type 1). The normal criteria of RETS with solid bolus were MTT<35 sec, MRR<9% and TAC of type 1. With these normal criteria, the sensitivity and the specificity of the liquid study were 62.2 % and 97.8%, respectively. The sensitivity increased to 75.4% with the solid study. The author also found that the RETS was highly reproducible. The achalasia typically showed no effective emptying of both liquid and solid boluses during the whole study period, and was well differentiated by its extremely long transit time and high retention from the other motility disorders. The diffuse esophageal spasm (DES) and nonspecific esophageal motility disorder(NEMD) showed intermediate delay in transit time and increased retention. In the groups of hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter(LES), hypotensive LES and nutcracker, there noted no significant difference with the normal control group in terms of MTT and MRR. The DES and NEMD could be more easily identified by solid studies that showed more marked delay in MTT and increased MRR as compared with the liquid study. In conclusion, esophageal scintigraphy is a safe, noninvasive and physiologic method for the evaluation of esophageal emptying.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.281-289
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• 2005

Objective : Pheochromocytoma may arise within the adrenal medulla, or in other locations, where symptheic ganglia or chromaffin tissues are known to exist. Approximately 0.1 % of hypertensive patients have Pheochromocytoma, This study is to report the clinical effects of ShiHo-GuiZhiTang on pateints who have suffered from such symptoms of Pheochromocytoma as sweating, hypertention, Indigestion, anxiety neurosis, nausea, headache, and epigastric discomfort. Method : ShiHo-GuiZhiTang was used for a patient who had suffered from symptoms of Pheochromocytoma which was diagnosed as Banpeubanri-jueng of soyang disease in Sanghan-Ron. Result : In treating the patient with symptoms of Pheochromocytoma with ShiHo-GuiZhiTang, results were good. Conclusion : The results of this study suggest that ShiHo-GuiZhiTang is effective for such symptoms of Pheochromocytoma as sweating, hypertention, Indigestion, anxiety neurosis, nausea, headache, and epigastric discomfort.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 2002

The frequency of the hypertension is increasing as the life level is improved and an average span of the life is extended since we approached modern stage. The hypertension is also dangerous disease which raises fatal complication for example with the bleeding aproplexy and the ischemic attack. The medicinal treatment about the hypertension is required patients to take continually. The acupuncture have been introduced because a medicine-chemical treatment hasn't good influence on the human body. It recently has been processed that studies acupuncture effect for blood pressure and have been found out that blood pressure go down. The object of this study observe the effect of LR3 acupuncture on hypertension in Renal Hypertension RAT induced by 2K1C. The 2K1C model was based on renin-angiotensin system. We put the silver clip in renal artery to induce renal hypertension. We try to observe that LR3 acupuncture influence on the blood pressure and c-fos expression in CVLM, NTS, RVLM. In results, the blood pressure was decreased during acupuncture than before acupuncture, after acupuncture. The heart rate was also decreased during acupuncture than before acupuncture, after acupuncture. The LR3 acupuncture significantly effects on blood pressure and heart rate (P<0.05). The increased expression of c-fos was shown in CVLM, NTS, but not in RVLM. In conclusion, LR3 was relived the action of control upon the hypertension and related with medulla, particularly CVLM, NTS. It needs to be closely examined pharmacological mechanism and studied combination with other acupoints.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.126-143
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• 1996

Background : Little work has been carried out regarding quality assessment research in a primary care setting, comparing with that of hospitals. This study aims to evaluate the process of diagnosis and management of hypertension by public health doctors on the basis of pre-established clinical guideline, and to identify several modifying factors associated with them. Methods : Hypertension was selected as the target disease, because it is a chronic disease which is of great public health importance. Self-administered questionnaires were mailed to public health doctors practicing at health centers and health subcenters across the nation. The response rate was 20.9%. The questionnaire included the diagnosis and management process such as measuring blood pressure, history taking, physical examinations, and treatment approches and potentially modifying factors such as level of training, duration of practice as a public health doctor, and education on management of hypertension. Results : Public health doctors pay little attention in measuring BP, hypertension related history taking, performing physical examination and laboratory examination. But they devoted much effort in diagnosing hypertension exactly and giving nonpharmacological treatment. Among various antihypertensive drugs, calcium-channel blockers were the most preferred agent(50.9%). Level of training, duration of practice ad a public health doctor, and education on management of hypertension made no difference on quality of care(p>0.05). Conclusion : These public health doctors showed poor compliance with the pre-established clinical guidelines, which leaves much to be desired in diagnosing and managing hypertensive patients by public health doctors. This study might be able to contribute to develop some strategies, such as educational programs, which would be able to improve the process of care in hypertensives.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.132-142
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of Tai Chi exercise on Cardiorespiratory function and to identify directions for future research. Method: 19 articles from Medline search of english journals(1981-2004) and 2 from Korean nursing journals were surveyed. The contents analysis were focused on outcome measures and relative factors regarding cardiopulmonary function. Results: There are 21 articles including 8 articles with quasi experimental design, 7 articles with randomized controlled design and 6 articles with comparative non experimental research design. The major subjects of research were older adults, but hypertensive patients, cardiac rehabilitative patient, and osteoarthritic patient also included. The major style of Tai Chi was Yang style with 108-form. The duration of Tai Chi exercise was from 12weeks to 13.2 years in comparative non experimental studies, but 6 weeks to 16weeks in randomized controlled experimental studies. The most effective duration for cardiopulmonary function was over 16weeks. The variables for cardiopulmonary function were blood pressure, heart rate and cardiopulmonary function via $VO_2$ max(ml/kg/min). To reduce the blood pressure in the result was found in 2 articles, to reduce the heart beat was found in 1 article, to improve the cardiopulmonary function via $VO_2$ max in results were found in 7 articles(73%) among 11 articles. Conclusion: The Tai Chi exercise over 16weeks improves the cardiopulmonary function. It is suggested that to verify the effect of Tai Chi on cardiopulmonary function, the difference of gender, age, health status will be identified through repeated experiments.