• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2004

The vascular relaxant effect of amlodipine adipate, a new salt of amlodipine, was evaluate in isolated rat aorta, and compared with that of amlodipine besylate. Furthermore, antihypertensive effects were measured in hypertensive rat models, such as spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and rena1 hypertensive rats (RHR). Amlodipine adipate concentration-dependently inhibited $Ca^{2+}$-induced contraction of rat aorta with a very slow onset of action (reached its maximum at 3.5 h;$IC_{50}$: 3.76 nM), having a pattern and a potency similar to those of amlodipine besylate ($IC_{50}$: 4.01 nM). In SHR and RHR, orally administered amlodipine adipate produced a dosedependent and long-lasting (>10-24 h) antihypertensive effect ($ED_{20}$: 2.48 and 1.57 mg/kg, respectively), with a pattern and a potency similar to those of amlodipine besylate ($ED_{20}$: 2.50 and 1.99 mg/kg in SHR and RHR, respectively). These results suggest that amlodipine adipate is a potent and long-lasting antihypertensive agent and that its antihypertensive effect is not significantly different to that of amlodipine besylate.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 1983

For the purpose of study on optimal gustation of salt 108 patients with hypertension(61 cases of male, 47 cases of female) were studied. And also 48 patients with non-hypertensive heart diseases and pulmonary diseases (20 cases of male, 28 cases of female ) and apparently healthy subjects (107 cases of male, 20 cases of female) were studied as control group. By adding salt into 3% rice boiled powder solution the 0.1%, 0.25% 0.5%, 0.75% and 1 % salt solutions were prepared respectively. Allowed subject to taste all above solution in landed and to point out the optimal salty taste of each subject. There were no significant difference in optimal gustation of salt among the hypertensive patients and control group. The optimal salt gustation of hypertensive patients with low salt diet was slightly lower than those with free diet The optimal salt gustation was higher in old aged persons regardless of diseases.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.38-49
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the cognitive function in NIDDM patients. Method: The data were collected at MI OPD in C University hospital. with Digit Span Forward & Backward, Trail Making Test-A, Trail Making Test-B, and MMSE. Result: There were significant differences in DF, DB, TMT-A, and TMT-B according to gender, and in TMT-A according to living with spouse and comorbidity. There were significant differences in DF, DB, TMT-A, TMT-B, and MMSE according to monthly income, and in DF, TMT-A, and TMT-B according to hypertensive state. But, there was no difference in cognitive function score according to diabetes-related complication and diabetes treatment modality. There was a significant positive correlation between duration of NIDDM and TMT-A(r=.215, p=.025). The global cognition score was explained 42.1% of varient by age, duration of education, monthly income, and hypertensive state. Conclusion: As above results showed, among age, duration of education, monthly income, and hypertensive state, prevented and managed hypertensive state which is modifiable factor may reduce or delay cognitive function impairment in NIDDM patients. And DF & DB, TMT-A & B could be more utilized as useful cognitive function measurements because those tests reflected cognitive function in NIDDM patients better than MMSE.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.50-58
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• 1998

The effects of the Evodiae fructus on the cardiovascular function were assessed in spontaneously hypertensive rats, and isolated preparation of spontaneously hypertensive rats aortic strip. In spontaneously hypertensive rats, intraperitoneal administration of methanol crude extract of Evodiae Fructus (0.5mg/kg) lowered aterial blood pressure which lasted for at least 4 hours. The hypotensive effect of Evodiae Fructus was more stronger with ${\alpha}-adrenoreceptor$ inhibitor(Phentholamine) and it was not affected by ${\beta}-adrenoreceptor$ inhibitor(Propranolol). The hypotensive effect of Evodiae Fructus was abolished by NAME. It is suggested that the hypotensive effect of Evodiae Fructus may be concern with endothelium-derived relaxing factor and it may be mediated through NO synthesis. Evodiae Fructus showed a vasorelaxing effect on denude aortic strip. It is suggested that Evodiae Fructus has a direct relaxing effect on vascular smooth muscle cells. Judging from above results, it was proved that hypotensive effect of Evodiae Fructus. The mechanism of hypotensive action may be concern with endothelium-derived relaxing factor and direct relaxing effect on vascular smooth muscle cells. Therefore, it is suggested that Evodiae Fructus is applicable to hypertension.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.303-311
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• 2021

Purpose: This study investigated the health literacy level of, the hypertension knowledge of, the self-management behaviors of, and the factors influencing self-management behaviors of the hypertensive elderly population residing in the urban and rural areas. Methods: Data were collected from November to December 2017 by the trained research staff. For two months, a total of 160 subjects in urban and rural areas who had been taking antihypertensive medications consented to participate in the project. 157 participants completed the survey. Results: The health literacy score of the hypertensive elderly subjects was at 48.38±8.13, the hypertension knowledge score at 8.90±2.01 points, and the self-management behaviors score at 52.96±8.08. The factor that influenced the self-management behaviors of the hypertensive elderly subjects the most was the health literacy, followed by the residential area, and the hypertension knowledge. Conclusion: The research findings suggest that a health promotion program for the hypertensive elderly population should be designed in consideration of the health literacy, the area of residence and the hypertension knowledge of the elderly.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.98-106
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• 2022

A condition of the retina known as hypertensive retinopathy (HR) is connected to high blood pressure. The severity and persistence of hypertension are directly correlated with the incidence of HR. To avoid blindness, it is essential to recognize and assess HR as soon as possible. Few computer-aided systems are currently available that can diagnose HR issues. On the other hand, those systems focused on gathering characteristics from a variety of retinopathy-related HR lesions and categorizing them using conventional machine-learning algorithms. Consequently, for limited applications, significant and complicated image processing methods are necessary. As seen in recent similar systems, the preciseness of classification is likewise lacking. To address these issues, a new CAD HR-diagnosis system employing the advanced Deep Dense CNN Learning (DD-CNN) technology is being developed to early identify HR. The HR-diagnosis system utilized a convolutional neural network that was previously trained as a feature extractor. The statistical investigation of more than 1400 retinography images is undertaken to assess the accuracy of the implemented system using several performance metrics such as specificity (SP), sensitivity (SE), area under the receiver operating curve (AUC), and accuracy (ACC). On average, we achieved a SE of 97%, ACC of 98%, SP of 99%, and AUC of 0.98. These results indicate that the proposed DD-CNN classifier is used to diagnose hypertensive retinopathy.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.178-188
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• 2024

The aim of this study is to investigate whether milk fermented by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K79, which exhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity, has an effect on lowering the blood pressure of hypertensive rats and to investigate biomarker changes in their blood. Experimental group: normal group (NG, Wistar-Kyoto rats): distilled water, control group [NCG, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)]: distilled water, high treatment group (HTG, SHR): 500 mg/kg/day, medium treatment group (SHR): 335 mg/kg/day, low treatment group (SHR): 170 mg/kg/day, positive control group (PCG, SHR): Enalapril, 10 mg/kg/day. The experimental animals used in this study were divided into groups composed of 8 animals. In terms of weight change, a significant difference was observed between the NG and the SHR group, but there was no significant difference between the SHR group. After 8 wk of feeding, blood pressure was lowered more significantly in the HTG (209.9±13.3 mmHg) than in the NCG (230.8±7.3 mmHg). The treatment group has an effect of lowering blood pressure by significantly suppressing blood pressure-related biomarker protein expression than NG. The results obtained can be used as an antihypertensive material in a variety of food raw materials.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1176-1184
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• 2007

Chunmagudeungeumgamibang(CGE) has been used for many years as a therapeutic agent for acute stage of cerebrovascular disease and hypertension in oriental medicine. But the effect of CGE on hypertension and vascular system is not well-known. This study was done to investigate the effects of CGE on hypertension. The results were obtained as follow : CGE showed a safety in cytotoxicity and toxicity of liver. CGE showed scavenging activity on DPPH free radical. CGE showed the inhibitory effect on ROS and ACE. CGE significantly decreased the blood pressure and pulse in DOCA-salt hypertensive rat. CGE significantly decreased the levels of aldosterone in DOCA-salt hypertensive rat. CGE significantly decreased the levels of dopamine, epinephrine in DOCA-salt hypertensive rat. CGE significantly decreased the levels of potassium and chloride in DOCA-salt hypertensive rat. CGE significantly increased the levels of calcium in DOCA-salt hypertensive rat. These results suggest that CGE might be effective in treatment and prevention of hypertension

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.409-416
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• 2001

In order to evaluate the effect of habitual Na and Ca intake on blood pressure regulation, we measured the habitual dietary intakes of Na and Ca, urinary excretion of Ca, Na and K, and plasma level of renin activity, aldosterone, and indices of Ca metabolism in 27 untreated hypertensive women and 30 age-matched normal women on a free diet. Hypertensive and total subjects were divided into four groups according to habitual dietary intakes of Na and Ca as low Na-low Ca(LNLC), low Na-high Ca(LNHC), high Na-low Ca(HNLC), and high Na-high Ca(HNHC). HNLC hypertensive group showed the lowest level of plasma renin activity, 25-(OH) Vit D$_3$, calcitonin and serum total Ca, and presented the highest level of PTH and urinary excretions of Na/K and Ca/Cr. There were no significant difference in plasma level of aldosterone and urinary excretion of Na and K among four hypertensive groups. When all subjects were divided into four groups according to the same method, HNLC group showed the highest level of blood pressure with no statistical significance and the lowest level of calcitonin and total serum Ca. The above results indicated that renin-aldosterone system and Ca regulating hormone has a mutual relationship in hypertension. Na and Ca may interact each other, rather than affecting independently blood pressure control. As a result, considering the fact that daily balance of Na and Ca intakes affects Na and Ca regulating hormones and urinary excretion of Na and Ca, it may be involved in blood pressure control. These results suggest that maintaining an adequate intake of Ca with less intake of Na may prevent from the risk of hypertension. (Korean J Nutrition 34(4) : 409~416, 2001)

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 2017

Background: Extracellular sulfatases (Sulfs), sulfatase 1 (Sulf1) and sulfatase 2 (Sulf2), play a pivotal role in cell signaling by remodeling the 6-O-sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the cell surface. The present study examined the effects of Sulfs on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertensive mediator expression and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methods: Ang II receptors, 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions in SHR VSMCs were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. VSMCs proliferation was determined by [$^3H$]-thymidine incorporation. Results: Basal Sulfs mRNAs expression and enzyme activity were elevated in SHR VSMCs. However, Sulfs had no effect on the basal or Ang II-induced 12-LO and ET-1 mRNA expression in SHR VSMCs. The inhibition of Ang II-induced 12-LO and ET-1 expression by blockade of the Ang II type 2 receptor ($AT_2\;R$) pathway was not observed in Sulf1 siRNA-transfected SHR VSMCs. However, Sulf2 did not affect the action of $AT_2\;R$ inhibitor on Ang II-induced 12-LO and ET-1 expression in SHR VSMCs. The down-regulation of Sulf1 induced a reduction of $AT_2\;R$ mRNA expression in SHR VSMCs. In addition, the inhibition of Ang II-induced VSMCs proliferation by blockade of the $AT_2\;R$ pathway was mediated by Sulf1 in SHR VSMCs. Conclusion: These findings suggest that extracellular sulfatase Sulf1 plays a modulatory role in the $AT_2\;R$ pathway that leads to an Ang II-induced hypertensive effects in SHR VSMCs.