• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.317-317
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• 2018

Baseflow which is one of the unmeasurable components of streamflow and slowly flows through underground is important for water resource management. Despite various separation methods from researches preceded, it is difficult to find a significant separation method for baseflow separation. This study applied the MRC method and developed the improved approach to separate baseflow from total streamflow hydrograph. Previous researchers utilized the whole streamflow data of study period at once to derive synthetic MRCs causing unreliable results. This study has been proceeded with total nine areas with gauging stations. Each three areas are selected from 3 domestic major watersheds. Tool for drawing MRC had been used to draw MRCs of each area. First, synthetic MRC for whole period and two other MRCs were drawn following two different criteria. Two criteria were set by different conditions, one is flow condition and the other is seasonality. The whole streamflow was classified according to seasonality and flow conditions, and MRCs had been drawn with a specialized program. The MRCs for flow conditions had low R2 and similar trend to recession segments. On the other hand, the seasonal MRCs were eligible for the baseflow separation that properly reflects the seasonal variability of baseflow. Comparing two methods of assuming MRC for baseflow separation, seasonal MRC was more effective for relieving overestimating tendency of synthetic MRC. Flow condition MRCs had large distribution of the flow and this means accurate MRC could not be found. Baseflow separation using seasonal MRC is showing more reliability than the other one however, if certain technique added up to the flow condition MRC method to stabilize distribution of the streamflow, the flow conditions method could secure reliability as much as seasonal MRC method.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.95-105
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• 2018

Understanding the composition of the dam inflow can improve the efficiency of dam operation considering the seasonal characteristics. Hydrograph analysis is one of the methods to identify the characteristics of dam inflow. In addition, baseflow separation on the dam inflow can be affected by anthropogenic influences depending on dam locations. In this regard, the objectives of this study are 1) to analyze yearly and monthly baseflow contribution to the dam inflow and 2) to compare the baseflow contribution to the inflow in dams located upstream and downstream of the watershed. The result shows that the estimated baseflow index was smaller in the upstream dams compared to the downstream dams. Discharge from the upstream water infrastructure including dams and reservoirs can be a part of inflow into the downstream water infrastructure. Based on this scenario, the discharge regulated from the upstream dam could lead to overestimation of baseflow contribution to inflow into the downstream dam. We expect that the results from this study elucidate the role and function of dams and hence, contribute to the efficient operation of dams located in the upstream and the downstream of the watershed.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.173-182
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• 1993

This paper presents an algorithm to derive the representative unit hydrograph for the real environment of a watershed. For a given watershed, the conventional methods give several different unit hydrographs by storm events. In this study the LP model is somewhat modified based on the previous study by Mays et also as follows: the objective function is designed to minimize the sum of weighted residuals. An additional constraint of moving average is added to prevent the unit hydrograph from the occurence of oscillation which was not active in Mays's paper. Configuration of rainfall matrix was improved to reduce its dimension in accordance with Diskin's review point. In spite of the superiority of LP approach in terms of representativeness, all the methods were very sensitive to the validity of baseflow separation and rainfall-loss. Several methods of the separations for rainfall excesses and direct runoffs were applied and no preferred methods were identified. This is the matter of judgement considering catchment and rainfall characteristics. This algorithm was applied to a real watershed of the Wi stream in the Nak-dong river. Compared with the IHP results by conventional methods, this optimized representative unit hydrograph demonstrated relatively smaller and shorter values in terms of the peak discharge and the basin lag respectively, and the oscillation of its falling limb successfully eliminated owing to the additional constraints of moving averages.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.161-171
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• 2014

Recession of hydrograph gives a significant contribution to estimation of baseflow using rainfall-runoff models and baseflow separation methods, because recession affects baseflow. This study attempted to enhance the accuracy of streamflow predictions using a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and to separate baseflow from the predicted streamflow. For this, this study used two scenarios: 1) to calibrate eleven parameters using an auto-calibration tool with the alpha factor obtained from RECESS (S1); and 2) to calibrate twelve SWAT parameters including alpha factor (one of SWAT parameters) using an auto-calibration tool (S2). Then, baseflow spearation from the predicted streamflow was conducted by using Web-based Hydrograph Analysis Tool (WHAT). The results show that there is no significant difference between Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) values of S1 and S2 for calibrations to streamflow. However, calibrations to baseflow showed that NSEs are 0.777 for S1 and 0.844 for S2, which means a significant difference. Quantitatively compared to the observed streamflow, relative errors were 20.78 % for S1 and 6.59 % for S2. Finally, this study showed the importance of recession in baseflow separated from the predicted streamflow using a rainfall-runoff model.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.489-499
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• 2020

Effective science-based management of the basin water resources requires an understanding of the characteristics of the streams, such as the baseflow discharge. In this study, the base flow was estimated in the two watersheds with the least artificial factors among the Nakdong River watersheds, as determined using the chemical hydrograph separation technique. The 16-year (2004-2019) discontinuous observed stream flow and electrical conductivity data in the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) monitoring network were extended to continuous daily data using the TANK model and the 7-parameter log-linear model combined with the minimum variance unbiased estimator. The annual base flows at the upper Namgang Dam basin and the upper Nakdong River basin were both analyzed to be about 56% of the total annual flow. The monthly base flow ratio showed a high monthly deviation, as it was found to be higher than 0.9 in the dry season and about 0.46 in the rainy season. This is in line with the prevailing common sense notion that in winter, most of the stream flow is base flow, due to the characteristics of the dry season winter in Korea. It is expected that the chemical-based hydrological separation technique involving TANK and the 7-parameter log-linear models used in this study can help quantify the base flow required for systematic watershed water environment management.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.580-585
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• 2005

Natural environment of Weolgok-ri watershed has been well preserved as a traditional agricultural watershed. A year record of streamflow, $NO_3-N$, T-N and T-P concentrations data(Apr, 2004-Mar. 2005) was examined to estimate annual and seasonal patterns of pollutnat loads in streamflow and baseflow from the agriculture watershed. To estimate pollutant loads from baseflow, baseflow component from total stream flow was seperated using digital filter method in the Web-based Hydrograph Analysis Tool system. Loads of $NO_3-N$, T-N and T-P from streamflow and baseflow were evaluated to investigate pollutant loads contribution by baseflow. The $NO_3-N$, T-N, and T-P loads from streamflow were 13.85 kg/ha, 45.92 kg/ha and 1.887 kg/ha, respectively. $NO_3-N$, T-N and T-P loads from baseflow were 7.43 kg/ha, 24.70 kg/ha, 0.582 kg/ha, respectively. It was found that $NO_3-N$ and T-N loads were contributed by the baseflow(53% and 53% of Total-loads) than the direct runoff(47% and 47% of Total loads). However, only 30% of total T-P was contributed by the baseflow. It is recommended that one needs to assess pollutant load contribution by the baseflow to identify appropriate control strategies for effective watershed management.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2021

Isotopic compositions of snow or ice have been used to reconstruct paleoclimate and to calculate contribution to streamwater using isotopic hydrograph separation as an end member. During freezing and melting of snow or ice, isotopic fractionation occurs between snow or ice and liquid water. Isotopic evolution during melting process has been studied by field, melting experiments and modeling works, but that during freezing has not been well studied. In this review, isotopic fractionation during equilibrium freezing is discussed using the linear relationship between two stable water isotopes (oxygen and hydrogen) and the Rayleigh fractionation. Snow, evaporated from nearby ocean and condensated, follows the Global Meteoric Water Line (slope of 8), but the melting and freezing of snow affect the linear relationship (slope of 19.5/3.1~6.3). The isotopic evolution of liquid water by freezing observed in the open system during Rayleigh fractionation is also seen in the closed system. The isotopic evolution of snow or ice in the open system where the snow or ice is continuously removed becomes more enriched than the residual liquid water by the fractionation factor. The isotopic evolution of snow or ice in the closed system eventually equals the original isotopic compositions of liquid water. It is expected the understanding of isotopic evolution of snow or ice by freezing to increase the accuracy of the paleoclimate studies and hydrograph separation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1762-1767
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• 2007

일반적으로 유역의 대표단위도 산정에는 적용의 간편성을 이유로 수평직선분리법을 주로 사용하여 왔으며 이를 단기호우사상에 대한 모의에 적용해 왔다. 그러나 수평직선분리법에 의한 기저유량의 산출은 연구자의 주관성이 반영될 수 있는 가능성이 다분하며 총유출에 대한 기저유출의 기여가 상대적으로 크게 되는 장기유출모의에 대해서는 그 신뢰도가 떨어진다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 장기유출모의에서는 신뢰성있는 기저유출분리를 통한 합리적인 대표단위도를 유도하는 것이 필요하다. 또한 이 같은 문제점을 개선하기 위해 본 연구에서는 USGS(U.S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY)에서 개발한 기저유출분리 프로그램인 PART(stream flow Partitioning)를 이용하여 기저유출을 분리하고 Nash 모형을 이용하여 유역의 대표단위도를 유도했으며 검증을 위해 강우-유출 모형인 HEC-HMS에 유도된 대표단위도와 합성단위도를 적용하여 실제유출량에 대한 통계분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 Nash모형의 매개변수를 n은 6.4, K는 0.33으로 산정할 수 있었고, PART에 의해 기저유출을 분리하여 유도된 단위도가 수평직선분리법에 의해 유도된 대표단위도 보다 장기유출모의에서 더 우수한 결과를 보였다. 또한 실측유출량과 모의유출량의 첨두값에 대한 오차도 PART에 의한 방법이 더 작음을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 2016

To understand the difference of runoff discharge processes between Gwangneung deciduous and coniferous forest catchments, we collected hydrological data (e.g., precipitation, soil moisture, runoff discharge) and conducted hydrochemical analyses in the deciduous and coniferous forest catchments in Gwangneung National Arboretum in the northwest part of South Korea. Based on the end-member mixing analysis of the three storm events during the summer monsoon in 2005, the hillslope runoff in the deciduous forest catchment was higher 20% than the coniferousforest catchment during the firststorm event. Howerver, hillslope runoff increased from the second storm event in the coniferous catchment. We conclude that low soil water contents and topographical gradient characteristics highly influence runoff in the coniferous forest catchment during the first storm events. In general, coniferous forests are shown high interception loss and low soil moisture compared to the deciduous forests. It may also be more likely to be a reduction in soil porosity development when artificial coniferous forests reduced soil biodiversity. The forest soil porosity is an important indicator to determine the water recharge of the forest. Therefore, in order to secure the water resources, it should be managed coniferous forests for improving soil biodiversity and porosity.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.897-905
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• 2007

Approximately 70% of Korea is composed of forest areas. Especially 48% of agricultural field is practiced at highland areas over 400 m in elevation in Kangwon province. Over 90% of highland agricultural farming is located at Kangwon province. Runoff characteristics at the mountainous area such as Kangwon province are largely affected by steep slopes, thus runoff estimation considering field slopes needs to be utilized for accurate estimation of direct runoff. Although many methods for runoff estimation are available, the Soil Conservation Service (SCS), now Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS), Curve Number (CN)-based method is used in this study. The CN values were obtained from many plot-years dataset obtained from mid-west areas of the United States, where most of the areas have less than 5% in slopes. Thus, the CN method is not suitable for accurate runoff estimation where significant areas are over 5% in slopes. Therefore, the CN values were adjusted based on the average slopes (25.8% at Doam-dam watershed) depending on the 5-day Antecedent Moisture Condition (AMC). In this study, the CN-based Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L-THIA) direct runoff estimation model used and the Web-based Hydrograph Analysis Tool (WHAT) was used for direct runoff separation from the stream flow data. The $R^2$ value was 0.65 and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient value was 0.60 when no slope adjustment was made in CN method. However, the $R^2$ value was 0.69 and the Nash-Sutcliffe value was 0.69 with slope adjustment. As shown in this study, it is strongly recommended the slope adjustment in the CN direct runoff estimation should be made for accurate direct runoff prediction using the CN-based L-THIA model when applied to steep mountainous areas.