• 지질공학
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.529-541
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• 2009

이 연구는 이천과 포천지역 일대에 분포하고 있는 온천에 대하여 화학성분, 산소 및 수소 동위원소, 그리고 헬륨과 아르곤 같은 영족기체의 동위원소 특성을 분석하여 온천별 지화학적 특성을 밝히고, 영족기체의 기원과 지하수의 지화학적 상관성을 해석하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 연구지역에서 7점의 온천수와 가스성분을 채취하였고, 온천공 주변 지하수와 지표수 17개 시료를 채취하여 분석하였다. 연구지역 온천수는 환원성환경의 중성내지는 약알카리성의 pH 특성을 보이고, 전기전도도는 $310{\sim}735\;{\mu}S/cm$ 범위를 보여준다. 온천수의 수온은 $21.5{\sim}31.4^{\circ}C$ 범위로 저온형이며, 성분상 단순온천에 해당된다. 이천지역 온천수는 중성의 pH 조건과 주변지역 지하수와 유사한 $Ca-HCO_3$ 내지는 $Ca(Na)-HCO_3$ 수리화학적 유형을 보이는 반면, 포천지역 온천수는 알카리성의 pH 조건과 $Na-HCO_3$ 유형으로 지화학적으로 상당히 진화된 특성을 보인다. 이천온천수는 우라늄의 함량이 높고, 포천지역 온천수에는 불소의 함량이 높은 것이 특징이다. 온천수의 $\delta^{18}O$와 ${\delta}D$값은 각각 $-8.85{\sim}-10.1%o$과 $-60.8{\sim}-72.2%o$의 범위로 순환수기원을 보인다. 동위원소 조성을 보면 포천지역 온천수는 지하수에 비해 고지대 함양과 긴 유동경로를 거친 것으로 해석된다. 온천수내 영족기체 동위원소비 분석 결과 $^3He/^4He$ 동위원소비는 $0.094\;{\times}\;10^{-6}{\sim}0.653\;{\times}\;10^{-6}$ 범위를 보인다. 이천지역 온천수는 대기기원의 헬륨이 우세하지만 맨틀(마그마)와 같은 심부기원의 혼합율이 포천지역 온천수보다 높은 특성을 보인다. 포천지역 온천수는 지각기원의 헬륨 혼합율이 높다. 또한 온천수별 동일한 기원의 혼합선상에서도 천부지하수와 심부지하수의 혼합상태에 따라서 서로 다른 $^4He/^{20}Ne$ 비를 보인다. 온천수의 $^{40}Ar/^{36}Ar$ 비는 대기기원의 값과 유사한 범위를 보인다.

• 지질공학
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.239-256
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• 2003

이 연구에서는 대전지역 민방위 비상급수용 지하수의 수리화학적 특성을 밝히고 질소 및 황 동위원소를 분석하여 질산성 질소와 황산염의 기원을 해석하고자 하였다. 지하수의 수질화학적 특성은 전반적으로 약산성화 되어 있으며, 전기전도도 값은 $142~903{\;}\mu\textrm{S}/cm$의 범위로 평균 $352{\;}\mu\textrm{S}/cm$을 보인다. 지하수의 화학적 유형은 $Ca-HCO_3$ 형에서 Ca-Cl ($SO_4,NO_3$) 형까지 넓게 분포한다. 지하수의 $CO_2$ 함량과 pH에 의해 결정되는 $EpCO_2$ 값을 유기오염의 지수로 활용하였다. 지역별 지하수의 성분을 비교하고 성분별 농도분포를 알아보기 위하여 박스-휘스커(Box-Whisker) 다이아그램과 등치선도를 작성하였다. 수리화학적 자료를 종합하면 동구와 중구, 대덕구 일대 구도심권의 지하수가 약산성의 높은 전기전도도 특성과 높은 $NO_3$, $SO_4$, $EpCO_2$ 분포를 보여 서구와 유성구에 비해 오염이 많이 진행된 상태를 보인다. 지하수 22개 시료에 대한 ${\delta}^{15}N$ 분석 값은 서구와 유성구의 지하수에서 ${\delta}^{15}N$ 값이 $+7.4~+9.6{\textperthousand}$ 범위를 보여 지하수내 질산성질소 오염은 생활하수의 가능성이 높다. 그리고 동구, 중구, 대덕구 등 구도심권 지하수의 ${\delta}^{15}N$ 값은 $+10.2~+23.5{\textperthousand}$의 범위를 보여 정화조에서의 누출수가 주요 오염원일 가능성이 있다. 그리고 지하수의 ${\delta}^{34}S$ 값은 $+3~13.4{\textperthousand}$의 범위를 보인다. 일부 지하수 시료는 황산염 환원반응을 거쳐 $10{\textperthousand}$이상의 높은 ${\delta}^{34}S$ 값을 보이고, $7{\textperthousand}$ 내외의 ${\delta}^{34}S$ 값을 보이는 지하수는 황철석과 대기기원 외에도 인위적 오염에 의한 황 성분의 유입 가능성을 배제할 수 없다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.87-98
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• 2022

This study aims to prepare a technical protocol for identifying the source of nitrate in water using nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O) stable isotope ratios. The technical processes for nitrate sources identification are composed of site investigation, sample collection and analysis, isotope analysis, source identification using isotope characteristics, and source apportionment for multiple potential sources with the Bayesian isotope mixing model. Characteristics of various nitrate potential sources are reviewed, and their typical ranges of δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O are comparatively analyzed and summarized. This study also summarizes the current knowledge on the dual-isotope approach and how to correlate the field-relevant information such as land use and hydrochemical data to the nitrate source identification.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 임시총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.119-120
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• 2004

Urban groundwater has a unique hydrologic system because of the complex surface and subsurface infrastructures such as deep foundation of many high buildings, subway systems, and sewers and public water supply systems. It generally has been considered that increased surface impermeability reduces the amount of groundwater recharge. On the other hand, leaks from sewers and public water supply systems may generate the large amounts of recharges. All of these urban facilities also may change the groundwater quality by the recharge of a myriad of contaminants. This study was performed to determine the factors controlling the recharge of deep groundwater in an urban area, based on the hydrogeochemical characteristics. The term ‘contamination’ in this study means any kind of inflow of shallow groundwater regardless of clean or contaminated. For this study, urban groundwater samples were collected from a total of 310 preexisting wells with the depth over 100 m. Random sampling method was used to select the wells for this study. Major cations together with Si, Al, Fe, Pb, Hg and Mn were analyzed by ICP-AES, and Cl, N $O_3$, N $H_4$, F, Br, S $O_4$and P $O_4$ were analyzed by IC. There are two groups of groundwater, based on hydrochemical characteristics. The first group is distributed broadly from Ca-HC $O_3$ type to Ca-C1+N $O_3$ type; the other group is the Na+K-HC $O_3$ type. The latter group is considered to represent the baseline quality of deep groundwater in the study area. Using the major ions data for the Na+K-HC $O_3$ type water, we evaluated the extent of groundwater contamination, assuming that if subtract the baseline composition from acquired data for a specific water, the remaining concentrations may indicate the degree of contamination. The remainder of each solute for each sample was simply averaged. The results showed that both Ca and HC $O_3$ represent the typical solutes which are quite enriched in urban groundwater. In particular, the P$CO_2$ values calculated using PHREEQC (version 2.8) showed a correlation with the concentrations of maior inorganic components (Na, Mg, Ca, N $O_3$, S $O_4$, etc.). The p$CO_2$ values for the first group waters widely ranged between about 10$^{-3.0}$ atm to 10$^{-1.0}$ atm and differed from those of the background water samples belonging to the Na+K-HC $O_3$ type (<10$^{-3.5}$ atm). Considering that the p$CO_2$ of soil water (near 10$^{-1.5}$ atm), this indicates that inflow of shallow water is very significant in deep groundwaters in the study area. Furthermore, the P$CO_2$ values can be used as an effective parameter to estimate the relative recharge of shallow water and thus the contamination susceptibility. The results of our present study suggest that down to considerable depth, urban groundwater in crystalline aquifer may be considerably affected by the recharge of shallow water (and pollutants) from an adjacent area. We also suggest that for such evaluation, careful examination of systematically collected hydrochemical data is requisite as an effective tool, in addition to hydrologic and hydrogeologic interpretation.ion.ion.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.77-85
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• 2016

To understand the difference of runoff discharge processes between Gwangneung deciduous and coniferous forest catchments, we collected hydrological data (e.g., precipitation, soil moisture, runoff discharge) and conducted hydrochemical analyses in the deciduous and coniferous forest catchments in Gwangneung National Arboretum in the northwest part of South Korea. Based on the end-member mixing analysis of the three storm events during the summer monsoon in 2005, the hillslope runoff in the deciduous forest catchment was higher 20% than the coniferousforest catchment during the firststorm event. Howerver, hillslope runoff increased from the second storm event in the coniferous catchment. We conclude that low soil water contents and topographical gradient characteristics highly influence runoff in the coniferous forest catchment during the first storm events. In general, coniferous forests are shown high interception loss and low soil moisture compared to the deciduous forests. It may also be more likely to be a reduction in soil porosity development when artificial coniferous forests reduced soil biodiversity. The forest soil porosity is an important indicator to determine the water recharge of the forest. Therefore, in order to secure the water resources, it should be managed coniferous forests for improving soil biodiversity and porosity.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.241-252
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• 2000

Twenty-two water samples(fifteen groundwater and seven geothermal water samples) were collected to elucidate chemical characteristics of the ground and geothermal waters in the Haeundae hot spring area and its vicinity. Major and honor elements were analyzed for ground and geothermal water samples. The concentrations of $K^+$, Na+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $SO_4^{2-}$, $Cl^-$, ^F^-$ and $SiO_2$ were higher in the geothermal water samples than the groundwater samples except $HCO_3^- and Mg^{2+}$ ions. Based on the contents of Fe, Zn, Cu, Al, Mn and Pb, some of the ground and geothermal water samples are contaminated by anthropogenic sources. The ground waters shown on the Piper diagram belong to $Ca-HCO_3$ type, while the geothermal waters Na-Cl type. The graphs of $Cl^-$ versus $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}, Mg^{2+}, K^+, SO_4^{2-} and HCO_3^-$ indicate that the groundwater is related partly with mineral-water reaction and partly with anthropogenic contamination, while the geothermal water is related with saline water. On the phase stability diagram, groundwater and thermal water mostly fall in the field of stability of kaolinite. This indicates that the ground and geothermal waters proceed with forming kaolinite. Factor and correlation analyses were carried out to simplify the physicochemical data into grouping some factors and to find interaction between them. Based on the Na-K, Na-K-Ca and Na-K-Ca-Mg geothermometers and silica geothermometers, the geothermal reservoir is estimated to have equilibrium temperature between 125${$\mid$circ}C$ and 160${$\mid$circ}C$.

• 지질공학
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.65-77
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 경북 봉화지역, 강원도 오대산 및 춘천지역에서 산출되는 8개 탄산약수터에서 11개 탄산약수 시료를 대상으로 수리화학적 특성을 규명하고, 용존무기탄소의 동위원소(${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$)분석을 통해 탄산가스의 기원을 해석하며, 영족기체 동위원소($^3He/^4He$, $^{20}Ne/^{22}Ne$)의 동위원소 존재비를 분석하여 탄산가스의 기원과 연계한 영족기체의 기원을 밝히고자 하였다. 연구결과 탄산약수의 수리화학적 특성은 pH 5.59~6.04 범위로 약산성의 특성을 보이고, 전기전도도 값은 $302{\sim}864\;{\mu}S/cm$ 범위를 보인다. 모든 탄산약수의 수리화학적 유형은 Ca-$HCO_3$ 형에 속한다. 특히 Fe, Mn의 함량이 높아 음용수 수질기준치를 초과한다. 연구지역 탄산약수의 ${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$ 값은 -2.84~5.3‰ 범위를 보이므로 $CO_2$의 기원은 주로 심부기원이며, 물-암석 반응과정에서 탄산염광물등의 영향을 일부 받은 것으로 해석된다. 탄산약수의 $^3He/^4He$ 동위원소비와 $^4He/^{20}Ne$동위원소비 상관관계에서 탄산약수는 기원상 3개의 군으로 분류된다. 맨틀과 같은 심부기원의 영역, 대기기원에 가까운 영역, 맨틀기원과 대기기원의 혼합영역으로 도시된다. 이는 심부기원의 영족기체가 천부지하수와 지표노출에 의해 대기기원과 혼합된 것으로 해석되며, 맨틀과 같은 심부기원의 헬륨가스의 공급은 지질경계 및 단층과 같은 지질구조와 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 추정된다.

• 지질공학
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2016

Groundwater flow paths and groundwater ages at a radioactive waste repository located in a coastal area of South Korea were evaluated using the hydrochemical and hydrogeological characteristics of groundwater, surface water, rain water, and seawater, as well as by numerical modeling. The average groundwater travel time in the top layer of the model, evaluated by numerical modeling and groundwater age (34 years), approximately corresponds to the groundwater age obtained by chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-12 analysis (26-34 years). The data suggest that the groundwater in wells in the study area originated up-gradient at distances of 140-230 m. Results of CFC analyses, along with seasonal variations in the δ¹⁸O and δD values of groundwater and the relationships between ²²²Rn concentrations and δ¹⁸O values and between ²²²Rn concentrations and δD values, indicate that groundwater recharge occurs in the summer rainy season and discharge occurs in the winter dry season. Additionally, a linear relationship between dissolved SiO₂ concentrations and groundwater ages indicates that natural mineralization is affected by the dilution of groundwater recharge in the rainy summer season.

• 지질공학
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 인천 해안 LPG공동의 수리화학적 안정성을 평가하기 위해 공동 유출수 및 주변 지하수에 대한 수리지구화학적 및 미생물학적 특성을 평가하였다. 수질특성을 파악하기 위하여 2007년 2월, 5월, 8월, 10월에 걸쳐 시료채취 및 수질분석을 실시하였다. 프로판공동 지하수의 경우 pH는 8.1~12.4의 높은 값을 보였으며 이는 공동건설 및 관측정설치에 사용된 시멘트 그라우팅 물질의 용해영향으로 사료된다. 전기전도도는 시료채취 시기별로 큰 차이를 보였으며, 음의 산화환원전위는 유출수 및 지하수가 환원환경에 있음을 지시하였다. 수질분석결과 유출수 및 지하수의 수질유형은 모두 Na-Cl type으로 나타났으며 이는 해수의 영향으로 판단된다. 호기성세균, 혐기성세균, 점액질세균, 황산환원세균 모두 500 CFU/mL 미만으로 낮은 값을 보였으며 급격한 미생물 성장은 관찰되지 않았다. 현재로선 공동 운영에 지장을 주는 특이적 수리화학적 현상이 발견되지는 않았으나 지속적인 모니터링이 필요하다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.472-472
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• 2004

Numerous studies on urban groundwater have been carried out in many other countries. Urban groundwater shows a unique hydrologic system because of complex urban characteristics such as road pavement, sewers and public water supply systems. These urban facilities may change the characteristics of groundwater recharge but contaminate its quality as well. There have been several researches on urban groundwater in Seoul. Seoul has been industrialized very rapidly so that the city has large population. The recent population in Seoul amounts to more than ten millions, corresponding to a very high density of about 17, 000 people/km$^2$. Therefore, many factors affect the groundwater quality and quantity in Seoul. Nowadays, groundwater in Seoul is being extracted for construction, industrial use, and drinking and so on. There are 15, 714 wells in Seoul and its annual usage is 41, 425, 977m$^3$(in 2001). Therefore, systematic studies are needed to properly manage and use the groundwater in Seoul. The purposes of this study in progress are to identify geochemical characteristics of groundwater in Seoul and to determine the extent of groundwater contamination and its relationship with urban characteristics. For this study, groundwater was sampled from more than 400 preexisting wells that were randomly selected throughout the Seoul area. For all samples, major cations together with Si, Al, Fe, Pb, Hg For 200 samples among them, TCE, PCE, BTEX were also analyzed by GC. Our study shows that groundwater types of Seoul are distributed broadly from Ca-HCO$_3$ type to Ca-Cl＋NO$_3$ type. The latter type indicates anthropogenic contamination. Among cations, Ca is generally high in most samples. In some samples, Na and K are dominant. The dominant anions change widely from HCO$_3$ to Cl＋NO$_3$. The anion composition is considered to effectively indicate the contribution of distinct anthropogenic sources. In addition, major ions are positively proportional to total dissolved solid (TDS) except K and NO$_3$. Thus, we consider that TDS may be used as an effective indicator of the extent of pollution. However, the increase of TDS may result from increased water-rock interaction. To determine the extent of groundwater contamination, it is needed to figure out the baseline water quality in Seoul. Furthermore, detailed geochemical studies are required to find out pollution sources and their corresponding hydrochemical parameters.