• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제76권5호
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• pp.591-598
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• 2020

Ultrasonic waves provide a non-destructive and sensitive way to monitor the concrete hydration. However, limited works are reported to monitor the evolution of the mechanical parameter at early ages. In this study, modified piezoelectric aggregates are embedded inside a concrete beam to excite and receive primary waves. A hydration index, namely, the variation of ultrasonic waveform (VUW) is developed to characterize the variation of the transmitted waves during the hydration process. The recorded hydration indices are compared with the compressive strength measured by destructive test at different ages. The results show that the VUW is closer to the compressive strength than the other two traditional hydration indices, ultrasonic velocity and wave packet energy. The proposed VUW provides a simple and accurate way to monitor the concrete hydration at early ages.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2021

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to (i) assess hydration levels in elite male football players during a national team training camp before and during qualifying matches, (ii) evaluate the effect of coaching strategies for hydration based on feedback from hydration monitoring, and (iii) assess possible relationships between hydration status and training load or wellness markers. [Methods] Thirty-one male players (age 27±4 yrs; height 185±6 cm; weight 82.9±6.7 kg; body fat 10.4±2.3%) representing a national team from the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) participated. The players were studied during three different national team training camps related to the UEFA Nations League tournament. Urine specific gravity (U_SG) was measured to assess hydration status. During all camps, the players were actively coached on improving strategies for hydration and given individual feedback on their test results. The training load was measured using GPS technology, and wellness questionnaires were completed. [Results] U_SG decreased progressively and significantly (p<0.005) during camp 1 and hydration status improved over the three camps, with fewer dehydrated and more well-hydrated players identified during the last part of camp 3. Significantly (p<0.05) higher U_SG values were observed 2 days prior to a match (MD-2) than on match day (MD); consequently, 52% of the players were dehydrated on MD-2 and only 6% on MD. No correlations were observed between hydration status and training load or wellness markers. [Conclusion] Dehydration is a challenge in elite male football, but continuous monitoring of hydration status and coaching on hydration strategies can lead to major improvements and reduce the degree of dehydration.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.260-265
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• 2012

Impedance spectroscopy was used to monitor the hydration in the electrical/dielectric behaviors of chemical mechanical planarization (CMP)-blended cement mixtures. The electrical responses were analyzed using their equivalent circuit models, leading to the separation of the bulk and electrode based responses. The role of the CMP slurry was monitored as a function of the relative compositions of the CMP-blended cements, i.e. water, CMP slurry, and ordinary Portland cement. The presence of $Al_2O_3$ nanocrystals in the CMP slurries appeared to accelerate the hydration process, along with a more tortuous microstructure in the hydration, with enhanced hydration products. The frequency-dependent impedance spectroscopy was proven to be a highly efficient approach for evaluating the electrical/dielectric monitoring of the change in the pore structure evolution that occurs in CMP-blended cements.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.414-420
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• 2015

Concrete undergoes significant phase changes from liquid to solid states as hydration progresses. These phase changes are known as the setting process. A liquid state concrete is electrically conductive because of the presence of water and ions. However, since the conductive elements in the liquid state of concrete are consumed to produce non-conductive hydration products, the electrical conductivity of hydrating concrete decreases during the setting process. Therefore, the electrical properties of hydrating concrete can be used to monitor the setting process of concrete. In this study, a parameter identification method to estimate electrical parameters such as ohmic resistance of concrete is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed method for monitoring the setting process of concrete is experimentally validated.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.41-54
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• 2013

Concrete is known as a heterogeneous product which is composed of complex chemical composition and reaction. The development of concrete thermal effect during early age is critical on its future structural health and long term durability. When cement is mixed with water, the exothermic chemical reaction generates hydration heat, which raises the temperature within the concrete. Consequently, cracking may occur if the concrete temperature rises too high or if there is a large temperature difference between the interior and the exterior of concrete structures during early age hydration. This paper describes the contribution of novel Fabry-Perot (FP) fiber optic temperature sensors to investigate the thermal effects of concrete hydration process. Concrete specimens were manufactured under various water-to-cement (w/c) ratios from 0.40 to 0.60. During the first 24 hours of concreting, two FP fiber optic temperature sensors were inserted into concrete specimens with the protection of copper tubing to monitor the surface and core temperature change. The experimental results revealed effects of w/c ratios on surface and core temperature developments during early age hydration, as well as demonstrating that FP fiber optic sensors are capable of capturing temperature variation in the concrete with reliable performance. Temperature profiles are used for calculating the apparent activation energy ($E_a$) and the heat of hydration (H(t)) of concrete, which can help us to better understand cement hydration.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.751-764
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• 2020

Real-time monitoring of stiffness and strength in cement based system has received significant attention in past few decades owing to the development of advanced techniques. Also, use of environment friendly supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in cement, though gaining huge interest, severely affect the strength gain especially in early ages. Continuous monitoring of strength- and stiffness- gain using an efficient technique will systematically facilitate to choose the suitable time of removal of formwork for structures made with SCM incorporated concrete. This paper presents a technique for monitoring the strength and stiffness evolution in hydrating fly ash blended cement systems using electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) based technique. It is important to observe that the slower pozzolanic reactivity of fly ash blended cement systems could be effectively tracked using the evolution of equivalent local stiffness of the hydrating medium. Strength prediction models are proposed for estimating the strength and stiffness of the fly ash cement system, where curing age (in terms of hours/days) and the percentage replacement of cement by fly ash are the parameters. Evaluation of strength as obtained from EMI characteristics is validated with the results from destructive compression test and also compared with the same obtained from commonly used ultrasonic wave velocity (UPV). Statistical error indices indicate that the EMI technique is capable of predicting the strength of fly ash blended cement system more accurate than that from UPV. Further, the correlations between stiffness- and strength- gain over the time of hydration are also established. From the study, it is found that EMI based method can be effectively used for monitoring of strength gain in the fly ash incorporated cement system during hardening.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.279-289
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• 2018

Hydration heat and thermal induced cracking have always been a fatal problem for massive concrete structures. In order to study a massive reinforced concrete wall of a storage tank for liquefied natural gas (LNG) during its construction, two mock-ups of $0.8m{\times}0.8m{\times}0.8m$ without and with metal corrugated pipes were designed based on the actual wall construction plan. Temperature distribution and strain development of both mock-ups were measured and compared inside and on the surface of them. Meanwhile, time-dependent thermal and mechanical properties of the concrete were tested standardly and introduced into the finite-element (FE) software with a proposed hydration degree model. According to the comparison results, the FE simulation of temperature field agreed well with the measured data. Besides, the maximum temperature rise was slightly higher and the shrinkage was generally larger in the mock-up without pipes, indicating that corrugated pipes could reduce concrete temperature and decrease shrinkage of surrounding concrete. In addition, the cooling rate decreased approximately linearly with the reduction of heat transfer coefficient h, implying that a target cooling curve can be achieved by calculating a desired coefficient h. Moreover, the maximum cooling rate did not necessarily decrease with the extension of demoulding time. It is better to remove the formwork at least after 116 hours after concrete casting, which promises lower risk of thermal cracking of early-age concrete.

• 한국제4기학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2000

Phytogram을 이용하여 월악산에 자라는 침엽수류의 비대생장과 형성층의 전기화학적 활성을 기온, 토양수분, 토양온도, 광량 등과 함께 1996년 5월부터 1998년 10월초까지 28개월간 1시간 간격으로 연중 모니터링 함으로써, 이들 수목의 생장에 관여하는 기후인자를 추출하여 연륜을 이용한 고기후 복원과 기후변화(온난화와 강수량 변화)에 따른 수목생장 예측자료로 활용하고자 하였다. Phytogram은 미세전극을 식물체의 사부와 목부 사이에 삽입하여 형성층에서의 산소, 수소이온, 수분을 측정하는 전기화학적 시스템으로 운용되는 기기로서 토양수분, 토양온도, 기온, 광량 등 환경조건과 수목의 비대생장을 기록할 수 있었다. 직경생장개시 시기는 낙엽송, 소나무, 리기다소나무 순이었다. 3 수종 모두 생장초기 생장속도가 빠르며 이때의 환경조건이 이들 수종의 생장량에 가장 큰 영향을 주었다. 즉 장마철 이전(5월과 6월)의 수분조건이 생장량을 가장 크게 좌우하였다. Dendrometer(직경생장)와 proton(수소이온)은 증산작용에 의해 아침부터 오후까지 감소하여 16시에 최저가 되고, hydration(수분)은 아침부터 증가하기 시작하여 16시에 최대가 되었다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2001년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.245-250
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• 2001

Ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV) is a useful tool for examining the property of early-age mortar or concrete. Thus, UPV has been used for a long time to characterize setting and hardening of cementitious materials. In this study, in order to investigate the characteristics of setting for mortar, UPV was measured using automatic monitoring system up to 3 days after casting. Test results show that UPV of high water to binder ratio(w/b) mortar remained constant at the beginning of hydration and then abruptly began to increase. However, UPV of low w/b mortar gradually increase due to setting retard caused by use of superplasticizer. Furthermore, the development of UPV for mortar with fly ash is slower than that of mortar without fly ash. It was concluded that the property change of mortar or concrete, such as setting and hardening can be assessed by monitoring of UPV.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.287-297
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• 2014

최근 증가 추세에 있는 화력발전소 건설에 있어서, 터빈 기초 구조물은 규모가 매우 큰 매스콘크리트이다. 매스콘크리트의 수화열은 구조물의 품질과 공기 등에 중대한 영향을 미치는 요인 중 하나이므로, 수화열 제어를 위한 적절한 방안은 필수적이다. 이 연구에서는 국내 복합화력발전소 터빈 기초 시공에 앞서 수화열 해석을 통하여 수화열 균열 발생 가능성을 예측하고, 수화열 제어 방안으로서 콘크리트 배합 및 양생방법 변경을 제안하였다. 콘크리트 배합은 기존 1종 보통시멘트 콘크리트 배합에서 슬래그시멘트 콘크리트 배합으로 변경을 제안하였고, 기존 양생포 및 살수양생방법을 개선하기 위하여 매스콘크리트 중심부와 표면부의 온도를 모니터링하여 온도차를 일정수준 이하로 일정하게 유지시켜주는 양생자동화시스템을 적용한 양생방법을 제안하였다. 실제 시공시에는 슬래그콘크리트 배합을 사용하고, 2기의 동일한 터빈 기초 구조물에 대하여 각각 보온양생공법과 양생자동화시스템을 적용하여 양생방법에 따른 온도균열 제어효과를 비교하였으며, 2기의 매스콘크리트에서 온도, 변형률 모니터링 및 균열 조사를 통하여 수화열 제어 효과를 평가하였다.