• STI Policy Review
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.1-18
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• 2010

The development and maintenance of human capacity in economies is critical to long term competitiveness, but also for the overall health and environment of regions. Yet, human science and technology-based capacity is multidimensional and has interrelated characteristics which present certain policy challenges. This paper addresses a range of issues specific to a discussion on human capacity in S&T. First, the paper emphasizes the importance of acknowledging the complexity of human capacity issues and how they evolve along the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) pipeline. The pipeline is an often used reference to describe the training and development in STEM disciplines, from early childhood education, to more advanced training, and finally to professional collaboration and interaction and serves as a useful organizing framework for the discussion of capacity along the career evolution process. Second, the paper offers an organizing framework for discussion of policy mechanisms that have been developed to address issues and gaps that occur along this STEM pipeline. Specifically, it contrasts the traditional mechanisms of building human capacity in STEM areas with newer "gap filling" and integrated approached to addressed human capacity disparities and priorities. Third, the paper addresses core challenges in human capacity in STEM, including the education and training, participation of women and underrepresented groups, brain drain/brain circulation issues, and the globalization of science. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy implication for the development of human capacity.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.110-116
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• 2021

The article focuses on the need to deepen the issue of human resource management in logistics processes. It is noted that changes in market conditions and turbulence in the institutional environment require managers to form a highly effective human resources policy capable to ensure the innovative development of the enterprise. Functional strategies for human resource management in logistical processes are proposed, namely: adaptive, innovative, selective and exclusive. Innovative technologies that should be used in the adaptive human resources policy process are identified.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.185-207
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• 1996

It is frequently pointed out that the Korean economy, with its scarce natural resources, would never have been able to achieve current levels of economic development without the massive provision of well-educated, hardworking human resources. Throughout the industrialization process ,full-fledged deployment and mobilization of qualified human resources have been the foundation to industrial policy and S&T policy. This paper describes the development of S&T human resources in Korea using various statistics including educational enrollment rates, unemployment rates, the allocation of researchers and R&D expenditures among sectors of performance, educational composition of employment within and across industries, technical human resource shortage rates, relative wage levels of SMEs, and composition of labor force by age-group and gender. While analyzing S&T human resources development, this paper discusses issues such as the mismatched demand and supply of skill and knowledge levels of the highly educated, the unbalanced distribution of S&T human resources between sectors, and the low utilization of the female and aged labor force. This paper suggests that the policy maker applies a hybrid of quantitative and qualitative policies to reduce the mismatches of supply and demand of skill and knowledge levels for each labor market categorized according to supply side.

• STI Policy Review
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.19-31
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• 2010

This paper presents the policies Korea adopted to educate and train scientists/researchers and technicians/skilled workers. The Korean policies for the increase of human resources in science and technology that stimulated an upgrading of skills in industry and adapted to technical advancements are identified. An important factor is that the supply and demand mechanism created a virtuous circle so that the science and technology education and training policies were responsive to economic demands. In addition, policies to foster a human resource capacity have enhanced the contribution of human resources in science and technology for innovation and economic growth.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.3779-3788
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• 2010

In this study, We found approach to improve the efficiency of human resource policies for small-medium enterprises(SMEs) in the regional strategic industries. Especially, we intended to identify practical and policy implications, through analyzing to the supply and demand side of human resource at the same time. In the supply side, we analyzed workers, supply, and support policy in regional strategic industry. In the demand side, we analyzed the demands from 201 SMEs in regional strategic industry. We found the demand differences in strategic industries. we found the efficiency improvement and directions of human resource policies. Thus, these results imply the necessity of creating a customizing policy for SMEs. In conclusion, the human resource policy should be reflected the central government's policy direction and the demands of SMEs.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.97-121
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• 2004

Recently, human embryonic stem cell research raises exciting public expectation on medical possibilities as well as ethical debate. Embryo management has become an integral part of the management of infertility treatment, researches on embryo and human embryonic stem cells and so on. Britain has permitted the research on stem cells derived from human embryo which made the first nation to allow the cloning of human embryo for the stem cell research. However, new technologies such as the assisted reproductive technologies and human embryonic stem cell research continue to pose an increasing source of ethical dilemmas for physician, scientists, legislators, religious authorities and the general publics to deal with. None the less, the United Kingdom has adopted the most liberal policies regarding human embryo and human embryonic stem cell research. The implication of the British embryo management system are as follows: 1) the development of reproductive technologies and new stem cell research technologies continue to pose legal and ethical debates, since those involve several parties; 2) the UK has taken the legal and institutional approaches to cope with those serious issues; 3) the UK adopted most liberal policies regarding embryonic and human embryonic stem cell researches; 4) the British HFE Act is consistent with the existing Acts related to human embryo management and researches; 5) through amending the HFE Act to accomodate the changes of technologies, the UK try to minimize the legal and ethical burden on undertaking research regarding embryo. The debates about the researches on human embryo and human embryonic stem cells is likely to continue in the Korean society. Because of the controversy and competing ethical values, as well as the evolving technologies, so far no consensus exists in our society. It suggest that it is premature to bring closure by ruling out any particular approaches. Thus our society needs to make an efforts to find a basis which could resolve the societal controversies through enriching the societal conversation about the profound ethical issues regarding embryo management.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.30-49
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• 2022

As industrialized countries transition into knowledge economies, there is a rising demand for talent and innovation. Support for start-ups through incubation, acceleration, and venture capital has turned into a key area of investment, with public and private actors searching for the next unicorn. This article examines start-up visas as an emerging policy tool in the global competition for highly innovative entrepreneurs. The study builds on a sample of eight national start-up immigration programs and applies human-capital citizenship (Ellermann, 2020) as a guiding framework. The article first proposes a conceptualization of start-up visas, suggesting that innovation and entrepreneurship also be considered in the theorization of skills. Second, the study examines the implications of start-up visas for international mobility. By focusing on the logic of entry requirements and subsequent benefits accrued through the status as a start-up founder, the findings of this study highlight the role of start-up visas in expanding privileged pathways to cross-border mobility. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for policy and research concerned with the international mobility of start-ups

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.179-186
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• 2021

Manipulation of complex objects with an anthropomorphic robot hand like a human hand is a challenge in the human-centric environment. In order to train the anthropomorphic robot hand which has a high degree of freedom (DoF), human demonstration augmented deep reinforcement learning policy optimization methods have been proposed. In this work, we first demonstrate augmentation of human demonstration in deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is effective for object manipulation by comparing the performance of the augmentation-free Natural Policy Gradient (NPG) and Demonstration Augmented NPG (DA-NPG). Then three DRL policy optimization methods, namely NPG, Trust Region Policy Optimization (TRPO), and Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), have been evaluated with DA (i.e., DA-NPG, DA-TRPO, and DA-PPO) and without DA by manipulating six objects such as apple, banana, bottle, light bulb, camera, and hammer. The results show that DA-NPG achieved the average success rate of 99.33% whereas NPG only achieved 60%. In addition, DA-NPG succeeded grasping all six objects while DA-TRPO and DA-PPO failed to grasp some objects and showed unstable performances.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.329-337
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• 1999

With the ready access to the high resolution satellite image data, users of and areas covered by satellite image data are constantly on the rise world-widely. Korea will also be able to take full advantage of the satellite data once the Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite 1 (KOMPSAT-l) is successfully launched. Harmonizing satellite data production and application technology and users' needs, along with the guiding policy is essential for promoting satellite data use. Up to now, the Korean government has mainly concentrated on developing production technology for the satellite instruments. However, the imminent task of independent satellite data production demands a promotion policy for satellite data use. In this context, the policy is defined as an important medium for identifying the role and status of satellite image information at the national level and also preparing the legal as well as systematic foundation for producing, building, distributing, and packaging satellite data. The present paper aims to examine the role and status of the satellite data as well as their current status and problems in Korea in reference to the National Spatial Data Infrastructure, and finally to provide the policy directions to promote the satellite data use in public sector on the basis of the preceding analyses.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.37-42
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• 2007

The scale and the extent of a aging of population of a rural are more serious than those of a urban in China. However, the welfare policy and the service for the aged in the rural are inferior. China established the different systems of social welfare policy for the city and the rural and has administered it since the china was established. Owing to an open-door policy(opening of a reform) the gap between the two got more deeply distinguished. Accordingly. the striking difference is shown in a living environment and a quality of life of the cities and the rural. I made clear the difference of services for the aged in the rural and the urban examining daily lives, medical industry, recreation systems and so on and analyzing their sources. In addition, I proposed the ways to establish synthetic social welfare policy of the urban and the rural.