• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.234-241
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• 2001

The C-terminal 393 bp region of the human interleukin-16 (IL-16) gene was cloned and expressed in E. coli along with mammalian cell lines. Recombinant IL-16 expressed from E. coli was 22 kDa on SDS-PAGE and showed 260% of chemoattractant activity at a concentration of $0.1\;{\mu}g/ml$. HeLa, COS, and Neuro-2a cells were transduced by recombinant retrovirus vector pLNC/IL-16/IRES/TK and the intracellular and secreted amounts of IL-16 produced by HeLa/IL-16/TK, COS/IL-16/TK, and Neuro-2a/IL-16/TK cells were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HeLa/IL-16/TK $(1{\times}10^5)$ and COS/IL-16/TK $(1{\times}10^5)$ cells secreted 36.1 and 13.3 ng of IL-16 for 48 h, respectively. Forty-nine ng and 86.4 ng of IL-16 remained in the cell lysates of HeLa/IL-16/TK and COS/IL-16/TK. Intracellular and secreted amounts of IL-16 from Neuro-2a/IL-16/TK $(5{\times}10^5)$ cells during 24 h cultivation were 50 ng and 3.3 ng, respectively. Also, HeLa and COS cells wee stably transfected with mammalian expression vector pCRIII/IL-16. Both culture media and cell lysates prepared from HeLa/IL-16 cells and COS/IL-16 cells showed chemoattractant activity ranging from 190% to 460% as compared to the control experiment. Expression of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV0tk) gene in pLNC/IL-16/ IRES/TK bicistronic retroviral expression vector was verified by performing a genciclovir (GCV) sensitivity assay. Finally, IL-16 repressed Tat-transactivated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat (HIV-1 LTR) promoter activity.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.57-63
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• 2017

Xenotransplantation is proposed as a solution to the problem of organ shortage. However, transplantation of xenogeneic organs induces an antigen-antibody reaction in ${\alpha}$-1,3-gal structure that are not present in humans and primates, and thus complement is also activated and organs die within minutes or hours. In this study, we used FasL gene, which is involved in the immune response of NK cell, and US11, which suppresses MHC Class I cell membrane surface expression, to inhibit cell mediated rejection in the interspecific immunity rejection, and also hDAF(CD55) was introduced to confirm the response to C3 complement. These genes were tranfeced into Korean native pig fetal fibroblasts using pCAGGS vector. And cytotoxicity of NK cell and human complement was confirmed in each cell line. The US11 inhibited the cytotoxicity of NK cell and, in addition, the simultaneous expression of US11 and Fas ligand showed excellent suppress to T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity, hDAF showed weak resistance to cytotoxicity of natural killer cell but not in CD8+ CTLs. Cytotoxicity study with human complement showed that hDAF was effective for reducing complement reaction. In this studies have demonstrated that each gene is effective in reducing immune rejection.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.4993-4998
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• 2012

Vanillic acid, a vegetable phenolic compound, is a strong antioxidant. The aim of the present study was to determine its effects on mitomycin C-induced DNA damage in human blood lymphocyte cultures in vitro, both alone and in combination with mitomycin C (MMC). The cytokinesis block micronucleus test and alkaline comet assay were used to determine genotoxic damage and anti-genotoxic effects of vanillic acid at the DNA and chromosome levels. MMC induced genotoxicity at a dose of $0.25{\mu}g/ml$. Vanillic acid ($1{\mu}g/ml$) significantly reduced both the rates of DNA damaged cells and the frequency of micronucleated cells. A high dose of vanillic acid ($2{\mu}g/ml$) itself had genotoxic effects on DNA. In addition, both test systems showed similar results when tested with the negative control, consisting of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in combination with vanillic acid ($1{\mu}g/ml$)+MMC. In conclusion, vanillic acid could prevent oxidative damage to DNA and chromosomes when used at an appropriately low dose.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.180-186
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• 2018

Purpose: Despite the availability of molecular methods, identification of the causative virus in children with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) has proven difficult as the same viruses are often detected in asymptomatic children. Methods: Multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to detect 15 common respiratory viruses in children under 15 years of age who were hospitalized with ARI between January 2013 and December 2015. Viral epidemiology and clinical profiles of single virus infections were evaluated. Results: Of 3,505 patients, viruses were identified in 2,424 (69.1%), with the assay revealing a single virus in 1,747 cases (49.8%). While major pathogens in single virus-positive cases differed according to age, human rhinovirus (hRV) was common in patients of all ages. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus (IF), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) were found to be seasonal pathogens, appearing from fall through winter and spring, whereas hRV and adenovirus (AdV) were detected in every season. Patients with ARIs caused by RSV and hRV were frequently afebrile and more commonly had wheezing compared with patients with other viral ARIs. Neutrophil-dominant inflammation was observed in ARIs caused by IF, AdV, and hRV, whereas lymphocyte-dominant inflammation was observed with RSV A, parainfluenza virus, and hMPV. Monocytosis was common with RSV and AdV, whereas eosinophilia was observed with hRV. Conclusion: In combination with viral identification, recognition of virus-specific clinical and laboratory patterns will expand our understanding of the epidemiology of viral ARIs and help us to establish more efficient therapeutic and preventive strategies.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.82-82
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• 1995

4-lBB molecule is expressed on the surface of activated CD4$\^$+/ and CD8$\^$+/ T cells. We generated a panel of anti-4-1 B5 murine mAbs using a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of human 4-1 BB fused to Glutathione S-transferase. The binding activity against cell surface 4-1 BB molecule was assessed by flow cytometry analysis. These studies showed that several anti-4-1 BB mAbs bound to 10-30% of CD4$\^$+/ and CD8$\^$+/T cells in PHA or Con A stimulated PBLs, although these mAbs interacted with only, l-2% of CD4$\^$+/ and CD8$\^$+/ T cells in normal PBLs, indicating the specificity of mAbs to the 4-l BB molecule on activated CD4$\^$+/ and CD8$\^$+/ T cells. Next, we examined the effect of an anti-4-l BB mAb (4B4-1-1) on allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs). The data indicated that the antibody significantly inhibited the proliferative response at higher concentrations. When tested with several T cell mitogens, the antibody had no stimulatory or inhibitory effects on the mitogen-mediated T cell proliferation. These data suggest that 4-1 BB molecule may play a role in the regulation of antigen-mediated immune response.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.230-236
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• 2005

Formaldehyde is a common environmental contaminant found in tobacco smoke, paint, garments, diesel and exhaust, and medical and industrial products. Formaldehyde has been considered to be potentially carcinogenic, making it a subject of major environmental concern. However, only a little information on the mechanism of immunological sensitization and asthma by this compound has been known. So, we performed with Jurkat cell line, a human T lymphocyte, to assess the induction of DNA damage and to identify the DEGs related to immune response or toxicity by formaldehyde. In this study, we investigated the induction of DNA single strand breaks by formaldehyde using single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay). And we compared gene expression between control and formaldehyde treatment to identify genes that are specifically or predominantly expressed by employing annealing control primer (ACP)-based $GeneFishing^{TM}$ method. The cytotoxicity ($IC_{30}$) of formaldehyde was determined above the 0.65 mM in Jurkat cell in 48 h treatment. Based on the $IC_{30}$ value from cytotoxicity test, we performed the comet assay in this concentration. From these results, 0.65 mM of formaldehyde was not revealed significant DNA damages in the absence of S-9 metabolic activation system. And the one differentially expressed gene (DEG) of formaldehyde was identified to zinc finger protein 292 using $GeneFishing^{TM}$ method. Through further investigation, we will identify more meaningful and useful DEGs on formaldehyde, and then can get the information on the associated mechanism and pathway with immune response or other toxicity by formaldehyde exposure.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.235-241
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• 2003

We have previously demonstrated that intracellular expression of an RNA aptamer termed RRE40, which was selected in vitro to bind HIV Rev 10-fold much tighter than wild-type RRE, efficiently protected human CD4+ T cell line, CEM, from HIV-1. In this study, to evaluate the efficacy of the RRE40 RNA in clinical settings, polyclonal CD4+ peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were transduced with retroviral vectors expressing RRE40 decoy RNA and then challenged with clinical isolates of HIV-1. In contrast to the control cells transduced with vectors expressing control tRNA, intracellular expression of RRE40 RNA more effectively inhibited HIV-1 replication in CD4+ PBLs. However, transient and diminished inhibition, rather than complete inhibition, of HIV-1 replication in PBLs expressing RRE40 decoys have been observed. These results suggest that RRE40 decoy RNA would be useful to inhibit HIV-1 replication in cells. However, development of more efficient gene transfer protocols and/or more effective decoy RNAs would be needed to apply RNA decoy to modulate HIV-1 patient.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.785-792
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional status before and after gastrectomy of gastric cancer patients in Jeonbuk Province. The subjects were 136 patients with gastrectomy of gastric cancer. We assessed the nutritional status before and after an operation by general characteristics (age, clinicopathological stage, type of operation, method of reconstruction), anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, arm muscle circumference AMC, arm circumference AC) and biochemical characteristics (hemoglobin Hb, hematocrit Hct, mein corpuscular volume MCV, mean corpuscular hemoglobin MCH, total lymphocyte count TLC, serum albumin, serum transferrin). Mean ages were 60.0 yrs in males and 58.8 yrs in females. Age, clinicopathological stage, types of operation and reconstruction methods were not significantly different between males and females. Weight, skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, BMI, percent body fat, AMC and AC significantly deteriorated by gastrectomy. There were severe weight losses in males and females after gastrectomy. Hemoglobin, Hct, MCV, MCH, TLC, albumin and transferrin significantly deteriorated by gastrectomy. After gastrectomy, subjects who were assessed as malnounrished in Hb and Hct were increased in male and those who were assessed as malnounrished in Hb were increased in females. These results suggest that a nutrition intervention, specially for energy, protein and iron, is necessary to improve the nutritional status of gastric cancer patients with gastrectomy.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.421-432
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• 1997

A new lectin was partially purified from starfish,Asterina pectinifera by means of physiological saline extraction, salt fractionation, ion exchange chromatography and hy droxyapatite chromatography, and it was named APL. The biochemical properties of the APL were characterized. In addition, its effects on lymphocyte mitogenicity and cancer cell agglutinability were tested. The APL agglutinated nonspecifically human erythrocytes and rabbit blood cells. Agglutinability was decreased to 30% of control activity below pH 5 and above pH 9 and was relatively unstable at increasing temperatures above 60$^{\circ}C$. The activity was reduced by addition of two kinds of metal ions, $Ba^{2+},\;Mn^{2+}$ and chelating agent, EDTA. APL was proved to be glycoproteins containing 9% sugars. For carbohydrate specificity, it was found that the activity of APL was inhibited by D(+)-glucosamine, D(+)-galactosamine, stachyose, N-acetyl-galactosamine and methyl-${\alpha}$-D-galactopyranoside among 35 sugars tested. In amino acid composition, the contents of acidic amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid were relatively high. This result suggest that the isoelectric point would be in a lower range. APL was found that it promotes the division of human lymphocytes. APL was proved to be a potent agglutinin for cancer cells such as HeLa, L929 and L1210 cells. Significant changes on the HeLa cell surfaces affected by APL were observed under the electron microscope.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.304-314
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• 2022

Background: Ginsenosides are biologically active components of ginseng and have various functions. In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory activity of a ginseng product generated from ginseng powder (GP) via enzymatic bioconversion. This product, General Bio compound K-10 mg solution (GBCK10S), exhibited increased levels of minor ginsenosides, including ginsenoside-F1, compound K, and compound Y. Methods: The immunomodulatory properties of GBCK10S were confirmed using mice and a human natural killer (NK) cell line. We monitored the expression of molecules involved in immune responses via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, NK cell-targeted cell destruction, quantitative reverse-transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analyses. Results: Oral administration of GBCK10S significantly increased serum immunoglobulin M levels and primed splenocytes to express pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ. Oral administration of GBCK10S also activated NK cells in mice. Furthermore, GBCK10S treatment stimulated a human NK cell line in vitro, thereby increasing granzyme B gene expression and activating STAT5. Conclusion: GBCK10S may have potent immunostimulatory properties and can activate immune responses mediated by B cells, Th1-type T cells, and NK cells.