서비스발전을 위한 규제개혁의 새 패러다임 (Regulatory Reform for Service Development)
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- 서비스연구
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- 제6권3호
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- pp.1-15
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- 2016
전 세계적인 규제 개혁의 흐름 속에 한국도 20년 이상 규제개혁을 위해 노력해 왔다. 하지만 이러한 노력에도 불구하고 실질적 진전 없이 좌절과 무력감이 커가고 있다. 현 시점에서 필요한 것은 규제개혁을 큰 틀 속에서 보고 그 이론적 바탕과 개혁의 패러다임을 새로 마련하는 것이다. 이 글은 규제개혁을 행정개혁을 넘어선 국가의 틀을 재구축하는 관점에서 정의 하고 그 이론적 토대를 탐색한다. 규제개혁은 단순한 신자유주의 정책과 논리의 산물이 아니라 21세기 구성주의적 국가의 토대를 이루는 시민적 자유와 그 행사를 가로막는 낡은 산업사회 국가의 틀로부터 벗어나는 과정이다. 산업사회에서 서비스 사회로의 이행은 그 과정은 국가 행정관료제와 사회경제적 생활세계 즉 시장과 시민사회 간의 관계에 대한 전반적 재정립을 수반한다. 그 동안 규제개혁은 바로 이러한 방향감각이나 역사의식의 빈곤으로 인해 가로 막혀 왔으며 특히 시민적 자유에 대한 근대적 인식이 빈곤한 한국의 현실 속에서 규제개혁은 더욱 그 방향 감각을 잃고 좌초되어 왔다. 21세기 서비스사회에서의 국가 기능은 시장관리 물적자본관리 인적자본관리의 세 측면에서 근대산업사회의 틀을 완전히 벗어난다. 이 글은 서비스 발전을 위한 규제개혁의 핵심과제를 이 세 분야로 범주화하고 각각의 내용을 분석적으로 논의한 후 이를 종합하여 국회중심의 규제개혁 방법론을 제안하고자 한다.
Knowledge is an essential strategic weapon for sustaining competitive advantage and is the key determinant for organizational growth. When knowledge is shared and disseminated throughout the organization, it increases an organization's value by providing the ability to respond to new and unusual situations. The growing importance of knowledge as a critical resource has forced executives to pay attention to their organizational knowledge. Organizations are increasingly undertaking knowledge management initiatives and making significant investments. Knowledge sourcing is considered as the first important step in effective knowledge management. Most firms continue to make an effort to realize the benefits of knowledge management by using various knowledge sources effectively. Appropriate knowledge sourcing strategies enable organizations to create, acquire, and access knowledge in a timely manner by reducing search and transfer costs, which result in better firm performance. In response, the knowledge management literature has devoted substantial attention to the analysis of knowledge sourcing strategies. Many studies have categorized knowledge sourcing strategies into intemal- and external-oriented. Internal-oriented sourcing strategy attempts to increase firm performance by integrating knowledge within the boundary of the firm. On the contrary, external-oriented strategy attempts to bring knowledge in from outside sources via either acquisition or imitation, and then to transfer that knowledge across to the organization. However, the extant literature on knowledge sourcing strategies focuses primarily on large organizations. Although many studies have clearly highlighted major differences between large and small firms and the need to adopt different strategies for different firm sizes, scant attention has been given to analyzing how knowledge sourcing strategies affect firm performance in small firms and what are the differences between small and large firms in the patterns of knowledge sourcing strategies adoption. This study attempts to advance the current literature by examining the impact of knowledge sourcing strategies on small firm performance from a holistic perspective. By drawing on knowledge based theory from organization science and complementarity theory from the economics literature, this paper is motivated by the following questions: (1) what are the adoption patterns of different knowledge sourcing strategies in small firms (i,e., what sourcing strategies should be adopted and which sourcing strategies work well together in small firms)?; and (2) what are the performance implications of these adoption patterns? In order to answer the questions, this study developed three hypotheses. First hypothesis based on knowledge based theory is that internal-oriented knowledge sourcing is positively associated with small firm performance. Second hypothesis developed on the basis of knowledge based theory is that external-oriented knowledge sourcing is positively associated with small firm performance. The third one based on complementarity theory is that pursuing both internal- and external-oriented knowledge sourcing simultaneously is negatively or less positively associated with small firm performance. As a sampling frame, 700 firms were identified from the Annual Corporation Report in Korea. Survey questionnaires were mailed to owners or executives who were most erudite about the firm s knowledge sourcing strategies and performance. A total of 188 companies replied, yielding a response rate of 26.8%. Due to incomplete data, 12 responses were eliminated, leaving 176 responses for the final analysis. Since all independent variables were measured using continuous variables, supermodularity function was used to test the hypotheses based on the cross partial derivative of payoff function. The results indicated no significant impact of internal-oriented sourcing strategies while positive impact of external-oriented sourcing strategy on small firm performance. This intriguing result could be explained on the basis of various resource and capital constraints of small firms. Small firms typically have restricted financial and human resources. They do not have enough assets to always develop knowledge internally. Another possible explanation is competency traps or core rigidities. Building up a knowledge base based on internal knowledge creates core competences, but at the same time, excessive internal focused knowledge exploration leads to behaviors blind to other knowledge. Interestingly, this study found that Internal- and external-oriented knowledge sourcing strategies had a substitutive relationship, which was inconsistent with previous studies that suggested complementary relationship between them. This result might be explained using organizational identification theory. Internal organizational members may perceive external knowledge as a threat, and tend to ignore knowledge from external sources because they prefer to maintain their own knowledge, legitimacy, and homogeneous attitudes. Therefore, integrating knowledge from internal and external sources might not be effective, resulting in failure of improvements of firm performance. Another possible explanation is small firms resource and capital constraints and lack of management expertise and absorptive capacity. Although the integration of different knowledge sources is critical, high levels of knowledge sourcing in many areas are quite expensive and so are often unrealistic for small enterprises. This study provides several implications for research as well as practice. First this study extends the existing knowledge by examining the substitutability (and complementarity) of knowledge sourcing strategies. Most prior studies have tended to investigate the independent effects of these strategies on performance without considering their combined impacts. Furthermore, this study tests complementarity based on the productivity approach that has been considered as a definitive test method for complementarity. Second, this study sheds new light on knowledge management research by identifying the relationship between knowledge sourcing strategies and small firm performance. Most current literature has insisted complementary relationship between knowledge sourcing strategies on the basis of data from large firms. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, this study identifies substitutive relationship between knowledge sourcing strategies using data from small firms. Third, implications for practice highlight that managers of small firms should focus on knowledge sourcing from external-oriented strategies. Moreover, adoption of both sourcing strategies simultaneousiy impedes small firm performance.
본 연구는 미국 및 일본과 같은 대규모 애니메이션 제작국의 하청업으로 애니메이션 산업에 발을 들여놓게 된 한국이 창작 애니메이션 국가로 거듭나기 위해 필수적인 교육 과정에서의 개선점을 예술경영적 관점에서 제시하는 데에 그 목적을 두고 있다. 여기서의 예술경영적 관점이란 인문학 및 사회과학, 경영학적 요소가 통합적으로 연계되는 것을 뜻하며, 이를 위해 다음과 같은 세 가지 요소를 제시하였다. 첫째, 전 세계 애니메이션 산업 구조에 대한 경향 파악 및 합작 능력의 배양이다. 애니메이션 산업은 기술력과 자본력, 그리고 인력이라는 세 가지 요소 중 어느 하나도 미흡하면 안되는 대표적인 문화산업으로 세 가지 요소의 세계적 동향을 파악하는 것은 애니메이션 제작을 위해 필수적이다. 또한 이러한 동향 파악을 위해서는 주류 애니메이션 국가 및 업체와의 합작을 이용하는 것이 가장 좋은 길이므로 국내 애니메이션 교육 과정에서 해외 합작에 필요한 여러 가지 능력을 배양시켜야 한다. 둘째, 뉴미디어와 뉴플랫폼에 대한 이해이다. 기존의 텔레비전과 극장만이 아니라 팟캐스트, 인터넷 등으로 다양해지고 있는 애니메이션 배급 매체에 대한 심도 깊은 이해 및 뉴미디어의 수용자층에 대한 분석은 결국 그에 맞는 애니메이션 작품 제작을 위해 필수적이다. 셋째, 다원화된 매체를 통한 애니메이션 배급 가능성은 대자본 없이도 애니메이션이 제작 및 배급될 수 있다는 길을 열어준 것이므로 이에 맞는 1인 창조기업 창업을 할 수 있도록 경영 및 마케팅 능력을 키워줄 수 있는 교육 내용이 필요하다. 마지막으로 국내 애니메이션 대학 기관의 교육 과정 현황을 간략하게나마 분석한 본 연구의 후반부에서는 이러한 세 가지 요소를 보완한 교육 과정 개선안을 구체적으로 제시하였다. 국내 애니메이션 대학 교육 과정은 애니메이션 실기 및 예술 실기에 치우쳐 있음을 확인할 수 있었고 이에 비해 인문학적, 사회과학적, 그리고 경영학적 분야의 교육 과정은 4년제 종합대학 애니메이션 학과에서는 발견할 수 없었다. 이에 본 연구는 애니메이션 산업 구조 분석 및 뉴미디어를 애니메이션 산업 종사자들의 관점에서 파악할 수 있는 교육 과정, 그리고 애니메이션 1인 창업을 하기 위해 필요한 경영 분야의 내용을 첨가할 것을 제언하였다.
Franchising is one of the fastest growing types of business. It is already popular and well-known in the U.S., and has been growing in many other countries including Korea. Furthermore, many Korean franchising companies have expanded their business overseas actively. According to the data by the Ministry of Industry and Resource, 82 companies out of a sample of 500 franchising companies are already operating in many foreign countries and 48% of them have started their foreign business since 2006. This clearly indicates the fast growing current trend of foreign operation by Korean franchising companies. In spite of the fast growing trend of foreign expansion in the industry, academic research on internationalization of franchising companies is extremely difficult to find. Accordingly, academic research on the issue is necessary and urgent in Korea. Among the various research questions on internationalization of franchising business, this study intends to investigate the difference in organizational factors between the franchising companies doing foreign operation and those doing business only domestically. More specifically, this research has the following purposes. First, considering the lack of theoretical basis of previous studies, resource-based theory and agency theory are employed as the theoretical bases. Second, this study explains the difference in internationalization based on organizational factors such as company size, history and growth rate. Third, the five hypotheses regarding the difference in organizational factors are presented and tested empirically, which is the first attempt in the area of this topic. Finally, the study attempts to clarify the conflicting implications among theories regarding some organizational factos such as growth rate. As the theoretical background, resource-based theory and agency theory are discussed. According to resource-based theory, a firm can grow continuously when it has competence and resource, and also the ability to develop them. The competence and resource can include capital, human resource, management skill, market information, ability to manage risk, etc. Meanwhile, agency theory views the relationship between franchisor and franchisee as an agency relationship. In agency theory, bonding capability and monitoring capability are the two key factors which promote internationalization of franchising companies. Based on the two theories, a conceptual model is designed. The model consists of two groups of variables. One is organizational factors including size, history, growth rate, price bonding and geographic dispersion. The other is whether a franchising company is operating overseas or not. We developed the following five research hypotheses basically describing the relationship between organizational factors and internationalization of franchising companies. H1: The size of franchising companies operating overseas is larger than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H2: The history of franchising companies operating overseas is longer than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H3: The growth rate of franchising companies operating overseas is higher than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H4: The price bonding of franchising companies operating overseas is higher than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H5: The geographic dispersion of franchising companies operating overseas is wider than that of franchising companies operating domestically. Data for the analyses are obtained from 2005 Korea Franchise Survey data co-generated by Ministry of Industry and Resource, GS1 Korea, and Korea Franchise Association. Out of 2,804 population companies, 2,489 companies are excluded for various reasons and 315 companies are selected as the final sample. Prior to hypotheses tests, validity and reliability of the measures of size, history, growth rate and price bonding are examined for further analyses. Geographic dispersion is not validated since it is measured using nominal data. A series of independent sample T-tests is used to find out whether there exists any significant difference between the companies internationalized and those operating only domestically for each organizational factor. Among the five factors, size and geographic dispersion show significant difference, growth rate and price bonding do not reveal any difference and, finally, history factor shows conflicting results in the difference depending on how to measure it.