• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.2168-2187
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• 2021

The smart grid replaces the traditional power structure with information inventiveness that contributes to a new physical structure. In such a field, malicious information injection can potentially lead to extreme results. Incorrect, FDI attacks will never be identified by typical residual techniques for false data identification. Most of the work on the detection of FDI attacks is based on the linearized power system model DC and does not detect attacks from the AC model. Also, the overwhelming majority of current FDIA recognition approaches focus on FDIA, whilst significant injection location data cannot be achieved. Building on the continuous developments in deep learning, we propose a Deep Learning based Locational Detection technique to continuously recognize the specific areas of FDIA. In the development area solver gap happiness is a False Data Detector (FDD) that incorporates a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The FDD is established enough to catch the fake information. As a multi-label classifier, the following CNN is utilized to evaluate the irregularity and cooccurrence dependency of power flow calculations due to the possible attacks. There are no earlier statistical assumptions in the architecture proposed, as they are "model-free." It is also "cost-accommodating" since it does not alter the current FDD framework and it is only several microseconds on a household computer during the identification procedure. We have shown that ANN-MLP, SVM-RBF, and CNN can conduct locational detection under different noise and attack circumstances through broad experience in IEEE 14, 30, 57, and 118 bus systems. Moreover, the multi-name classification method used successfully improves the precision of the present identification.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to reduce the probability of occurrence of electric fires as a preemptive preventive measure, and to strengthen the capability of preventing electric fires by strengthening the cooperative function between electric fire-related departments and establishing a cooperative system. In this study, the general aspects of electric fires were identified by reviewing the literature such as ignition mechanisms of electric fires. And the major electrical fires that occurred in the last 10 years were classified into ignition factors (short circuit, overload/overcurrent, and earth leakage/ground fault) and ignition sources (wiring/wiring appliances, electrical equipment/household appliances). And the 4M technique was used to analyze the potential causes of ignition at the fire site and to suggest preventive measures. In the case In this study, out of 48 electrical fires in the past 10 years, 16 short-circuit fires, 3 overload/overcurrent fires, 3 short-circuit and earth fault fires, 16 fires in wiring/wiring appliances, and 10 fires in electrical equipment/home appliances classified as cases. And prevention measures were presented in terms of human, machine, media, and management by using the 4M technique. For the preemptive prevention of electric fires, strengthening the compulsory electrical safety inspection and making it mandatory to report when new or expanding electric facilities, charging a fee for electric safety inspection for detached houses and granting benefits subject to inspection completion, improvement of the electric safety voluntary inspection table and safety indications; It was suggested as a policy to organize and operate electrical safety inspection personnel in a two-person team (mixed), establish a close work cooperation system with related organizations, and strengthen electrical safety education and publicity.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.372-380
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• 2016

Background: The aim of this study was to estimate the number of workers exposed to diesel engine exhaust (DEE) by industry and year in the Republic of Korea. Method: The estimates of workers potentially exposed to DEE in the Republic of Korea were calculated by industry on the basis of the carcinogen exposure (CAREX) surveillance system. The data on the labor force employed in DEE exposure industries were obtained from the Census on Establishments conducted by the Korea National Statistical Office from 1993 to 2013. The mean values of prevalence rates adopted by EU15 countries were used as the primary exposure prevalence rates. We also investigated the exposure prevalence rates and exposure characteristics of DEE in 359 workplaces representing 11 industries. Results: The total number of workers exposed to DEE were estimated as 270,014 in 1993 and 417,034 in 2013 (2.2% of the total labor force). As of 2013, the industry categorized as "Land transport" showed the highest number of workers exposed to DEE with 174,359, followed by "Personal and household services" with 70,298, "Construction" with 45,555, "Wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels" with 44,005, and "Sanitation and similar services" with 12,584. These five industries, with more than 10,000 workers exposed to DEE, accounted for 83% of the total DEE-exposed workers. Comparing primary prevalence rates used for preliminary estimation among 49 industries, "Metal ore mining" had the highest rate at 52.6%, followed by "Other mining" with 50.0%, and "Land transport" with 23.6%. Conclusion: The DEE prevalence rates we surveyed (1.3-19.8%) were higher than the primary prevalence rates. The most common emission sources of DEE were diesel engine vehicles such as forklifts, trucks, and vans. Our estimated numbers of workers exposed to DEE can be used to identify industries with workers requiring protection from potential exposure to DEE in the Republic of Korea.

• 노동경제논집
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.47-74
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• 2002

경제위기 직후 실업률의 급상승과 함께 경기변동에 민감한 청년층의 실업률은 15~20%까지 상승하였다. 경기회복에도 불구하고 신규학졸자의 첫 일자리 취업에는 상당한 애로가 존재하고 청년층의 유휴화율은 여전히 심각한 수준이다. 청년층 유휴화의 부정적 효과에도 불구하고 청년층의 학교교육-노동시장 이행과정에 관한 연구는 일천하다. 본 연구는 "한국노동패널" 3차년도(2000년)에 실시한 "청년층 부가조사" 자료를 이용하여 15~29세 청년층이 최종 학교를 마치고 첫 일자리를 취득하는 데 소요되는 미취업 경과기간을 분석한다. 미취업상태가 경과할수록 탈출확률이 낮아지는 부(-)의 경과 기간 의존성이 나타나며, 예상과는 달리, 여성의 탈출확률이 남성보다 높게 나타난다. 학력수준의 탈출확률에 대한 효과는 경제위기 이전에는 유의하지 않게 나타나나 경제위기 이후에는 뚜렷한 것으로 나타난다. 경제위기 이전 졸업자 표본은 높은 실업률이 탈출확률을 낮추는 반면 경제위기 이후 졸업자 표본은 정반대의 결과를 보여준다.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2018

Purpose - This work analyzes, in detail, the specification of vector error correction model (VECM) and thus examines the relationships and impact among seven economic variables for USA - balance on current account (BCA), index of stock (STOCK), gross domestic product (GDP), housing price indices (HOUSING), a measure of the money supply that includes total currency as well as large time deposits, institutional money market funds, short-term repurchase agreements and other larger liquid assets (M3), real rate of interest (IR_REAL) and household credits (LOAN). In particular, we search for the main explanatory variables that have an effect on stock and real estate market, respectively and investigate the causal and dynamic associations between them. Research design, data, and methodology - We perform the time series vector error correction model to infer the dynamic relationships among seven variables above. This work employs the conventional augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root techniques to test for stationarity among seven variables under consideration, and Johansen cointegration test to specify the order or the number of cointegration relationship. Granger causality test is exploited to inspect for causal relationship and, at the same time, impulse response function and variance decomposition analysis are checked for both short-run and long-run association among the seven variables by EViews 9.0. The underlying model was analyzed by using 108 realizations from Q1 1990 to Q4 2016 for USA. Results - The results show that all the seven variables for USA have one unit root and they are cointegrated with at most five and three cointegrating equation for USA. The vector error correction model expresses a long-run relationship among variables. Both IR_REAL and M3 may influence real estate market, and GDP does stock market in USA. On the other hand, GDP, IR_REAL, M3, STOCK and LOAN may be considered as causal factors to affect real estate market. Conclusions - The findings indicate that both stock market and real estate market can be modelled as vector error correction specification for USA. In addition, we can detect causal relationships among variables and compare dynamic differences between countries in terms of stock market and real estate market.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.606-619
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was to examine the state of customized visiting oral health programs in a bid to help facilitate the unified operation of the programs and the development of required guidelines. Methods : The subjects in this study were 49 dental hygienists who were professionals responsible for customized visiting health care programs across the nation. Results : 1. Regarding the form of employment of the dental hygienists were investigated many contract and daily workers. 2. As to the possession of equipment necessary for visiting oral health programs, denture cleaners(12.2%) were most widely possessed in some regions, followed by mobile scalers(10.2%) and mobile suctions(8.2%). In terms of expendable devices and materials, dental mirrors, pincettes and explorers were the most widely possessed dental checkup devices, and the most widely possessed oral hygiene supplies were toothbrushes, interdental brushes and denture cleaners. Those devices and materials were in more possession than the other types of devices and materials. The most widely possessed equipment for educational purpose was laptop computers, followed by beam projectors and screens. The most widely possessed teaching materials were dentiform, followed by CD-ROMs. 3. Those whom they visited the most for oral health care service were elderly people, followed by the disabled and patients with chronic diseases. The dental hygienists who went out to visit those people outnumbered the others who stayed at public health centers. Concerning the types of visiting oral health care service, the most prevalent service provided to the elderly included denture cleaning/management, oral massage and preventive treatment against dental caries. The most dominant service provided to the disabled involved education of the oral health care act, preventive treatment against dental caries and toothbrushing by professionals. The most common service offered to patients with chronic diseases was education of the oral health care act and oral health education. The dental hygienists paid a visit to a mean of 5.8 households a day. The average weekly number of households cared by the dental hygienists was 27.3. It took a mean of 37.1 minutes for them to take care of each household. 4. As for satisfaction level with the implementation of the visiting oral health programs, they expressed the greatest satisfaction at teamwork with professionals($3.56{\pm}0.94$), followed by the professionalism of their work($3.21{\pm}0.94$) and workload($3.08{\pm}0.94$). Their satisfaction level with the work conditions required for creative job performance($2.75{\pm}0.98$) and partnership with other institutions($2.64{\pm}1.03$) was below 3.0. In regard to the impact of their characteristics, marital status made a statistically significant difference to satisfaction level with workload. The unmarried dental hygienists were more pleased with their workload than the married ones(p<0.05). 5. As to needs for education for professionalism improvement, they asked for education about visiting oral health care skills the most, followed by education about oral health care for patients with chronic diseases, education of planning/evaluation and education of oral health care for the disabled. Conclusions : The top priority for the vitalization of the programs was the procurement of budget, followed by the procurement of equipment and educational media and the procurement of human resources.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.225-239
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• 1993

The purpose of this study is to look for the basic formative elements of housekeeping space of our cultural life which are worthy to succeed and develop by revaluating in modern view and to reveal what we should maintain form the women's view of the housework in those days. In this study, out look on Chosun Dynasty housekeeping is based on the norm of the women in those days. The research on the housekeeping space for norm of the women in those days. the research on the housekeeping space for Chosun Dynasty upperclass is focused on the house built from early till late Chosun Dynasty, which is now a cultural asset. As a result, norm of Chosun Dynasty have created a social wide atmosphere for women to devote herselves to the housekeeping. Moreover the constructions of Chosun Dynasty's upperclass are affected by Korea's natural environment and socio-cultural environment. Primary factors for natural environment are building materials and the change of seasons. Because of changeable seasons, there were places for storing massive commodities. The other primary factors for socio-cultural environment affecting housekeeping space were social positions, and extended family system, worshipping the ancestors standard of living, the theory of“Poong Soo”(風水, a kind of geomancy) and thought of“Yin and Yang, Five Elements”(陰陽五行) and popular belief of that time. Affected by these two environments, the characteristics of housekeeping space for Chosun Dynasty are ; the main building of the house was used as a diverted area for women to work, and was reconstructed for household affairs. There were inefficient points in the housekeeping space of that time and the space remained stagnant because of the restricted sex and the social position of housekeeping doer. But you could find some points that are efficient and functional to adjust in those living conditions. The storehouse, storage barn, shed and soyjar terrace are the specialized storing place, according to the kinds and characteristics of the commodities. the kitchen, for example, is the combinations of many abilities. It is not only for cooking or heating the room, but also for storing drinking water. The hall which was the storing place, housekeeping place and also the place for family events are used as a diverted place. The linked arrangement of kitchen, store house, boudoir and the other rooms. In addition, we can see that the construction of the kitchen for more than tow people could work in.

• 한국가족복지학
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• 제62호
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• pp.39-69
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• 2018

본 연구의 목적은 건강의 사회적 결정요인 관점에서 유자녀 여성의 시간빈곤과 정신건강의 관계, 그리고 소득의 조절된 매개효과를 검증하는 것에 있다. 이를 위해 먼저 시간빈곤과 스트레스, 우울의 직접효과 및 간접효과를 분석하였고, 추가적으로 이 구조적 관계에 대한 소득의 조절효과 및 조절된 매개효과를 검증하였다. 분석대상은 한국여성가족패널조사(KLoWF) 6차 데이터의 여성 총 1,505명이었다. 분석 결과, 시간빈곤 수준이 양호할수록 스트레스와 우울은 감소하였고, 스트레스는 시간빈곤과 우울의 관계를 매개하였으며, 가구 소득 수준은 스트레스와 우울의 정적인 관계를 완충하는 것으로 확인되었다. 이는 시간빈곤에 처해있는 여성일수록 정신건강 문제에 취약해질 수 있고 그 관계를 매개하는 스트레스의 영향이 소득에 따라 달라질 수있음을 보여주는 결과이다. 더불어 소득이 증가할수록 시간빈곤, 스트레스, 우울의 구조적 관계가 약화되는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 낮은 사회경제적 지위에 있는 사람들의 경우시간빈곤으로부터 더 큰 영향을 받을 수 있음을 시사한다. 이를 바탕으로 여성의 정신건강 문제를 보다 거시적인 차원에서 이해해야 한다는 점, 그리고 정책 및 서비스 구축 방향에 있어근로조건 개선, 소득보장과 같은 사회구조적 개입이 이루어져야 한다는 점 등을 제언하였다.

• 사회복지연구
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.389-412
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• 2011

본 연구의 목적은 기혼 취업여성의 우울에 관한 인과적 관계를 규명하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 분석자료로는 제1차 서울시복지패널 조사자료를 이용하였으며, 서울시복지패널자료의 조사대상자 중 20~50대 기혼 취업여성 507명을 분석대상으로 선정하였고, 분석방법으로는 구조방정식 모형을 이용하였다. 분석결과, 기혼 취업여성의 성역할태도로부터 복리후생만족도와 결혼행복감을 거쳐서 우울에 완전매개효과 경로가 형성되었고, 복리후생만족도는 우울과 결혼행복감 간에 부분매개효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 기혼 취업여성의 우울을 해소하기 위한 방안을 제시해보면 우선, 기혼 취업여성의 우울은 우리 사회가 가사노동은 아직까지 여성의 역할로 간주하는 데에서 기인하는 바가 크므로 취업여성들이 일과 가족생활을 양립할 수 있도록 지원하고, 그러한 맥락에서 남성의 가사 및 육아참여를 유도할 수 있는 정책적 조치가 요구된다. 둘째, 기혼 취업여성이 전통주의 성역할 태도를 견지할수록 결혼행복감 및 복리후생만족도는 낮은 결과가 나타났음을 고려해 볼 때 우리 사회에 잔존하고 있는 전통주의적 성역할 가치관을 변화시킬 수 있는 복리후생제도 및 가족친화제도의 활성화 방안이 요구된다. 셋째, 기혼 취업여성의 우울에 큰 영향을 미치는 결혼행복감을 증진시키기 위해서는 부부 및 부모 교육을 포함한 가족서비스를 더욱 강화하는 방안을 모색하는 것이 필요하다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.488-502
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• 2020

본 연구는 광주지역 산업체 근로자 738명을 대상으로 NQ-A를 측정하여 영양상태 및 식사의 질 수준을 파악하고 이에 관련된 요인을 확인하였다. 본 연구 대상자는 교대 근무자 496명, 비교대 근무자 242명으로 구성되었다. 근무 기간은 10년 이상이 64.9%, 남성 근로자가 81%, 연령대는 50대 이상이 31.6%를 차지하였다. 교육 수준은 대학 졸업 이상이 57.2%, 월평균 가계소득은 401-600만원인 경우가 48.2%로 가장 높은 비율이었고, 가구 구성은 결혼의 여부에 따라 가족과 함께인 가구가 75.9%였다. 대상자들의 근무 형태에 따라 교대 근무와 비교대 근무자로 나누어 분석한 결과 NQ-A와 영역별 점수는 비교대 근무자가 유의하게 높았다. 연구 대상자의 NQ-A 평균 점수는 45.3점이었고, 모니터링 필요 집단은 교대 근무자에서 91.3%로 유의하게 높았다. 연구 대상자의 영양지수에 영향을 미치는 요인은 근무형태, 성별, 연령, 교육 수준, 월평균 가계 소득, 가구 구성으로 나타났다. 비교대 근무자, 여성, 가족과 함께인 가구, 50대 이상, 월평균 가계 소득 600만원 이상의 경우가 NQ-A를 높이는 요인으로 확인되었다. 연구 대상자의 균형, 다양, 절제, 식행동 영역에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대한 확인 결과, 근무 형태는 균형, 다양, 절제 영역에 공통적으로 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 요인이었고, 성별은 식행동 영역에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 조사되었다. 본 연구는 NQ-A 지수를 활용하여 일반 산업체 근로자의 영양상태와 관련 요인 균형, 다양, 절제, 식행동으로 나누어 세부적으로 평가하고 영양지수에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하여 구체적으로 식생활교육 프로그램의 방향을 제시했다는데 의미가 있으며, 산업보건에서 영양관리의 필요성 및 근무 형태와 성별에 따른 차별화된 관리와 지원이 필요함을 시사한다. 즉, 근무 형태와 성별에 따른 영양관리와 식생활 교육 프로그램 마련이 요구되며, 근로자가 육체적 정신적으로 건강한 생활을 영위하는 데 가치를 두고 식습관에 관심을 가질 수 있도록 하는 교육이 이루어져야 할 것이다.