• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.182-192
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• 1996

In this study, the relationship between wax matrix in lipstick and sweating was investigated by observing the change of size and shape of wax matrix with sweating by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). For observation by SEM, a lipstick sample was frozen in liquid nitrogen, then the oil in the lipstick was extracted out in cold isopropanol($-70^{\circ}C$) for 1-3days. After isopropanol was evaporated, the sample was sputtered with gold, and examined by SEM. When examined the sweated sample by SEM, the change of wax matrix underneath the surface from fine, uniform structure to coarse, nonuniform structure was observed, which was resulted from the caking of surrounding wax matrix. That is, the oil underneath the surface was migrated to the surface of lipstick with sweating, consequently the wax matrix at that region was rearranged into the coarse matrix. In case of flamed lipstick, sweating was delayed and the wax matrix was much coarser than that of unflamed one. Its larger wax matrix at surface region was good for including oil. The effect of molding temperature on sweating was also studied. As the molding temperature was increased, sweating was greatly reduced and the size of wax matrix was increased. It was also found that sweating was influenced with the compatinility of wax and oil. A formula consisting of wax and oil which have good compatibility has a tendency of reduced sweating and increased size of wax matrix. When pigment was added to wax and oil. It was also found that sweating was influenced with the passage of time by observing a thick membrane of wax on surface of lipstick after a month from molding. In case of some lipsticks, the size of wax matrix was altered to bigger or smaller. In conclusion, the structure of wax matrix at the surface region of lipstick was changed with the process of foaming, molding temperature, compatibility of wax and oil, addition of pigment, and the passage of time. In most cases, as the size of wax matrix was increased, sweating was reduced and delayed.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.201-212
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• 2003

This study analyzed the objective indicators of household economic structures, such as income, expenditure, and debts, as well as a subjective evaluation of economic standards, and compared the households of commuting couples (so called Weekend couples) with those of non-commuting couples. Findings of this study are as follows. First, both husbands and wives in commuter marriages had a higher level of education, were younger, had poorer health, and had shorter working hours than the couples in non-commuter marriages. Second, commuting couples had a significantly higher income than non-commuting couples. In addition, commuting couples had a greater amount of savings, had a higher cost of living, and lower debts than non-commuting couples. Third, commuting couples evaluated their status of household economy more negatively than non-commuting couples. Despite the fact that the commuting couples were more affluent in terms of the objective indicators, including income, savings, and assets, their level of health and psychological well-being were compromised. Lastly, factors determining commuter marriages were the number of years the husband has spent in his job, and the husband's level of education. The shorter the tenure of the husband's job, and the higher the level of husband's education, the more likely the couple was in a commuter marriage.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2002

각 개인이 발생하는 통행 행태와 이들 가구 구성원간의 연관관계 및 영향에 대한 이해는 활동기반모형의 궁극적 목표라 할 수 있는 미래의 활동패턴 예측의 가장 기본이 되는 연구사항이라 할 수 있다. 일반적인 회귀 모형의 경우 개인의 활동/통행 패턴을 알아내기 위하여 모집단으로부터 수집되는 개인자료는 가구라는 부분모집단으로 세분화되어 계층적 구조(Hierarchical structure)의 성향을 고려하지 못하고 있어, 그 결과는 편이된 추정치를 낳는다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 계층적 구조를 갖고 있는 자료를 이용하여 다수준 모형(Multi-Level Model)을 사용하여 개인의 활동/통행 패턴 영향을 규명해내고 활동/통행 패턴의 변화를 가구수준의 변동과 개인수준의 변동으로 나누어 분석하였다. 사용된 자료는 미국 Puget Sound 지역의 Transportation Panel 자료(PSTP)를 이용하였다. 분석 결과 개인의 통행사슬 발생모형에서 가구수준의 변동이 전체변동의 1/4를 차지하고 생계활동 지속시간 모형에서는 전체 변동의 1/8을 차지하는 등의 매우 큰 값을 나타내어 개인의 활동/통행 패턴 분석시 다수준 모형을 통한 분석의 필요성이 대두되었다.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.599-609
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• 1999

Neural networks are explored as an alternative to a regres-sion model for prediction of the number of daily household vehicular trips. This study focuses on contrasting a neural network model with a regression model in term of variable selection as well as the appli-cation of these models for prediction of extreme observations, The differences in the models regarding data transformation variable selec-tion and multicollinearity are considered. The results indicate that the neural network model is a viable alternative to the regression model for addressing both messy data problems and limitation in variable structure specification.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제41권11호
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• pp.151-169
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• 2003

This study is to investigate the important factor for household private education expenditure. Especially, this study analyzed the influence of financial management characteristics. For this, the income level is classified by comparative poverty and analyzed the influence power The data for this study was "the Korean Labor Panel" conducted by Korea Labor Institute in 2000. The result showed the demographic factors by the income level and financial characteristics have big difference. Also, income level affects private education expenditure. For lower income level, demographic factors affect more than financial factors. This result explained the private education expenditure as luxurious goods. For middle income level, financial factors affect more than demographic factors. This explained the private education expenditure as choice goods. For upper income level, the private education expenditure was explained as investment goods.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제2호
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• pp.17-21
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to compare the spatial structures for household activities according to the house size. multi-Dimentional Scaling analysis was done, using questinonaire data from 349 middle income housewives living in apartment in the area of Captital region. This was an extended article of previous one. In case of house whose size was less than 20 Pyung, washing cloth and bathing behavior took place in the same place whereas in other house size, bathing behavior was incoperated into various behaviors usually shown in the bedroom. The ideal structure in the house of 20 Pyung's showed home office space closer to the bedroom area whereas in others it appeared independently.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.107-120
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to figure out the wife's employment and family economic structure of urban establishing families. For this purpose 274 establishing families in Seoul and its metropolitan area were interviewed through the standardized questionnares. Finally 264 questionnares were analyzed. The major findings were as follows; 1. The 23.9% of respondents had full-time job and 12.1% had part-time job. The major reason of nonemployment was child-rearing problems. And most ofthem answered that they would have job if child-rearing problems were sloved. 2. In both full-time and part-time job wives, the employment rate of high educational level's wives was high-relatively. 3. Total household monthly income of full-time job women was higher than the ones of part-time job and full-time wives. In total monthly income of full-time job women, the rate of wife's income was about 38%. 4. The costs of clothings, the cost of traffic and the total expenditures of full-time wife's household were higher than the ones of the other households. 5. The saving rate of the urban establishing families was about 27%.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.75-90
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of informazation on the structure of family life. This study adapted the theory of family life structure to analyze these influences. this theory viewed the components of family structure as ‘family culture’, ‘means for living’, ‘household management’, ‘family relations’, ‘time’, and ‘living space’. Related research works conducted in the several disciplines and the statistics were used, The informazation had great impacts on the structures of family life. Some impacts wre desirable but undesirable impacts were also found. Some recommendations were made improve the quality of family life in the society of informazation.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제10권
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• pp.53-65
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• 1992

The purposes of this study are to examine the structural differences between the agriculture of Korea and Japan, to clarify the characteristics of Korean agriculture and to determine the extent of development of agriculture in Korea as compared to Japan, In order to do this, the existing literature research reports and secondary data of both countries were used. The main findings are as follows : 1) The percentages of upland fields have inclined to increase in Japan, while those of paddy fields have increased in Korea. However, the size of cultivated land per farm is about the same. 2) The percentage of part-time household was 85% in Japan, against 22% in Korea. 3) Farm household income was more than non-farm household income in Japan, wherease : 92% was non-farm household income in Korea. 4) The farm mechanization is more advanced in Japan than Korea. In conclusion, Korea legs behind Japan in the following areas: (1) Farm mechanization (2) the structure of food consumption ; (3) industrialization and urbanization in Korea progressed more rapidly as compared with Japan ; (4) industry became overconcentrated in the Seoul metropolitan area.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.769-782
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• 2020

Interest in fruit and vegetables has increased due to changes in consumer consumption patterns, socioeconomic status, and family structure. This study determined the factors influencing the demand for fruit and vegetables (strawberries, paprika, tomatoes and cherry tomatoes) using a panel of Rural Development Administration household-level purchases from 2010 to 2018 and compared the ability to the prediction performance. An artificial neural network model was constructed, linking household characteristics with final food expenditure. Comparing the analysis results of the artificial neural network with the results of the panel model showed that the artificial neural network accurately predicted the pattern of the consumer panel data rather than the fixed effect model. In addition, the prediction for strawberries was found to be heavily affected by the number of families, retail places and income, while the prediction for paprika was largely affected by income, age and retail conditions. In the case of the prediction for tomatoes, they were greatly affected by age, income and place of purchase, and the prediction for cherry tomatoes was found to be affected by age, number of families and retail conditions. Therefore, a more accurate analysis of the consumer consumption pattern was possible through the artificial neural network model, which could be used as basic data for decision making.