• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.18-22
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• 2007

The optimum production condition for the antibiotic from Bacillus thuringiensis BK4 was determined, and the suppression rate of Fusarium-wilt by the butanol-extracted antibiotic was verified by employing tomatoes in vitro and in vivo pot tests. Cell growth and antifungal activity were the best when 0.5% xylose and 0.2% peptone No.3 were given as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, in the presence of 5mM $CaCl_2$. The partially purified antibiotic successfully prevented Fusarium oxysporum pathogen in pot experiments. When the pots were treated with both live cells and the partially purified antibiotic, an additive-effect was seen in the suppression of Fusarium-wilt, but synergistic effect was not detected. The antibiotic, denoted BK4, purified by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography was eluted with a single peak at a retention time of 38 min. on prep-HPLC; Minimum inhibition concentration of the homogenous antibiotic was determined to be 50${\mu}$g/ml.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.1644-1650
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• 1969

In the design of general hydrological structures, it is well know that the design flood is of importance in the design of those structures. As the design flood is estimated using the design storm, the design storm is defined by the rainfall intensity itself. Though I had studied and reported many times the reports about the rainfall-intensity in my country, poorly I did not study the long-period variation of the intensity through each section in my country before. But now, in the basin area of the Han river and the Keum river, the self-recorded rainfall charts of the single storms, which are mostly above rainfall amount of 30mm and data of about 4500 with the 150 stationyear, were analyzed, And then, the intensity formula of the hourly unit is estimated using the period from 10 minutes to 5 days. The method to analyze and estimate them, and the final results will be summarized as mentioned below: (i) At first I intended to select out the homogeneous watersheds of three, one in the Han river and two in the Keum river. But I would select the northern and the sourthern river basins, and westward from Koan station, in the basins of the Han river. Also I would select the upstream area, and the downstream area including the watershed of Chungioo, Kongjoo, Chupungryung, and the Mt. Sock, in the basins of the Keum river. Finally, I could find that there couldn't in the Keum river basin. So, I decided out and analyze only river basins of the Han river with limitation mentioned above. (ii) The statistical method to select out the homogenous watersheds is the test of homogeneous variance, and it is estimated from the following equation: $$X_{k1}^2=[{\Sigma}(n_i-1)log\bar{S^2}-\Sigma(n_i-1)log\bar{S^2}]{\times}loge$$ (iii) Actually, each homogeneous watershed has individually its own intensity formula, But I would express them as the actual amount, because the equation of intensity variance is experiential and theoretical equation of the variance. Therefore the caluating equation is actually more convenient in the actual uses. (iv) This report is one of the series for me to give the basis to the actual designs. The cost for this study is provided by the Ministry of Construction. And the designs of the hydrological structures in the watersheds with limitation mentioned above may be concerned with and based upon this report.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.133-144
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• 2013

It is commonplace to refer to the Nordic countries of Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Iceland as a distinctive and homogenous welfare regime. As far as social housing is concerned, however, the institutional heritage of the respective countries significantly frames the ways in which social housing is understood, regulated and subsidized, and, in turn, how housing regimes respond to the general challenges to the national welfare states. The paper presents a historical institutionalist approach to understanding the diversity of regime responses in the modern era characterized by increasing marketization, welfare criticism and internationalization. The aim is to provide outside readers a theoretically guided empirical insight into Scandinavian social housing policy. The paper first lines up the core of the inbuilt argument of historical institutionalism in housing policy. Secondly, it briefly introduces the distinctive ideal typical features of the five housing regimes, which reveals the first internal distinction between the universal policies of Sweden and Denmark selective policies of Iceland and Finland. The Norwegian case constitutes a transitional model from general to selective during the past quarter of a decade. The third section then concentrates on the differences between Denmark, Sweden and Norway in which social housing is, our was originally, embedded in a universal welfare policy targeting the general level of housing quality for the entire population. Differences stand out, however, between finance, ownership, regulation and governance. The historical institutional argument is, that these differences frame the way in which actors operating on the respective policy arenas can and do respond to challenges. Here, in this section we lose Norway, which de facto has come to operate in a residual manner, due to contemporary effects of the long historical heritage of home ownership. The fourth section then discusses the recent challenges of welfare criticism, internationalization and marketization to the universal models in Denmark and Sweden. Here, it is argued that the institutional differences between the Swedish model of municipal ownership and the Danish model of independent cooperative social housing associations provides different sources of resistance to the prospective dismantlement of social housing as we know it. The fifth section presents the recent Danish reform of the governance model of social housing policy in which the housing associations are conceived of as 'dialogue partners' in the local housing policy, expected to create solutions to, rather than produce problems in social housing areas. The reform testifies to the strategic ability of the Danish social housing associations to employ their historically grounded institutional relative independence of the public system.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.313-320
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• 1989

In capacitive heating device, which considered efficient for deep heating, parallel arrangement of the electrodes is a serious limiting factor in heating for eccentrically located lesions because it causes overheating of the exposed ipsilateral skin surface, the heating pattern is also frequently inappropriate, and the arrangement tends to be unstable due to the patient's gravity. Therefore we attempted an angular arrangement of the electordes to achieve more homogenous and efficient heating for such lesions. In phantom study, both the thermal profile and thermogram established the heating pattern in this unusual angular arrangement of the electrodes at $60^{\circ},\;90^{\circ}\; and\;120^{\circ}$ angles, respectively. An angular arrangement was also clinically applied to 3 patients. The patients' tolerance was good without significant complication and the thermal distribution was satisfactory. In conclusion, this unusual arrangement of electrodes appears to be promising in the clinical application to the eccentrically located lesions.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.991-995
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• 1996

Renal size(length, width and height) of rabbits was measured by radiographs and nephrosonograms and compared with actual size. After measuring on the radiographs and nephrograms, both kidneys were removed from the body and actual size was also measured. On radiographs, right kidney was observed at the T13-L2 vertebrae and left kidney was at L2-L4 vertebrae. On nephrosonograms, the renal cortex was visible as small, homogenous echoes that were hypoechoic relative to the surrounding tissues, whereas the renal medulla was anechoic to slightly hypoechoic. The actual length, width and height of the left kidney were $35.84{\pm}3.12(mean{\pm}SD)$, $23.52{\pm}3.21$, $15.11{\pm}2.58cm$, respectively, whereas those of the right kidney were $36.02{\pm}3.42$, $23.69{\pm}3.50$ and $14.13{\pm}3.55cm$, respectively. On radiographs, the length and width of both kidneys were a little magnified(102-104%) when compared to actual size. On nephrosonograms, the length, width and height of bothkidneys were lessened(70-96 %) when compared to actual size. The length and width of kidney were 1.85 and 1.25 times the length of the second lumbar vertebrae on the ventrodorsal view. In correlation and correlation coefficient of body weight with the renal size, the body weight and renal size were significantly correlated with each other other(p<0.01) and the correlation coefficents of body weight with left, right and both Kindneys were 0.748, 0.794 and 0.859, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.3 s.83
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• pp.328-333
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• 2007

Genetic diversity and population structure of eleven Liriope platyphylla (Liliaceae) populations in Korea were determined using genetic variation at 20 allozyme loci. The percent of polymorphic loci within the enzymes was 55.9%. Genetic diversity at the species level and at the population level was high(Hes = 0.178; Hep = 0.168, respectively), whereas the extent of the population divergence was relatively low ($G_{ST}$ = 0.064). $F_{IS}$, a measure of the deviation from random mating within the 11 populations, was 0.311. Total genetic diversity values ($H_T$) varied between 0.0 and 0.535, giving an average over all polymorphic loci of 0.323. The interlocus variation in within population genetic diversity ($H_S$) was high (0.305). An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm = 3.66) indicates that gene flow is high among Korean populations of the species. In addition, analysis of fixation indices revealed a substantial heterozygosity deficiency in some populations and at some loci. Mean genetic identity between populations was 0.988. It is highly probable that directional toward genetic uniformity in a relatively the homogenous habitat is thought to be operated among Korean populations of L. platyphylla.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.34-40
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• 2012

$Pt_{10}$/C, $Pt_9Mn_1$/C, $Pt_7Mn_3$/C electrocatalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells(PEMFCs) were synthesized by reduction with HCHO and their activity as a oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) was examined at half cell. The electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) was studied by using a glaasy carbon electrode through cyclic voltammetric curves(CV) in a 1 M $H_2SO_4$ solution. The ORR activities of $Pt_9Mn_1$/C were higher than $Pt_{10}$/C, $Pt_7Mn_3$/C. Also potential-current curves of $Pt_9Mn_1$/C at 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6V for 5minutes respectively were higher than $Pt_{10}$/C, $Pt_7Mn_3$/C. Physical characterization was made by using x-ray diffraction(XRD) and transmission electron microscope(TEM). The TEM images of $Pt_9Mn_1$/C, $Pt_{10}$/C catalysts showed homogenous particle distribution with particle size of about 2.7 nm, 3 nm respectively and then the XRD results showed that the crystalline structure of the synthesized catalysts are seen FCC structure.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.51-62
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• 2012

According to the Lighthill and Whitham's shock wave model, a shock wave exists even in a homogeneous speed condition. They referred this wave as unobservable- analogous to a radio wave that cannot be seen. Recent research has attempted to identify how such a counterintuitive conclusion results from the Lighthill and Whitham's shock wave model, and derive a new asymptotical shock wave model. The asymptotical model showed that the shock wave in a homogenous speed traffic stream is identical to the ambient vehicle speed. Thus, no radio wave-like shock wave exists. However, performance tests of the asymptotical model using numerical values have not yet been performed. We investigated the new asymptotical model by examining the implications of the new model, and tested it using numerical values based on a test scenario. Our investigation showed that the only difference between both models is in the third term of the equations, and that this difference has a crucial role in the model output. Incorporation of model parameter${\alpha}$ is another distinctive feature of the asymptotical model. This parameter makes the asymptotical model more flexible. In addition, due to various choices of ${\alpha}$ values, model calibration to accommodate various traffic flow situations is achievable. In Lighthill and Whitham's model, this is not possible. Our numerical test results showed that the new model yields significantly different outputs: the predicted shock wave speeds of the asymptotical model tend to lean toward the downstream direction in most cases compared to the shock wave speeds of Lighthill and Whitham's model for the same test environment. Statistical tests of significance also indicate that the outputs of the new model are significantly different than the corresponding outputs of Lighthill and Whitham's model.

• The Korean Journal of Urological Oncology
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.178-186
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• 2017

Purpose: Poloxamer 407 (P407) thermo-sensitive hydrogel formulations were developed to enhance the retention time in the urinary bladder after intravesical instillation. Materials and Methods: P407 hydrogels (P407Gels) containing 0.2 w/w% fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FD, MW 4 kDa) as a fluorescent probe were prepared by the cold method with different concentrations of the polymer (20, 25, and 30 w/w%). The gel-forming capacities were characterized in terms of gelation temperature (G-Temp), gelation time (G-Time), and gel duration (G-Dur). Homogenous dispersion of the probe throughout the hydrogel was observed by using fluorescence microscopy. The in vitro bladder simulation model was established to evaluate the retention and drug release properties. P407Gels in the solution state were administered to nude mice via urinary instillation, and the in vivo retention behavior of P407Gels was visualized by using an in vivo imaging system (IVIS). Results: P407Gels showed a thermo-reversible phase transition at $4^{\circ}C$ (refrigerated; sol) and $37^{\circ}C$ (body temperature; gel). The G-Temp, G-Time, and G-Dur of FD-free P407Gels were approximately $10^{\circ}C-20^{\circ}C$, 12-30 seconds, and 12-35 hours, respectively, and were not altered by the addition of FD. Fluorescence imaging showed that FD was spread homogenously in the gelled P407 solution. In a bladder simulation model, even after repeated periodic filling-emptying cycles, the hydrogel formulation displayed excellent retention with continuous release of the probe over 8 hours. The FD release from P407Gels and the erosion of the gel, both of which followed zero-order kinetics, had a linear relationship ($r^2=0.988$). IVIS demonstrated that the intravesical retention time of P407Gels was over 4 hours, which was longer than that of the FD solution (<1 hour), even though periodic urination occurred in the mice. Conclusions: FD release from P407Gels was erosion-controlled. P407Gels represent a promising system to enhance intravesical retention with extended drug delivery.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare
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• no.58
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• pp.231-262
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• 2017

South Korea has long been a culturally homogenous society, yet the increasing number of immigrants has turned the country into a multicultural society. Therefore, many empirical studies have investigated the way immigrants adapt to the Korean society and its associated factors. However, examining the overall process of migration (from family separation to reunification and cultural adaptation to the host society) that immigrant youth usually experience has been understudied. Previous empirical research and theoretical work have identified prominent factors that predict immigrant youth's mental health: experiences of family separation, living with others rather than primary caretakers during the separation, the length of residency in the host society, and family and peer support. In this respect, this exploratory and preliminary study that examined whether the experience of migration process and post-migration are related to Korean immigrant youth's mental health problems (depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation). The result indicated that longer duration of family separation; living with relatives, siblings; and friends rather than primary caretakers during the separation; receiving less support from family and peer after migration; and a lower degree of cultural adaptation to Korean culture were associated with depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Drawing upon the results, this study discussed implications for policy and practice.