• 한국농공학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.45-57
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• 1998

This study was conducted to derive optimal design floods by Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution for the annual maximum series at ten watersheds along Han, Nagdong, Geum, Yeongsan and Seomjin river systems. Adequacy for the analysis of flood data used in this study was established by the tests of Independence, Homogeneity, detection of Outliers. L-coefficient of variation, L-skewness and L-kurtosis were calculated by L-moment ratio respectively. Parameters were estimated by the Methods of Moments and L-Moments. Design floods obtained by Methods of Moments and L-Moments using different methods for plotting positions in GEV distribution were compared by the Relative Mean Errors(RME) and Relative Absolute Errors(RAE). The results were analyzed and summarized as follows. 1. Adequacy for the analysis of flood data was acknowledged by the tests of Independence, Homogeneity and detection of Outliers. 2. GEV distribution used in this study was found to be more suitable one than Pearson type 3 distribution by the goodness of fit test using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and L-Moment ratios diagram in the applied watersheds. 3. Parameters for GEV distribution were estimated using Methods of Moments and L-Moments. 4. Design floods were calculated by Methods of Moments and L-Moments in GEV distribution. 5. It was found that design floods derived by the method of L-Moments using Weibull plotting position formula in GEV distribution are much closer to those of the observed data in comparison with those obtained by method of moments using different formulas for plotting positions from the viewpoint of Relative Mean Errors and Relative Absolute Errors.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농공학회 2005년도 학술발표논문집
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• pp.284-287
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• 2005

The objective of this study is to check into variation trends of design rainfall according to change of the number of years for observed data. To make comparative study of the relation between design rainfall and recorded year, this study was used maximum rainfall for 24-hr consecutive duration at Gangneung, Seoul, Incheon, Chupungnyeong, Pohang, Daegu, Jeonju, Ulsan, Gwangju, Busan, Mokpo and Yeosu rainfall stations. The tests for Independence, Homogeneity and detection of outliers were used Wald-Wolfowitz's test, Mann-Whitney's test and Grubbs and Beck test respectively. To select appopriate distribution, the distribution of genaralized pareto(GPA), generalized extreme value(GEV), generalized logistic(GLO), lognormal and pearson type 3 distribution is judged by L-moment ratio diagram and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test. Design rainfall was estimated by at-site frequency analysis using L-moments and Generalized extreme value(GEV) distribution according to change of the number of years for observed data. Through the comparative analysis for design rainfall induced by L-moments and GEV distribution, relationship between design rainfall and recorded year is provided.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제49권8호
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• pp.645-656
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 금강유역에 대한 지역홍수빈도분석을 실시하고 재현기간에 따른 홍수량을 추정하는 관계식을 제안하였다. 유역 내 유량자료의 수문학적 독립성과 동질성에 대한 검증을 위하여 Lag-1 자기상관성 분석, 동질성 검정, 이상치 검정, 불일치척도 검정을 수행하였다. 검정 결과, 금강유역의 대상 관측소들은 시간에 대하여 독립적이고 동질적 모집단에 속하며 이상치는 없었다. 일반 극치 분포(GEV), 3변수 대수정규 분포(LN-III), 피어슨-III 분포(P-III), 일반 로지스틱 분포(GLO), 일반 파레토 분포(GPA) 등 5개의 3변수 확률분포함수에 대한 L-모멘트비도와 평균가중거리(AWD), 그리고 $Z^{DIST}$ 적합도 산정 결과, GLO 분포함수가 금강유역의 최적 확률분포형으로 선정되었다. GLO 분포를 바탕으로 지역홍수빈도를 추정하는 회귀모형을 제안하였고, 강경 관측소의 관측 유량을 이용하여 회귀모형의 적용성을 검증하였다.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.65-79
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of structured patient education on knowledge of Hepatitis B type and behavior about self care in chronic hepatitis B patients, and to fine the strategy to promote their self care behavior. The research design was quasi-experiment research. The study method had been done by investigating the experimental group and control group through the questionnaire on 50 patients who had been out patient medicine department in U university hospital in Ulsan from september 1st 1997 to the end of October, 1997. The analysis of the collected material had been done for the homogeneity test in which general characterics of experimental group and control group had been tested by $x^2-test$ and the homogeneity test of the knowledge of hepatitis B type and self care behavior before by t-test. To test the hypothesis the t-test had been given for the difference of the knowledge of hepatitis B type and self care behavior between the two groups and the correlation between knowledge of hepatitis B type and self care behavior performance had been tested by Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results as follows : 1. The 1st hypothesis 'The experimental group which received the structured education should be higher in the knowledge of hepatitis B type than the control group' was supported(t=-6.25, P=.000). 2. The 2nd hypothesis 'The experimental group which received the structured education whould be higher in the self care behavior performance than the control group' was supported(t=-5.15, P=.000). 3. The 3rd hypothesis 'The higher the knowledge of hepatitis B type in the patient the higher the self care behavior performance degree' was supported(r=.492, P=.001). In conclusion, the patients who received the structured education showed the increase in the degree of knowledge of hepatitis B type and self care behavior performance. so the structured education had been judged the nursing intervention had been prerequisite in increasing knowledge of hepatitis B type and self care behavior performance of the chronic hepatitis B patients.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.111-120
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• 2022

Objective: This study investigated the effect of pelvic tiltng according to the paralytic side on gait in stroke patients during a 10 m functional movement timed up and go (TUG) test. Method: In this study, gait parameters were measured using a gait analyzer for 20 stroke patients and their gait was analyzed during a 10 m TUG test. For statistical analysis, an independent sample t-test were performed for age, height, and weight among general characteristics of subjects and homogeneity was tested by performing a chi-square test for gender, paralysis side, period of onset, and K-MMSE score. In order to understand the relationship between each variable, Pearson correlation analysis was performed on the variables. Results: First, the right-hand paralyzed group showed correlations in cadence and gait velocity in the up and down tilt of the pelvis, and the left-hand paralyzed group showed correlations in cadence and step length in the anterior and posterior tilt of the pelvis. Second, the tilt of the pelvis was correlated with the Sit to stand, walk forward, walk backwards, turn around at the end point, sit on a chair and the total TUG time in the right hemiplegic group compared to the left hemiplegic group. Conclusion: In this study, a significant correlation was confirmed as a result of gait analysis of right-handed stroke patients divided into a right paraplegic group and a left paraplegic group. In the future, it is suggested that treatment for improving gait of stroke patients should be treated differently for the right and left paralyzed side.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.83-95
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• 1997

This study was conducted to derive optimal design floods by Gamma distribution models of the annual maximum series at eight watersheds along Geum , Yeong San and Seom Jin river Systems, Design floods obtained by different methods for evaluation of parameters and for plotting positions in the Gamma distribution models were compared by the relative mean errors and graphical fit along with 95% confidence interval plotted on Gamma probability paper. The results were analyzed and summarized as follows. 1.Adequacy for the analysis of flood flow data used in this study was confirmed by the tests of Independence, Homogeneity and detection of Outliers. 2.Basic statistics and parameters were calculated by Gamma distribution models using Methods of Moments and Maximum Likelihood. 3.It was found that design floods derived by the method of maximum likelihood and Hazen plotting position formular of two parameter Gamma distribution are much closer to those of the observed data in comparison with those obtained by other methods for parameters and for plotting positions from the viewpoint of relative mean errors. 4.Reliability of derived design floods by both maximum likelihood and method of moments with two parameter Gamma distribution was acknowledged within 95% confidence interval.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 1998

Once a contingency table is constructed, the first interest will be the hypotheses of either homogeneity or independence depending on the sampling scheme. The most widely used test statistic in practice is the classical Pearson's $\chi^2$ statistic. When the null hypothesis is rejected, another natural interest becomes which cell contributed to the rejection of the null hypothesis more than others. For this purpose, so called cell $\chi^2$ components are investigated. In this paper, the influence function of a cell to the $\chi^2$ statistic is derived, which can be used for the same purpose. This function measures the effect of each cell to the $\chi$$^2$ statistic. A numerical example is given to demonstrate the role of the new function.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.912-922
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of supportive nursing on stress reaction of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. The nonequivalent control group pre-test/post-test design was used for this experimental study. The subjects were 32 patients who were receiving chemotherapy after mastectomies at K hospital in Taegu from June, 1994 to June 1995. Among 32 subjects, 16 were placed in the experimental group and 16 in the control group. The experimental and control groups were tested for general characteristics, trait anxiety, health locus of control, family support, state anxiety, hopelessness, physical stress, and anxiety behavior. Collected data was analized by means of a chisquare test and a t-test for the comparative analysis of the general characteristics and homogeneity of subjects. ANOVA, and MANOVA were used for testing the hypothesis. Reliability of the tools were analyzed using the Pearson Correlation coefficient. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The hypothesis : The stress reaction of the experimental group which took supportive nursing was lower than the stress reaction of the control group : this was supported statistically. The main variable influenced in stress reaction was hopelessness. Supportive nursing for breast cancer patients, who are receiving chemotherapy, was especially effective in the reduction of hopelessness compared to state anxiety, physical stress, and anxiety behavior. 2. An analysis of the difference on stress reaction, according to the frequency of supportive nursing between the control and experimental group, showed the level of hopelessness of the experimental group was lower than the control group after four supportive meeting sessions. But there was no statistical difference in state anxiety, physical stress, and anxiety behavior. In conclusion, this study supported utilization of supportive care as well as demonstrating the effectiveness of the System-Developmental Stress Model developed by Chrisman and Riehl-Sisca.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.28-37
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• 2004

Background: Lumbar joint dysfunction is reported to be the main cause of lower back pain (LBP). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of joint dysfunction on the postural balance of the lower hack and pelvis in different normal activities such as walking or stair management. Also it was studied whether the status of LBP (intensity and duration of LBP, length of treatment) contributes to die pelvic height difference (PHD) in various postures. Subjects: 28 patients with LBP and 32 normal adult volunteers, 60 years of age or younger, who came to the Community Health Center and orthopedic clinics in Incheon, South Korea. Methods: In order to determine the accuracy of the manual angulometer method in measuring the PHD, it was compared to the pelvic x-ray method in selected subjects. In the manual angulometer method, the arm of the angulometer was placed on the top of both iliac crests. The PHD was measured in static upright stance, then one-legged stance, on the affected leg or unaffected leg each time. Information regarding the disease status was obtained through interviews. Visual assessment scale was used to grade the intensity of LBP. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 10.0/PC program. Homogeneity between the two groups was tested by 2-test and t-test. To compare the PHD of the subgroups, we used t-test, F-test and two-way ANOVA. Relationships among dependent variables were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Conclusion: In patients with LBP, lumbar joint dysfunction causes lumbar and pelvic postural asymmetry during normal activities.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2019

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between static and dynamic balance according to the virtual reality-based squat and conventional squat exercise. Methods : Twenty four participants were randomly assigned to the virtual reality-based squat (VRS) group (n=12) or conventional squat (CS) group (n=12). The static balance (C90 area, C90 angle, trace length, sway average velocity) and dynamic balance (forward, rearward, leftward, rightward) were measured using a force plate by BT4. The VRS group used the virtual reality system during 4 weeks, while the CS group underwent classical squat training. Independent t-test was used to test the homogeneity of the general characteristics of the subjects. The collected data was analyzed using the paired t-test for static and dynamic balance comparisons before and after exercise in both groups and Pearson's test for the correlation between static and dynamic balance according to the measured time. The significance level was set to 0.05. Results : There was no significant correlation between group and static and dynamic balance related variables (p>.05). There was a significant correlation between measurement time and static and dynamic balance related variables (p<.05). According to the measurement time, the static balance parameter C90 area in the VRS group after exercise was significantly decreased (p<.05). The values of forward, leftward and rightward in the VRS group were significantly increased after exercise (p<.05). Conclusion : It is suggested that 20 normal healthy adult men and women who have normal balance ability can improve their ability to control their posture by improving the balance ability when applying virtual reality-based squat exercise.