• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.281-287
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• 1995

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of different inclusion levels of urea treated whole-crop wheat silage (UWCWS) in grass silage based rations on the performance of growing beef cattle. The winter wheat (variety, Riband) was harvested (in the summer of 1991) at a dry matter proportion of 520 g/kg and treated with feed grade urea at the rate of 37 kg/tonne crop dry matter and preserved in a heavy duty plastic bag using a silo press. The urea treated whole crop wheat silage (UWCWS) was mixed with grass silage to replace 0.00 (S100), 0.33 (S33) and 0.67 (S67) parts of the forage dry matter and fed ad libitum in a cross over design to 18 Simmental X Holstein Friesian growing beef animals. Two energy sources {one high in starch, rolled barley (RB) and one high in digestible fibre, sugar beet pulp (SBP)} were fed to supply sufficient energy for the efficient use of nitrogen by the rumen micro-organisms. The data on DMIF (dry matter intake of forage), TDMI (total dry matter intake), DLWG (daily live weight gain), FCR (feed conversion ratio) were recorded and faecal samples were collected to determine the digestibility coefficients. Results revealed that with the inclusion of UWCW in the animals' diets the DMI of the forage was significantly increased (p < 0.05). The highest DMIF was found in the treatment "S33" ($6.28{\pm}0.25kg$) where 67% of the silage dry matter was replaced with the UWCW and the lowest value for DMIF was observed in the control treatment ($5.03{\pm}0.23kg$). The DLWG did not differ significantly between the treatments. However, treatment "S100" showed a trend towards a superior DLWG. Feed conversion ratio in the control treatment differed significantly from "S67" and "S33". The addition of the UWCW in the animals' diet resulted in the lower FCR There was no effect of type of energy supplement on any aspect of performance either overall or in interaction with grass silage: UWCWS ratio. The regression and correlation coefficients for DMIF (r = 5.22 + 0.0184x*), DLWG (r = $1.04-0.00086x^{NS}$) and FCR (r = 4.78 = 0.022x*) on the inclusion of UWCW in the diet were calculated. The effect of the inclusion of UWCW on the overall digestibility coefficients was significant (p < 0.05). The addition of the UWCWS in the diet decreased the digestibility of the DM, OM, ADF and NFE but effect on the protein digestibility was non significant. The results of present study suggests that a DLWG slightly over 1 kg can be achieved with UWCW during the store period (period in which animal performance targets are low especially during winter) and the prediction of ME was overestimated as the high intake of DM did not reflect in improved animal performance.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2001년도 발생공학 국제심포지움 및 학술대회 발표자료집
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• pp.37-43
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• 2001

1. About fifty thousand of cattle embryos were transferred and 16000 ET-calves were born in 1999. Eighty percents of embryos were collected from Japanese Black beef donors and transferred to dairy Holstein heifers and cows. Since 1985, we have achieved in bovine in vitro fertilization using immature oocytes Collected from ovaries of slaughterhouse. Now over 8000 embryos fertilized by Japanese Black bull, as Kitaguni 7 -8 or Mitsufuku, famousbulls as high marbling score of progeny tests were sold to dairy farmers and transferred to their dairy cattle every year. 2. Embryo splitting for identical twins is demonstrated an useful tool to supply a bull for semen collection and a steer for beef performance test. According to the data of Dr.Hashiyada (2001), 296 pairs of split-half-embryos were transferred to recipients and 98 gave births of 112 calves (23 pairs of identical twins and 66 singletons). 3. A blastomere-nuclear-transferred cloned calf was born in 1990 by a joint research with Drs.Tsunoda, National Institute of Animal Industry (NIAI) and Ushijima, Chiba Prefectural Farm Animal Center. The fruits of this technology were applied to the production of a calf from a cell of long-term-cultured inner cell mass (1998, Itoh et al, ZEN-NOH Central Research Institute for Feed and Livestock) and a cloned calf from three-successive-cloning (1997, Tsunoda et al.). According to the survey of MAFF of Japan, over 500 calves were born until this year and a half of them were already brought to the market for beef. 4. After the report of "Dolly", in February 1997, the first somatic cell clone female calves were born in July 1998 as the fruits of the joint research organized by Dr. Tsunoda in Kinki University (Kato et al, 2000). The male calves were born in August and September 1998 by the collaboration with NIAI and Kagoshima Prefecture. Then 244 calves, four pigs and a kid of goat were now born in 36 institutes of Japan. 5. Somatic cell cloning in farm animal production will bring us an effective reproductive method of elite-dairy- cows, super-cows and excellent bulls. The effect of making copy farm animal is also related to the reservation of genetic resources and re-creation of a male bull from a castrated steer of excellent marbling beef. Cloning of genetically modified animals is most promising to making pig organs transplant to people and providing protein drugs in milk of pig, goat and cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.194-199
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• 2007

Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) on plasma hormonal concentration, embryo quality, and pregnancy rate were examined during the superovulation and synchronization treatment in donor and recipient cows. Hanwoos (Korean native beef cattle) were treated with controlled internal drug release (CIDR) combined with bST (CIDR+bST) or without bST (CIDR) as donor cows. The embryos recovered from donors were transferred into Holstein recipient heifers treated with bST (CIDR+bST) or without bST (CIDR) for synchronization. The correlation between IGF-I and P4 showed a positive pattern in the CIDR+bST group (r=0.44, p<0.01), but a negative pattern was shown in the CIDR group (r = -0.59, p<0.02) at day 7 of estrous cycles. Although the number of recovered, transferable, and degenerated embryos was not different, quantities of grade 1 (excellent) embryos in CIDR+bST group were significantly higher than those of the CIDR group (p<0.01). The pregnancy rate was higher in the CIDR+bST recipient group compared to CIDR group (p<0.05), when the embryos were recovered from the donors treated with CIDR. However, the pregnancy was maintained highly in both recipient groups, when the embryos were produced by CIDR+bST treated donors. It can be concluded that bST administration combined with CIDR is an effective method for superovulation and synchronization treatment to stabilize plasma hormonal levels, to obtain excellent quality of embryos, and to get higher pregnancy rate.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1266-1270
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• 2006

This study was carried out to determine the contents of vitamins A and E in carcass fat from Japanese Black and F1 cross cattle, because the method of controlling the amount of vitamin A in feed has been used in the production of expensive beef with high marbling in Japan. We determined the contents of tocopherol and retinol in subcutaneous and perirenal fats for 40 carcasses of Japanese Black and F1 (Holstein${\times}$Japanese Black crossed) cattle that had been sent to market from 10 prefectures. In bovine fat, free ${\alpha}$-tocopherol was present in the greatest amount, the level of ${\gamma}$-tocopherol was about 10% and there was only a trace of ${\delta}$-tocopherol. The means${\pm}$standard deviation of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol content in subcutaneous and perirenal fats were $0.68{\pm}0.33mg/100g$ and $0.54{\pm}0.23mg/100g$, respectively. The means${\pm}$standard deviation of retinol content in subcutaneous and perirenal fats were $2.9{\pm}4.5{\mu}g/100g$ and $2.9{\pm}5.1{\mu}g/100g$, respectively. Both vitamins differed widely between animals and were present at a relatively low level compared to other reports (${\alpha}$-tocopherol 2.4-5.4 mg/100 g fat tissue and $30-220{\mu}g/100g$ muscle tissue). The correlation coefficients between subcutaneous and perirenal fats for retinol and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol content were 0.97 (p<0.01) and 0.82 (p<0.01), respectively, which showed high correlation. However, the correlation coefficients between retinol and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol contents for subcutaneous and perirenal fats were 0.11 and 0.08, respectively, which showed low correlation. Breed effect was observed in both vitamins. These results indicated that vitamins A and E in fat from Japanese Black and F1 cross cattle under the vitamin A controlling method are present at relatively low levels and feeds need to be supplemented with vitamin E.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.742-748
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• 2009

정육 사업에서 고기의 원산지와 종을 표기 하는 것은 육질의 판단에 영향을 미친다. 유전자 마커는 종을 판별하기 위한 증거로 사용되므로, 우리는 한우와 젖소 그리고 혼입육을 판단 할 수 있는 유전자 마커의 개발 계획을 수립하였다. 소의 모든 종은 모색 유전자에 의하여 그 종이 결정 되며 모색 유전자의 조절에 의하여 유멜라닌 또는 페오멜라닌이 합성되고, 이로 인하여 모색에 차이가 생기는 점을 이용하여, 종을 판별하는 유전자 마커로 사용된다. 암소와 수소를 판별하기 위하여 Y 염색체 상에 존재하는 성 결정 부위 유전자에 대응하는 프라이머를 제작하였다. 본 연구에서는 모색 유전자와 성 결정 유전자를 다중 중합효소연쇄반응(multiplex-PCR)을 이용하여 증폭하였고, 증폭 산물을 제한 효소 MspA1I로 소화 시켰다. 이 반응물을 변성 고성능 액체 크로마토그래피(denaturing high performance liquid chromatography, DHPLC)를 이용하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과 6가지의 크로마토그램을 확인 할 수 있었고, DHPLC 분석 방법은 한우, 젖소 그리고 혼입육을 쉽게 구별해 낼 수 있었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.419-426
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• 2002

본 시험은 성장단계별로 서로 다른 수준의 CrP를 첨가하여 성장성적, 혈액성상 및 도체품질에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 실시하였다. 시험Ⅰ에서 일당증체, 일당건물섭취량 및 사료효율에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 혈액성상에서 혈장 Glucose와 PUN의 농도에는 영향이 없었지만 혈중 인슐린의 농도는 0.05% CrP첨가구가 대조구의 2배되는 1.47ng/ml 인데 반하여 혈중 NEFA의 농도는 59.00 mEq/dl 로 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 이는 인슐린의 농도의 증가 및 인슐린의 활성의 증가로 인하여 지방합성대사가 활발히 진행된 결과로 사료된다. 이러한 결과를 도체분석결과가 뒤받침 해주고 있는데 비록 통계적인 유의차는 없지만 0.05% CrP 첨가구의 등지방두께가 대조구에 비해 22.33% 높은 3.67cm로 나타났다. 시험Ⅱ에서 비록 일당증체, 일당건물섭취량 및 사료효율에는 유의적인 차이가 없었지만(p>0.05), 첨가초기 즉 0.05% CrP 첨가구에서는 첫 60일간, 0.025% CrP 첨가구에서는 첫 120일간 대조구보다 우수한 성적을 나타냈다. 혈장 Glucose와 PUN의 농도에는 영향이 없었다. 통계적인 유의차는 없었지만 혈 중 인슐린의 농도는 0.025% CrP 첨가구는 대조구보다 8.88% 높은 1.35ng/ml로 나타났고 0.05% CrP 첨가구는 오히려 1.13ng/ml로 대조구보다 낮게 나타났다. NEFA의 농도는 시험Ⅰ에서와 같은 차이는 없었지만 CrP 첨가수준이 증가할수록 감소하는 추세를 나타냈고 등지방두께는 일정한 변화추세를 보이지 않았다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.104-108
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• 2016

본 실험은 동일 사료원료 조건에서 농후사료와 조사료를 혼합 급여하는 섬유질배합사료(TMR)와 분리급여 방식이 메탄발생량에 미치는 효과를 조사하기 위하여 홀스타인 거세 숫소 6두(평균체중 $203{\pm}24.8kg$)를 공시하여 changeover design으로 실험을 수행하였다. TMR구는 육성기용 배합사료, 티모시 건초 그리고 비지를 생중량 기준 각각 40, 48, 12% 비율로 매일 혼합 급여하였고, 분리급여구는 배합사료와 비지만을 급여 전 혼합하여 대사틀에 설치된 사료통에 먼저 넣고 그 위에 티모시를 올려주었다. 사료급여량은 공시축이 전량 섭취할 수 있도록 약 0.2 kg의 일당증체 수준으로 제한 급여하였기 때문에 처리구간 차이가 없었고, 메탄발생량(g/d)에서도 유의적인 차이가 없었다(P>0.1). 그러나 메탄 전변율(Ym, 메탄 에너지/GE intake)은 TMR구가 분리급여구 보다 유의적으로 높았다(p=0.05). 두 처리 평균 메탄 배출계수(kg $CH_4$/head/year)는 21.4였고, 평균 메탄 전변율은 0.05이었으며, 공시축의 대사체중(metabolic BW, $kg^{0.75}$)과 메탄발생량(g/d)과는 높은 상관관계($R^2=0.8057$, p<0.001)를 보였다. 반추가축의 대표적인 사료급여방식 차이가 메탄발생량에 미치는 효과에 대한 결론을 얻기 위해서는 보다 많은 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.1225-1233
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• 2017

Objective: Calving ease (CE) is a complex reproductive trait of economic importance in dairy cattle. This study was aimed to investigate the genetic merits of CE for Holsteins in Korea. Methods: A total of 297,614 field records of CE, from 2000 to 2015, from first parity Holstein heifers were recorded initially. After necessary data pruning such as age at first calving (18 to 42 mo), gestation length, and presence of sire information, final datasets for CE consisted of 147,526 and 132,080 records for service sire calving ease (SCE) and daughter calving ease (DCE) evaluations, respectively. The CE categories were ordered and scores ranged from CE1 to CE5 (CE1, easy; CE2, slight assistance; CE3, moderate assistance; CE4, difficult calving; CE5, extreme difficulty calving). A linear transformation of CE score was obtained on each category using Snell procedure, and a scaling factor was applied to attain the spread between 0 (CE5) and 100% (CE1). A sire-maternal grandsire model analysis was performed using ASREML 3.0 software package. Results: The estimated direct heritability ($h^2$) from SCE and DCE evaluations were $0.11{\pm}0.01$ and $0.08{\pm}0.01$, respectively. Maternal $h^2$ estimates were $0.05{\pm}0.02$ and $0.04{\pm}0.01$ from SCE and DCE approaches, respectively. Estimates of genetic correlations between direct and maternal genetic components were $-0.68{\pm}0.09$ (SCE) and $-0.71{\pm}0.09$ (DCE). The average direct genetic effect increased over time, whereas average maternal effect was low and consistent. The estimated direct predicted transmitting ability (PTA) was desirable and increasing over time, but the maternal PTA was undesirable and decreasing. Conclusion: The evidence on sufficient genetic variances in this study could reflect a possible selection improvement over time regarding ease of calving. It is expected that the estimated genetic parameters could be a valuable resource to formulate sire selection and breeding plans which would be directed towards the reduction of calving difficulty in Korean Holsteins.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.61-68
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• 1998

본 시험은 Holstein종 수소를 조기에 외과적 거세 후 SR-rbST 투여시 사육 단계별 건물 및 영양분 섭취량 변화에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 Holstein 수소 32두를 공시 하여 얻어진 주요 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 건물 섭취량은 비거세구와 거세구는 큰 차이 가 없었지만 rbSTl구와 rbST2구는 각각 7.88kg과 7.65kg으로 비거세구와 거세구에 비해 6~9% 정도 건물 섭취량이 적었다. 2. NRC 비육우 요구량 대비 건물 섭취율은 전체 시험 기간동안 88.5~97.7%로서 요구량을 완전히 충족시키지 못하였지만, 정미 애너지 섭취율은 건물과 달리 rbST 투여구들이 비육 후기에만 약간 부족한 반면 비거세구와 거세구는 전기간 요구량에 충족되었다. 3. 체중대비 농후사료 섭취 비율은 전체 시험기간 동안 거세구가 1.94%로 가장 높았고 rbST 투여구들 이 1.87~1.89%를 섭취하여 비거세구의 1.80% 보다 높온편이었다. 4. 사료 이용 효율은 비거세구, rbSTl구 및 rbST2 구가 각각 8.29kg, 8.l8kg 및 7.60kg으로 거세구의 9.32kg 보다 12.4%, 13.9% 및 22.6%가 개선되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1440-1444
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• 2005

To determine the effects of short-term dietary supplementation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) during nursing (from 3 to 28 days of age) on plasma BCAA levels and subsequent growths in cattle, 12 nursing male Holstein calves, randomly assigned to control and treatment groups (n = 6 in each group), orally received a daily supplement of essential BCAAs (2 g/kg body weight/day; 1:1:1 of valine, leucine and isoleucine) or not. The plasma BCAA levels increased linearly after the administration. During the treatment period, average daily gain (ADG) was lower in the treatment group (0.43${\pm}$0.07 kg/day) than the controls (0.71${\pm}$0.07 kg/day, p<0.05). However, at 2 months of age, ADG was significantly higher in the BCAA-treated group (1.16${\pm}$0.26 kg/day vs. 0.51${\pm}$0.06 kg/day, p<0.05). Furthermore, at age 8, 9 and 10 month, ADG in the treated group (1.35${\pm}$0.23, 1.46${\pm}$0.07 and 1.60${\pm}$0.16 kg/day, respectively) showed a linear increase and was significantly higher than that in the control group (0.88${\pm}$0.14, 0.70${\pm}$0.21 and 1.11${\pm}$0.11 kg/kg, respectively, p<0.05). Overall, ADG was 15.6% higher in the treatment group (1.26${\pm}$0.05 kg vs. 1.09${\pm}$0.04 kg; p<0.05). The final body weight at slaughter was 14.8% higher in the treatment group (759.5${\pm}$17.7 kg vs. 661.7${\pm}$21.2 kg, p<0.01). Thus, the supplementation of BCAAs during nursing improves ADG and carcass weight in cattle and is a useful husbandry technique for beef cattle.