• Title/Summary/Keyword: historic food culture

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The Study on the Etymology of Solontan and Sura-Sang (설렁탕, 수라상의 어원 고찰)

  • Kim, Ki-Sun
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.17-22
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    • 1997
  • The two Korean words, Solon-Tang and Su-Ra-Sang, are generally assumed as the names of Mongolian foods which seem to have been used in Korea due to the influence from the enhanced close relationships between Mongolia and Koryo. This indicates that the two words have very important meaning in stdying the relationship between the food culture in the central asia in those days and the terminologies used in the palaces in the eras of Koryo and chosun and so have attracted continuously the related scholars‘ attention. 1. The theory of folk etymology; it is originated from its cooking that first they cut meat into small pieces and put them into a cauldron and boil sulrong sulrong (which means such boiling state in that its water bubbles up) for a along time. 2. Early of the chosun time, the king himself comes to 'Sun-Nong-Dan' where he teaches the people how to farm and hold a large festival and after that they boil the cow meat soup and feed the people around there. At that time, they name and call the kuk-bub (soup with rice) which they eat at the 'Sun-Nong-Dan' 'Sun-Nong-Tang'. 3. The India Sanskrit Sura, a kind of liquid (in which component that have someone who takes it drunken) which gods enjoy themselves over, comes into the palace on the latter half of Koryo time via Mongolia and affects and becomes the Korean words. 4. The Mongol Suru or Sulru which is a cooking in that they boil meat putted in plain water comes into Korea under the special historic relation between Mongolia and becomes Solon-Tang. For the details of the above mentioned theories, we will fully discuss the origin through studying concretely the related books and mutual comparing history, linguistic periods and phonetic changes accordingly and the changes in meaning and vocabulary forms here.

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The Case Study on Understanding and Adjustment about the Family Living Culture in Marriage Emigration Females - Focused on Mothers in a Day- Care Center in Seoul - (결혼이주여성의 가정생활문화 이해 및 적응에 관한 사례 연구 -서울지역 어린이집 어머니를 대상으로-)

  • Lee, Ae-Lyeon
    • Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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    • v.14 no.4
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    • pp.299-321
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    • 2010
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate how marriage migration females understand and adjust to the culture of family life in Korea. The study was the conducted by extensively interviewing one member from each of a total of 16 women's multicultural families at a daycare center area in Seoul between June 16, 2010 and July 28, 2010. The results can be summarized as follows: All interviewees were marriage migration females, in the range 20 to 50 years of age, and with middle educational backgrounds. They all had middle-level incomes. Through the content analysis of the informants' responses, three major factors were found to influence the understanding and adjustment of to the culture of family living: personal factors, familial support, and sociocultural support systems. Among the personal factors, the intimacy of the married couples was trouble major factor. An issue that tended to arise was that Korean husbands' traditional culture in terms of their way of thinking was often different from that of the wife's culture. However, husbands supported their wives' outside activities and friendships in order to help them adjust to the culture of family living. The husbands made an effort to understand their wives' original culture and national food, often visiting restaurants that served their wives' national cuisine. In terms of familial support, the most important factors affecting marriage migration females were orienting the education of children to the mother's native language, cooking their national foods, and visiting the mother's nation with the children. Marriage migration females had the following requires: The teacher in the daycare center needed to be interested in children from multicultural families and encourage self-pride in the marriage migration females' children. In terms of sociocultural support systems, marriage migration females are conscious of the indisposition and lack of consideration in Korean life. However, the Korean government and local provinces are concentrating attention on education for marriage migration females in terms of language, because learning the language can help these women to become accustomed to the rituals of Korean life. Marriage migration females make an effort to understand and adjust to Korean family living culture that involves the food culture for ceremonial occasions, folk plays, and places of historic interest. A matter of importance is Korean people's effort to understand and adjust to multicultural family with their distinctive cultures. Welfare policy related to multicultural families involves adopting supportive laws and actions.

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An Analytical Study on the Youngjeob Dogam Youn-hyangsek Euigwae of Choson Dynasty-(1609, 1634, 1643 year)- (조선왕조(朝鮮王朝)의 영접도감(迎接都監) 연향색의궤(宴享色儀軌)에 관한 분석적(分析的) 연구(硏究) 익일연(翌日宴) 별차담(別茶啖) 및 두목연향상(頭目宴享床)의 상차림과 그 찬품구성에 관하여-(1609년(年), 1634년(年), 1643년(年)의 의궤(儀軌)를 중심(中心)으로)-)

  • Kim, Sang-Bo;Lee, Sung-Woo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.35-42
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    • 1992
  • To analyze reception dishes of Choson Dynasty, studied historic book 'Youngjeob Dogam Younhyangsek Euigwae' (1609, 1634, 1643 year) discribed feast dishes for Chinese envoy in Choson dynasty. The results obtained from this study are as follows. 1. the feast dishes consisted of the first main feast dishes (下馬宴, 上馬宴) the Second main feast dishes (翌日宴, 請宴 and etc) and the third main feast dishes (別茶啖). 2. 翌日宴 were arranged in two kinds of table, the first one called the main table, the second the confronting side table. Dishes of main table were oil and honey pastry and fruits. Dishes of the second table were cooked vegetable, dried slices of meat seasoned with spices, cooked meat and fried fish. In feast, Chinese envoy drank 11cups (1609 year) and 5 cups (1643 year) of liquor. At the first cup they abalones soup, others in a small round table (初味), a small boiled meat (小膳) and a large boiled meat (大膳), at the second cup eat 二味, at third cup eat 三味... at the eleventh cup, they eat 十一味. 3. 別茶啖 (1643 year) were arranged in one kind of table. Dishes of the table were oil and honey pastry, fruits, honey water, dried fish and meat, cooked meat and fish, and cooked egg. In feast, Chinese envoy drank 5 cups and eat 一味${\sim}$五味.

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An Analytical Study on the Youngjeob Dogam Youn-hyangsek Euigwae of Choson Dynasty-(1609, 1634, 1643 year)- (조선왕조(朝鮮王朝)의 영접도감(迎接都監) 연향색의궤(宴享色儀軌)에 관한 분석적(分析的) 연구(硏究) 하마연(下馬宴), 상마연(上馬宴)의 상(床)차림과 그 찬품구성에 관하여-(1609년(年), 1634년(年), 1643년(年)의 의궤(儀軌)를 중심(中心)으로)-)

  • Kim, Sang-Bo;Lee, Sung-Woo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.43-54
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    • 1992
  • To analyze reception dishes of Choson Dynasty, studied historic book ‘Youngjeob Dogam Younhyangsek Euigwae’ (1609, 1634, 1643 year) described feast dishes for Chinese envoy in Choson Dynasty. The results obtained from this study are as follows. 1. The feast dishes consisted of the first main feast dishes (下馬宴, 上馬宴), the second main feast dishes (翌日宴, 請宴 and etc) and the third main feast dishes (別茶啖). 2. 下馬宴, 上馬宴 were arranged in four kinds of tale, the first one called the main table, the second the right side table, the third the left side table, the fourth the confronting side table. Dishes of main table were oil and honey pastry and fruits. Dishes of the second table and the third table were oil and honey pastry, and small cake made of honey and rice with patterns pressed in it. Dishes of the fourth table were cooked vegetable, dried slices of meat seasoned with spices, cooked meat, and fried fish. In feast, Chinese envoy drank 11 cups (1609 year) and 5 cups (1634 year) of liquor. At the first cup they abalones soup, others in a small round table (初味), a small boiled meet (小膳) and a large boiled meat (大膳), at a second cup eat (二味), at third cup eat (三味)..., at eleventh cup, they eat (十一味) and fruits.

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A Study of Cookery of Daily Meal (Bankwa Sang: Fruit Table) in Wonheng Ulmyo Jungri Euigwae (1795) (원행을묘정리의궤(園行乙卯整理儀軌) 중(中) 조리면(調理面)에서 본 반과상고(盤果床考))

  • Kim, Sang-Bo;Han, Bok-Jin;Lee, Sung-Woo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.1-41
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    • 1990
  • To analyze dialy meal of royal meal, studied Bankwa Sang(Fruit Table) were on record Wonheng Ulmyo Jungri Euigwae (1795). Historic book 'Jungri Euigwae' described the king's visit to his father's royal tomb 'Hyun Neung Won', during the domain of Cheung Jo, the 22nd king of Choson Dynasty. The results obtained from this study areas follows. The fruit table, which similar in concept to desert in the west but quite different in service, was prepared for a guest. The table consisted of two kinds of trays, on which serveral kinds of fruit were stacked to a height of between 4 chon (4寸 : about 12 cm) and 1 chuk(1尺 : about 30.3 cm) according to Korean measurement system. The table was decorated with beautiful artificial flowers made of paper and silk. The number of sets to be arranged on the table were different according to the royal status of the eater: 12 sets-25 sets for king's mother, 7 sets-11 sets for the king. Soy sauce mixed with vinegar and pine-nu meal, mustard were ruled out from kind of sets. Kinds of dishes served with a meal generally were noodles (麵), soup (湯), fried fish (煎油花), fried meats and vegetables (花陽灸), slices of raw fish (魚膾), minced raw meat (肉膾), slices of boiled beef (片肉), stew (蒸), rice cake (餠), sweet rice dish (藥飯), patterned savory cake (茶食), fried cake made of wheat flour, honey and oil (藥果), fried glutinous rice cake (强精), various fruits preserved in honey (正果), sugar candies (各色糖), fruits (果物) honey (淸), soy sauce mixed with vinegar and pine-nut meal (醋醬), mustard (莽子).

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A Study on the Royal Banquet Dishes in Naeoejinyeon-Deungnok in 1902 (「내외진연등록(內外進宴謄錄)」을 통해 본 궁중연회음식의 분석적 고찰 - 1902년 중화전 외진연(外進宴) 대전과 황태자의 상차림을 중심으로 -)

  • Lee, So-Young;Han, Bok-Ryo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.128-141
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    • 2012
  • This study focused on the historic documents known as $deungnok$, records created during preparations for royal events in the $Joseon$ Dynasty, rather than the often cited $uigwe$, the documents describing the Royal Protocol of the $Joseon$ Dynasty. As a reference to the food served at royal banquets, the $deungnok$ can enhance our understanding of royal banquet foods. Seven specimens of $deungnok$ describing royal banquet foods are currently in existence, created during preparations for royal events by the agencies in charge of food, the $Saongwon$ and $Jeonseonsa$. Owing to the nature of their authorship, the details recorded in these $deungnok$ hold great value as important resources for the study of royal banquet cuisine. $Naeoejinyeon$-$deungnok$, which documented an $oejinyeon$ banquet held at the $Junghwajeon$ Pavilion in November 1902, was somewhat disorganized and fragmented. $Jinyeonuigwe$ was more inclusive and well-summarized, since the former were progress reports to the King during banquet preparations that listed various items separately, such as dishes for each table setting and the kinds of flower pieces, and thus did not present a complete picture of all the details as a whole. The latter, on the other hand, were final reports created upon completion of a banquet, and contained more comprehensive records not only of the $chanpum$ (the menu of dishes served), but also the sorts of tableware and tables, floral arrangements, location, scale, and installation date of the $sukseolso$ (temporary royal kitchens for banquets). They also offer a more effective summary by simplifying details duplicated in identical table settings. Nevertheless, the $Naeoejinyeon$-$deungnok$ recorded some facts that cannot be gleaned from the $Jinyeonuigwe$, including the height of some dishes presented in piled stacks, as well as the specific names of dishes and their ingredients. The comparative study of the historic records in the $deungnok$ and $uigwe$ will be helpful in identifying and understanding the specific foods served at royal banquets. The $oejinyeon$-$seolchando$ diagrams in $Naeoejinyeon$-$deungnok$ depict the table settings for the King and the Crown Prince. The two diagrams contain large rectangles divided into three sections. In each section are similar-sized circles in which the names of dishes and the titles for table settings are recorded. From these records we can see that the arrangements of the table settings for the King and the Crown Prince are similar. The relationships and protocols shown in the arrangement of dishes and table settings for the King and the Crown Prince at royal banquets in the $Seolchando$ appear to be consistent. By comparing the two references, $deungnok$ and $uigwe$, which recorded the dishes served at royal banquets, the author was able to determine the height of some foods served in stacked arrangements, the names of $chanpum$, the ingredients used, and the configuration of the $chanpum$. The comparative review of these two written records, $deungnok$ and $uigwe$, will be helpful for a proper understanding of the actual food served at royal banquets.

Burqanism from the Origin of the Pastoral Nomadic Koryo Region and the Vision of Korean Livestock Farming (고려의 원시영역 유목초지, 그 부르칸(불함)이즘과 한국축산의 비전)

  • Chu Chae Hyok
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.71-82
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    • 2005
  • Khori(高麗) refers to the Chaabog(reindeer) that live on lichens(蘚) on Mt. Soyon(鮮) in which pastures are the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia. Thus, the origin region of the Khori or Koguryo that are the ancestors of the reindeer-herding pastoral nomads(馴鹿 遊牧民) can be said to be the Steppe-Taiga-Tundra pastoral areas of North Eurasia and North America. When the pastoral nomads moved on to the great mountain(大山) zone of the Jangbaek(長白) to the Baekdu(白頭) Mountains, they could have been in contact with pastoral farmers or agricultural farmers living there and they became the farmers remaining on agricultural farms. They were the Koryo people, the ancestors of Korea. Staying in one place, they gradually forgot the origin of their reindeer-herding pastoral nomadic history in the Northwest area of Mt. Soyon, the small mountain(小山) zone of the Steppe-Taiga-Tundra pastoral areas. In other words, they lost their identity as reindeer-herding pastoral nomads when they entered the agricultural area after leaving the pastoral area. However, since their basic genes had already formed when they lived on the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia, it is possible to study their pastoral nomadic history focusing on 'the minority living in the broad area(廣域少數)', by utilizing highly advanced biotechnological science and focusing on genes and information technology innovation, and removing various past hindrances in research. Therefore, it is not so difficult to restore the reindeerherding pastoral nomadic history of the Koguryo(高句麗) people and secure their pastoral nomadic identity, of which the first steps have already been taken into their historical stages. The Eurasian continent and the Korean peninsula, especially the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia and the Korean peninsula have been closely related to each other ecologically and historically. They can never be a separate space at all. The Eurasian continent lies horizontally east to west and thus, the continent forms an isothermal zone. Also, since the time of producing their own foods, it was relatively easy for people with their technology to move to other places owing to the pastoral nomadic characteristic of mobility. Unlike the Chungyen(中原) region, western Asia and the regions covering the Siberia-Manchu-Korean peninsula where food production revolution was first made were connected to the Mongolian lichens route(蘚苔之路: Ni, ukinii jam) and steppe roads. Although the ecological conditions of nature have changed a bit throughout a long history, it was natural for the many tribes in North Asia living on the largest Steppe-Taiga-Tundra area in the world to have believed 'the legends related to animals in relation to their founders and ancestors(獸祖傳說)'. Assuming that Siberian tigers and the tigers living on Mt. Baekdu were connected ecologically and genetically because of the ecological characteristics of the animals, and their migration from plateau to plateau, we would suspect that the Chosun(朝鮮) tribe living on Mt. Baekdu were ethnically and culturally more closely connected to the farther removed Ural-Altai tribes that lived on the cold and dry plateau region than to the Han(i14;) tribe who lived in Chungyen(中原) that was close to Mt. Baekdu. More evidence is the structure of the Korean language which has the form of 'Subject + Object + Verb', which is assumed to have originated from the speedy lifestyle of the reindeer-herding pastoral nomads. The structure is quite different from that of the Han(漢) language, which is based on agricultural life. Also, it is natural for reindeer riding reindeerherding pastoral nomads or horse-riding sheep-herding pastoral nomads(騎馬, 羊遊牧民) to have held military and political power over the region and eventually to have established an ancient pastoral nomadic empire in the process of their conquest of agricultural regions. The stages for founding global empires in the history of mankind maybe largely divided into two, in terms of ecological conditions and occupations. They are the steppes and the oceans. Of course, the steppe-based empires were established based on the skills to deal with horses and the ability to shoot arrows while riding horses, along with the use of iron ware in the 8th century BC. The steppe-based empires became the foundation for an oceanic empire, which could have been established by the use of warships and warship guns since the 15th Century. Based on those facts, we know that Chosun, Puyo(夫餘), and Koguryo are the products of a developmental process of pastoral nomadic empires on the steppes. Maybe we can easily find the pastoral nomadic identity of the Koguryo more than we expected when we trace the origins and history of the Korean tribe living in the pastures located in the northwest area of Mt. Jangbaek by focusing on pastoral nomadic mobility and organization just as we have investigated the historic origins of Anglo-Saxons in America by focusing on the times before the 15th Century. In the process, we should keep in mind that English culture originated from the Industrial Revolution and was directly delivered to the American continent, although America was far from England and was not an intermediate point on long sojourns either. Further, American culture came back to England in a more advanced form later. The most important thing currently to be resolved is to cause Koreans to look back on their own history in a freer way of thinking and with diverse, profound, and sharp insight, taking away the old and existing conventional recognition that is entangled with complicated interests with Korean people and other countries. The meanings of Chosun, Khori, and Solongos have been interpreted arbitrarily without any historic evidence by the scholars who followed conventional tradition of fixed-minded aristocrats in an agricultural society. If the Siberian cultural properties of the stone age, the earthenware age, the bronze age, and the iron age are analyzed in such a way, archaeological discovery will never be able to contribute to the restoration of the Koguryo's pastoral nomadic identity. One should transcend the errors that tend to interpret the cultural properties discovered in the pastoral nomadic regions as not being differentiated from those of agricultural regions and just interpret them altogether from the agricultural point of view. A more careful intention is required in the interpretation of cultural properties of ancient Korean empires that seem to have been formed due to mutual interactions of pastoral nomadic and agricultural cultures. Also, it is required that the conventional recognition chain of 'reverse-genes' be severed, which has placed more weight on agricultural properties than pastoral nomadic ones, since their settlement on agricultural farms was made after the establishment of their ancient pastoral nomadic empires. There is no reason at all to place priority on stoneware, earthenware, bronze ware, and iron ware than on wooden ware(木器) and other ware which were made of animal skins(皮器), bones and horns(骨角器), in analyzing the history in the regions of reindeer or sheep pastures. Reading ancient Korean history from the perspective of pastoral nomadic history, one feels strongly the instinctive emotions to return to the natural 'mother place'. The reindeer-herding pastoral nomadic identity of the Koguryo people that has been accumulated in volumes in their genes and hidden deep inside and have interacted organically could be reborn with Burqanism(Burqan refers to 不咸 in Chinese), which was their religion by birth and symbolized as the red willow(紅柳=不咸). The mother place of the Koguryo's people is the endless vast green pastures of North Eurasia and North America, where we anticipated the development of Korean livestock farming following the inherent properties in the genes of the reindeer-herding pastoral nomads with Korean ancestors. We anticipate that the place would be the core resource that could contribute to the development of life of living creatures following the inherent properties of their genes and biotechnological factors. In other words, biotechnology used for a search for clues on the well-being of humans could be the fruit brought by Burqanism of the Koguryo people and the fruit of the globalization of Korean livestock farming. It is the Chosun farmer in China come from the vast nomadic reindeer pastures of North Eurasia that resolved the food problem of a billion Chinese people with lowland paddy rice seeds (水稻) by transforming Heilongjiang Province(黑龍江省) into an oceanic lowland paddy rice field(水田). Even Mao Tse-tung(毛擇東) could not resolve the food problem by his revolution campaigns for tens of years. Today is the very time that requires the development of special livestock farming following the inherent properties of the ancient Korean reindeer-herding pastoral nomads that respected the dignity of life on the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia and the America continent. I suggest that research should be started from the pastures of the Dariganga Steppe in East Mongolia that was the homeland of Hanwoo(韓牛) and the central horse-herding steppe place(牧馬場) of Chingis Khan's Mongolia. The Dariganga Steppe is awash with an affluent natural environment for pastoral nomadic living however, the quality of life of the pastoral nomads there is still low. I suggest we Koreans, the descendents of the Koguryo, should take our first steps for our livestock farming business project and develop the Northern nomadic pastures, here at the pastures of the Dariganga Steppe, which is the Mongolian core place of state-of-the-art technology for military weapons.