• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 1989

To determine the effect of sodium plus potassium to chloride ratio and lysine level on blood pH, blood acid-base parameters, lysine-arginine antagonism and growth performance, four hundred and thirty two chicks of 3 days age were used in a completely randomized $3{\times}3$ factorial experiment. Variables contained three levels of lysine (0.8, 1.2 and 1.6%) and dietary electrolyte (100, 200 and 300 mEq/kg). Birds fed 200 mEq/kg and electrolyte had the best growth rate and feed efficiency, followed by those fed 300 mEq/kg and 100 mEq/kg electrolyte. It is proposed that high levels of dietary electrolyte may improve the growth of chicks fed diets containing excess lysine by increasing lysine catabolism. High or low levels of lysine and dietary electrolyte resulted in higher mortality than those of optimum level (1.2%) of lysine and 200 mEq/kg of electrolyte balance. When the electrolyte level was increased, the pH, $pCO_2$, base excess, $HCO_3{^-}$ and total $CO_2$ of blood plasma were increased. The utilization of nutrients was changed when the electrolyte and lysine were manipulated. Plasma chloride tended to be greater in chicks receiving high chloride diet and was the highest in chicks fed the high lysine diet. Plasma sodium and potassium were unaffected by dietary lysine. Diet containing high lysine decreased the level of arginine and excess dietary electrolyte increased arginine level in plasma. It may be concluded that cation supplementation tended to alleviate the lysine-arginine antagonism but chloride exacerbated. Tibia bone length and ash contents were significantly affected by electrolyte balance and lysine level.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.375-382
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• 2011

A chemical, MNU-induced hulless barley mutant line designated as 'Mutant 98 (M98)' was developed from a Korean hulless waxy barley cultivar, 'Chalssalbori'. The objective of the study was to determine the genetic basis of 'M98' and the possibility of using 'M98' as breeding parent to improve lysine level. Compared to 'Chalssalbori', 'M98' had large embryo and higher lysine content in both the embryo and endosperm. Significantly different lysine content in 'M98' and the other high-lysine barley mutant stocks was observed for two years. However, the genotype by year interaction was not significant. 'M98' was higher than the other high-lysine barley mutant stocks in the percentage of lysine of total amino acid composition (0.75%). The trait of shrunken endosperm of 'M98', which was typical in the high-lysine mutants, was inherited by a single recessive gene. Based on seed morphology and lysine content of $F_1$ seeds, 'M98' had a genetically different gene from the other high-lysine mutants for shrunken endosperm. Segregation of $F_2$ for plump/shrunken endosperm did not fit the expected ratio of Mendelian inheritance except for only one cross combination (GSHO1784 (lys1)/M98). The amino acid analysis of $F_5$ and $F_6$ progenies from the cross between 'M98' and 'Chalssalbori' revealed that the attempt to increase the range of lysine content of plump lines did not go beyond the limit of the average high-lysine barley germplasm.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.353-360
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• 1991

An experiment with completely randomized design was performed to investigate the effects of lysine and supplemented sodium on growth performance, nutrients utilization, acid-base balance and lysine arginine antagonism in broiler chicks. The experiment was carried out with 3 levels of dietary lysine (0.6, 1.2 and 1.8%) and 3 levels of sodium(0.4, 0.8 and 1.2%) for an experimental period of 7 weeks. Body weight gain of 1.2% lysine group was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of low or high lysine group. The highest feed consumption was obtained at 1.2% lysine and 0.4% sodium supplemented level (ML-1.2) and the lowest at LL-1.2. The best feed efficiency was obtained at ML-0.8 level and the worst at LL-1.2 level. Mortalities of high (1.8%) and low (0.6%) lysine groups were significantly (p<0.05) higher than medium lysine (1.2%) group. Among the sodium levels, the mortality at 1.2% sodium supplemented level was significantly (p<0.01) different by the levels of dietary lysine. Lysine-arginine antagonism was observed in high lysine diet. Among the lysine levels, the lowest none weight and length were shown in low lysine group. Interactions between lysine and sodium were significantly (p<0.05) shown in femur weight. The levels of sodium and lysine affected significantly (p<0.01) the utilization of nitrogen, ether extract, total carbohydrate and energy.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.116-121
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• 1986

869 wheat lines were selected and analyzed for protein and lysine composition. Also, high protein-high lysine wheat were evaluated by stability parameter to determine varietal response to environments. Protein content had highly significant positive correlation coefficient of $0.902^{**}$ with lysine content but negatively correlated with lysine per protein content. Bezostaya and Lancota with low regression coefficient provided relatively low response to environment in protein content, while CI 13449 and Centurk with high regression coefficients (1.0) had a relatively high response. High heritability has been formed for protein $(h^2=0.809)$ and lysine content $(h^2=0.647)$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.1256-1267
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• 2011

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dietary lysine and energy level on performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients in weanling pigs. In Exp. 1, a total of 288 weaned pigs (initial BW $5.77{\pm}0.85\;kg$) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments (4 replicates per treatment with 18 pigs in each replicate). Experimental diets were fed in the 3 phases: phase I (d 0 to 7), phase II (d 8 to 14) and phase III (d 15 to 28). Isocalorific diets (3,450 kcal/kg) with incremental lysine levels (Phase I: 1.51, 1.61, 1.71 and 1.81; Phase II: 1.35, 1.46, 1.56 and 1.66; Phase III: 1.18, 1.28, 1.39 and 1.49% lysine respectively for T1, T2, T3 and T4) were used as treatments. An increase in the dietary lysine levels linearly improved (p<0.05) the ADG and G:F during phases I, II and III as well as overall study period. The ATTD of DM (d 7 and 28) and CP (d 7, 14 and 28) were linearly improved (p<0.05) with increasing dietary lysine levels. ATTD of ash, Ca and P were not affected by dietary lysine level. In Exp. 2, 64 weanling pigs (initial BW $4.79{\pm}0.79\;kg$) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments (4 replicates per treatment with 4 pigs in each replicate) in a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement on the basis of BW. Effects of two levels of energy (high, 3,450 or low, 3,350 kcal/kg) and lysine (high or low; 1.70 or 1.50, 1.55 or 1.35 and 1.40 or 1.20% in phase I, II and III diets, respectively) on performance and ATTD of nutrients were investigated. High energy and lysine diets improved ADG (p<0.05) in pigs during phase I, II and III and overall period (p<0.001), while G:F increased (p<0.05) during phase I and overall period. Pigs fed high lysine diets consumed more (p<0.05) feed during phase III and overall period. Additionally, pigs fed high energy diets had greater (p<0.05) ATTD of GE (d 7 and 14), CP (d 7 and 28) and DM (d 28); whereas, pigs fed high lysine diets had greater (p<0.05) ATTD of GE and CP during d 7, 14 and 28. ATTD of ash, Ca and P remained unaffected (p>0.05) by dietary energy and lysine level. However, there was no energy${\times}$lysine interaction for any of the measured variables. Results obtained in present study suggested that high energy and lysine level improve the growth performance and ATTD of nutrients in weanling pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.139-144
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• 1992

In order to study the effects of dietary potassium and lysine levels on growth performance and nutrient utilizability in broiler chicks, an experiment was conducted in $3{\times}3$ factorial arrangement with three levels of dietary potassium (0.3, 0.6 and 1.2%) and three supplemented levels of dietary lysine (0.6, 1.2 and 2.4%). A total number of 360 male broiler chicks was used for 6 weeks. Birds fed optimum lysine (1.2%) diets had the highest body weight gain and feed efficiency, followed by those fed low lysine (0.6%) and high lysine (2.4%) diets (p < 0.01). But levels of dietary potassium had no effects on the body weight gain and feed efficiency. Interaction between potassium and lysine was not shown (p > 0.05). High level of lysine resulted in higher mortality than that of optimum or low level of lysine (p < 0.01). The levels of supplemented lysine affected utilizability of ether extract, total carbohydrate, and nitrogen retention (p < 0.01). But supplemented potassium levels did not affect nutrient utilizability and interaction between potassium and lysine was not shown (p > 0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.718-724
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• 1998

Twelve gilts were used to investigate the effect of lysine to protein ratio (5.2 g lysine/100 g CP vs. 6.7 g lysine/100 g CP) in practical diets on nitrogen retention and the efficiency of utilization in growing pigs. Treatments involved 2 levels of dietary lysine (5.2 or 6.7 g/100 g CP) and 3 levels of dietary crude protein (11, 14 and 17% in diet). Nitrogen retention was greatest when pigs were fed the control diet containing 17% protein. Nitrogen retention progressively increased as dietary protein increased (p < 0.01), but it was not affected by lysine concentration (g/100 g CP). Apparent biological value (ABV, nitrogen retained/apparently digestible nitrogen) was estimated to be ~50% at the maximum nitrogen retention. ABV was not affected by lysine concentration, but declined (p < 0.05) as the dietary protein level increased. The efficiency of intake N used for maximum nitrogen retention was approximately 44%. One gram of lysine supported approximately 9 to 10 g apparent protein accretion (nitrogen retention ${\times}$ 6.25/lysine intake) in pigs fed control diets. The efficiency of lysine utilization for protein accretion was lower in pigs fed high-lysine diets (6.7 g lysine/l00 g CP) so that 1 g of lysine accounted for 7 to 8 g of protein accretion in these pigs (p < 0.01). The lysine required to support maximum nitrogen retention in pigs fed high-lysine diets was higher than that in pigs fed control diets, which suggests that lysine was over-fortified relative to crude protein, since practical diets can not be formulated without excess of some amino acids. In summary the concentration of 5.2 g total lysine/100 g CP in diet is more appropriate for corn-soybean diets than the commonly suggested the content of 6.7 g total lysine/100 g CP.

• Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2005

Lysine is the first essential amino acid for optimal nutrient quality in rice grain. For the narrow genetic diversities of lysine contents in rice, somaclonal variation was the source of mutation in our breeding program. Biochemical selection was conducted using 1 mM S-(2-aminoethyl) cysteine followed by two passages of 5 mM lysine plus threonine in the callus subculture medium. The lysine contents in endosperm of all progenies recovered from the biochemical selection were higher than those of their donor cultivar 'Hwayeongbyeo'. These elevated lysine levels of mutants were successfully transmitted to $M_4$ generation. The lysine contents in endosperm varied 3.85 to $4.80\%$ compare to their donor cultivar 'Hwayeongbyeo' was $3.85\%$. Three of high-lysine germplasms, Lys-l, Lys-2 and Lys-7 were selected by biochemical selection and rapid screening methods. DNA analysis showed that a new insertion of Tos 17 which mapped to rice chromosome 11 on the high-lysine mutant, Lys-2.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.129-135
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• 1976

The amino acid compositions of polished barley grain were investigated for 16 varieties by using amino acid autoanalyzer and simple correlation analysis between them and between protein and amino acid per protein was done. 1) Limiting amino acid is lysine, leucine and phenylalanine are high but threonine and tyrosine are low. Total essential amino acids is high. 2) Protein is significantly correlated negatively with lysine arginine, total basic amino acids (at p=0.01) and threonine, alanine, aspartic acid (at p=0.05) and positively with phenylalanine (at p=0.01) proline and cystine (at p=0.05). 3) Lysine is positively and significantly correlated with arginine and aspartic acid indicating that aspartic acid is probable precursor of lysine and that high yielding varieties or fertilization for high yielding decrease aspartic acid pool resulting low lysine. 4) Lysine content is positively correlated with dye binding capacity (at p=0.01). 5) Tryptophan is positively (at p=0.01) and significantly correlated with histidine, total basic amino acids and arginine. 6) In essential amino acids lysine, tryptophan, threonine and valine simultaneously increase or decrease while aromatic amino acids, sulfur contained amino acids, isoleucine and leucine do so together.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.145-150
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• 1992

To determine the effect of dietary potassium and lysine levels on blood parameters, serum and bone composition, 360 male broiler chicks of 3 days of age were used in a completely randomized $3{\times}3$ factorial experiment for 6 weeks. Experimental diets contained three supplemented levels of dietary potassium (0.3, 0.6 and 1.2%) and three supplemented levels of dietary lysine (0.6, 1.2 and 2.4%). Dietary levels of potassium and lysine did not influence blood pH, $pCO_2$, $pO_2$, $HCO_3$ and total $CO_2$ and interaction between potassium and lysine was not shown (p > 0.05). Serum lysine and arginine contents were significantly different by the levels of dietary lysine (p < 0.05). Lysine-arginine antagonism was observed in high lysine diet. But increasing dietary potassium did not alleviated the lysine-arginine antagonism. Serum sodium, potassium and chloride were not affected by dietary potassium and lysine levels (p > 0.05). Femur weight, length and P contents were affected by the levels of dietary lysine (p < 0.01). But no difference was observed in femur ash and Ca contents (p > 0.05). Interaction between potassium and lysine was shown in ash and P contents (p < 0.01).