• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2001

This research was conduced to 1) examine the influence of milk group intake on the dietary, considering dietary diversity and nutrient adequacy, 2) identify which foods truly contribute to the intake of specific nutrients 3) point out the dietary problems of this age group. The subjects were 664(male 357, female 307) healthy toddlers of the ages of 12-36 months, who had neither been taking any medicine-type supplements nor had any diseases that affect the dietary intakes, chosen among the outpatients of university and private hospitals in Seoul and Kyonggi province during Mach-August, 1999. The 24 hour recall method and CAN Pro(food analysis program) were used to analyze the amount of nutrient intake. The grouping of the subjects for the analysis by monthly age was based on the 98 Korean Child growth standard. The results that the milk group intake showed significant negative correlations with the grain group(r=-0.194, p<0.01), the vegetable group(r=-0.115, p<0.01) and the fruit group(r=-0.125, p<0.01). It also showed that the more the milk group intake, the lower the Dietary Diversity Score(r=-0.131, p<0.01), and the more the intake of raw milk, the more dificient the intake of iron(r=-0.211, p<0.01), vitamin A(r=-0.169,p<0.01), vitamin B$_1$(r=-0.078, p<0.05) and vitamin C(r=-0.187, p<0.01). Foods contributory to nutrient intake for of 12-14 months of were mostly infant formula, and the contribution ratio was high. In the age of 15-17 months, the subjects obtained most of the nutrients from raw milk., liquid-type yoghurt, soybean milk, cooked rice, etc. As for iron intake, the age of 21-23 month obtained the most from ionic drinks, and 24-29 months from raw milk, chocolate cakes, ionic drinks, etc. Though the NAR(Nutrient Adequacy Ratio) and MAR(Mean Adequacy Ratio) generally tended to increase accordingly with the DDs, as for nutrients Ca, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, and vitamin C the NAR marked the highest when the DDS marked the lowest(due to infant formula). And for iron, even when the DDS was 5 the NAR value was low. Im conclusion, the more the milk group intake, the lower was the dietary diversity. High dependency on infant formula and others from milk group over the age of 12 months proved to result in a decrease of nutritious solid food intake, iron deficiency and a low dietary diversity score, which can lead to an unbalanced diet. Therefore, nutrition education towards mothers/caretakers of toddler is of urgent need, in order to reduce the fluid milk group intake of low nutritional density and to provide various solid foods the children. (Korean J Nutrition 34(1):30-38, 2001)

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 1984

The milling property of ti different Australian Wheat varieties (Australian Prime Hard (APH), Australian Hard (AH), Western Australian Wheat (WAW), South Australian Wheat (SAW), Australian Standard White (ASW) and Australian Soft Wheat (SW) was investigated by using $B{\ddot{u}}hler$ test mill. The flour characteristics were evaluated by farinograph, mixograph, amylograph, sedimentation and pelshenke tests. The milling race of Australian wheats varied from 59% to 66%, and that of Suwon 219 (Korean variety) was 65.5%. The milling rate was significantly related to the seed weight but less extent to the bulk density of grain. The flours obtained from the wheat varieties exhibited distinctly different chemical compositions and dough properties. The protein content of the flour varied from 14.47% (APH) to 6.59 % (SW). The gluten forming ability of APH and AH was very high, but very low with ASW and Sw. On the other hand, ASw and WAW showed very high gelatinized viscosity, while SAW marked exceptionally low viscosity.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 2013

We have applied mechanical alloying (MA) to produce Heusler $Fe_2VAl$ thermoelectric alloy using a mixture of elemental $Fe_{50}V_{25}Al_{25}$ powders. An optimal milling and heat treatment conditions to obtain the single phase of Fe2VAl compound with fine microstructure were investigated by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement. The $Fe_{50}V_{25}Al_{25}$ MA sample ball-milled for 60 hours exhibits a bcc ${\alpha}$-(Fe,V,Al) solid solution. Single phase of Heusler $Fe_2VAl$ compound can be obtained by MA of $Fe_{50}V_{25}Al_{25}$ mixture for 60 hours and subsequently heated up to $700^{\circ}C$. Sintering of the MA powders was performed in a spark plasma sintering (SPS) machine using graphite dies at $900{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$ under 60 MPa. The Vickers hardness of bulk sample sintered at $1000^{\circ}C$ was high value of Hv 870. All compact bodies have a high relative density above 90 % with metallic glare on the surface.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.497-510
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• 2010

In this study, comparisons of the backscattering coefficients and the coherence values which had been extracted from SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) images such as JERS-1, ENVISAT and ALOS satellites with surface roughness, surface geometric and soil moisture content were carried out. As the results of analysis using the backscattering coefficient and coherence values from SAR images, the coherence was shown high in the region containing more of mud fraction due to higher viscosity of fine grain-size. A lot of tidal channels were well developed in the Ganghwa tidal flat, affecting the drainage of seawater and subsequent soil moisture content by exposure time of tidal flat. The backscattering coefficient. consequently, appeared to be lower in sand flat and mix flat with decrease of soil moisture. In contrast, most mud flats were distributed at high elevation so that soil moisture was not much influenced by seawater. The backscattering coefficient in mud flat seemed to have a relationship with the density of tidal channel. In addition, lowering backscattering coefficients in the all Ganghwa tidal flat was observed when surface remnant water increased according to the amount of rainfall. The correlation between backscattering coefficient, coherence and sediment environment factors in the Ganghwa tidal flat was investigated. In the future, more quantitative spatial analysis will be helpful to well understand the sedimentary influence of various sediment environment factors.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.223-228
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• 2010

High-frequency bottom loss measurements for grazing angle of $82^{\circ}$ in frequency range 17-40 kHz were made in Jinhae bay in the southern part of Korea. Observations of bottom loss showed the strong variation as a function of frequency, which were compared to the predicted values using two-layered sediment reflection model. The geoacoustic parameters including sound speed, density and attenuation coefficient for the second sediment layer were predicted from the empirical relations with the mean grain size obtained from sediment core analysis. The geoacoustic parameters for the surficial sediment layer were inverted using Monte Carlo inversion algorithm. A sensitivity study for the geoacoustic parameters showed that the thickness of surficial sediment layer was most sensitive to the variation of the bottom loss.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.87-102
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• 2022

To clarify the spatial distribution pattern of macrozoobenthos in Korean coastal waters in the summer season and investigate the relationship between community structure and benthic environmental factors, field surveys on community structure and benthic environmental factors were conducted at 117 stations in August 2017. A total of 613 macrobenthic species were identified, with the mean density of 1,228 ind./m² and the mean biomass (wet weight) of 110.9 g WW/m². Rich biodiversity was found at stations near Wando and along the coast of the East Sea, and there is a trend that stations with greater biodiversity also showed higher mean density as well. The dominant species in all the coastal areas in Korea was Heteromastus filiformis, which were found at most of the stations during the survey. The relatively deep areas in the East Sea were dominated by Magelona johnsoni and Maldane cristata, which were the third and ninth dominant species in the study areas, respectively. Pseudopolydora kempi and Rhynchospio sp. were observed only at the station located in the Nakdong River estuary. From the cluster analysis the stations could be clustered into three station groups with more similar faunal composition. Group A was located in the eastern coast, characterized with deep water depth and low levels of sand contents, while Group B was located in the southern coast, characterized by shallow depth of water and high content of mud and organic matter. Lastly, Group C was in the western coast, demonstrating low levels of mud content and organic matters. The biodiversity of macrobenthic species in the study area showed high positive correlation coefficients with benthic environmental factors such as sorting, clay, silt, and contents of organic matter in sediments, but negatively correlated with the sand contents. Major dominant species, Theora lata and Eriopisella sechellensis, both showed negative correlation coefficients with the sand contents, but a relatively high positive correlation with the levels of organic contents.It can be concluded that the spatial distribution patterns of macrobenthic organisms in Korean coastal waters are affected by depth, sediment type, and contents of organic matters.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.424-429
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of different planting time on the synthesis of isoflavone in black soybean, Three varieties used in this experiment were lpumgeomjeongkong, Cheongjakong and Heugcheongkong which had different ecotypes, repectively. Seeds were sown at different time, May 15th, May 30th and June 15th with planting density of $60{\times}15cm$. In order to analyze the content of isoflavone, we collected sample every 5 days from 30 days after flowering to harvest and analyzed them with UPLC. As sowing was delayed, the content of isoflavone increased in all of three varieties. The content of genistein was greater than daidzein and glycitein. Increase of Glycitein was not distinct from 55 days after flowering(DAF) and it was stable against temperature change during the seed developing period. Although the content of genistein in Ilpumgeomjeongkong from 50 to 55 DAF, in Cheongjakong from 40 to 55 DAF and in Heugcheongkong from 60 to 65 DAF was lower than the content of daidzein, it was higher than that of daidzein afterward. In the statistical analysis on the relationship between average temperature and the content of aglycone isoflavone at 5-day intervals from 30 DAF during the grain filling period, genistein in Ilpumgeomjeongkong showed meaningful correlation as y=-15.28x+407.9 ($R^2=0.505^*$), diadzein in Cheongjakong showed meaningful correlation as y=-6.188x-164.5($R^2=0.454^*$), and genistein showed significantly high correlation as y=-11.59x+297.6 ($R^2=0.545^{**}$). Taking all the above results into consideration, it was suggested that the regions suitable for high content of isoflavone in black soybean be the northern area of Gyeonggi-do and Gangwon-do, Chungcheongbuk-do and inland area of Gyeongsangbuk-do, where are relatively low average temperature from flowering stage($R_2$) during the grain filling period.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.168-177
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• 2008

Trafficablility of a miner and potential environmental impacts due to mining activities should be considered in the selection of a commercial manganese nodule mining site. These two factors can be evaluated comparatively with physical properties and shear strength of sea-bed sediments. For the qualitative comparison of potential minig sites in terms of these two factors, physical properties such as water contents, void ratios, porosities, and grain densities, and shear strengths of surface sediments were determined for the three potential manganese nodule mining sites(KR1, KR2, and KR5) in the Korean manganese nodule contract area, northeast Pacific. For the study, sediment samples were collected from 107 stations from 2004 to 2006. The physical properties of surface sediments showed more significant differences between northern(KR1, KR2) and southern(KR5) blocks than between northern blocks(KR1 vs. KR2). Water content, void ratio, and porosity of sediments from KR5 were relatively higher than those from KR1 and KR2. Grain density of sediments from KR5 was relatively lower than those from KR1 and KR2. Shear strengths of the top 10cm sediments were higher in KR1 and KR2, whereas those of the deeper part were highest in KR5 block. Generally, sediments of high water contents are less suspendible than those of the low water contents by benthic disturbances, thus less disturbance is expected in the sediments of high water content by mining activities. In terms of trafficability, the shear strength of sediment below 10 cm deep is more important than shallower part because miner will disturb at least top 10 cm interval of the surface sediments. Base on these results, we conclude that KR5 area will be the best site for commercial mining among three investigated sites in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.79-88
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• 2008

Recently, the high speed railway comes into the spotlight as the important and convenient traffic infrastructure. In Korea, Kyung-Bu high speed train service began in bout 400 km section in 2004, and the Ho-Nam high speed railway will be constructed by 2017. The high speed train will run with a design maximum speed of 300-350 km/hr. Since the trains are operated at high speed, the differential settlement of subgrade under the rail is able to cause a fatal disaster. Therefore, the differential settlement of the embankment must be controlled with the greatest care. Furthermore, the characteristics and causes of settlements which occurred under construction and post-construction should be investigated. A considerable number of studies have been conducted on the settlement of the natural ground over the past several decades. But little attention has been given to the compression settlement of the embankment. The long-term settlement of compacted fills embankments is greatly influenced by the post-construction wetting. This is called 'hydro collapse' or 'wetting collapse'. In spite of little study for this wetting collapse problem, it has been recognized that the compressibility of compacted sands, gravels and rockfills exhibit low compressibility at low pressures, but there can be significant compression at high pressures due to grain crushing (Marachi et al. 1969, Nobari and Duncan 1972, Noorany et al. 1994, Houston et al. 1993, Wu 2004). The characteristics of compression of fill materials depend on a number of factors such as soil/rock type, as-compacted moisture, density, stress level and wetting condition. Because of the complexity of these factors, it is not easy to predict quantitatively the amount of compression without extensive tests. Therefore, in this research I carried out the wetting collapse tests, focusing on various soil/rock type, stress levels, wetting condition more closely.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2001

According to analyses of high-resolution seismic profiles (air gun, sparker, and SBP) and a deep-drill core(YSDP 105) in the mid-eastern Yellow Sea, stratigraphic and geoacoustic models have been established and seismo-acoustic modeling has been fulfilled using ray tracing of finite element method. Stratigraphic model reflects seismo-, litho-, and chrono-stratigraphic sequences formed under a significant influence of Quaternary glacio-eustatic sea-level fluctuations. Each sequence consists of terrestrial to very-shallow-marine coarse-grained lowstand systems tract and tidal fine-grained transgressive to highstand systems tract. Based on mean grain-size data (121 samples) of the drill core, bulk density and P-wave velocity of depositional units have been inferred and extrapolated down to a depth of the recovery using the Hamilton's regression equations. As goo-acoustic parameters, the 121 pairs of bulk density and P-wave velocity have been averaged on each unit of the stratigraphic model. As a result of computer ray-tracing simulation of the subsurface strata, we have found that there are complex ray paths and many acoustic-shadow zones owing to the presence of irregular layer boundaries and low-velocity layers.